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The effect of free writing technique on students’ writing ability 自由写作技巧对学生写作能力的影响
Pub Date : 2022-07-27 DOI: 10.53565/pssa.v8i1.495
Asima Rohana Sinaga, Firinta Togatorop, T. Marpaung, Rudiarman Purba
The purpose of this research is to solve students' problems in writing narrative text, such as they lack vocabulary and they are difficult in certain generic structures. Students are not interested in Writing skills. Students still have difficulty expressing their ideas and they are bored in writing. Students' writing skills, especially narrative texts, are still low. This research is an experimental research. The purpose of this study was to find out which is more significant between the influence of Free Writing Techniques on Students' Writing Ability in writing narrative texts. Teaching writing narrative texts using free writing techniques or teaching writing narrative texts using conventional methods. The research design used in this study was a quasi-experimental research. The score data was taken from class XI students of SMA N. 5 Pematangsiantar. Which consists of 150 students who were selected by taking classes XI IA3 and XI IA4 as samples. In this study, the scores for writing narrative texts in the control group and the experimental group were used as data collection. There are two data used in this study. Namely: pre-test and post-test. The data were analyzed using the t-test formula. After analyzing the data, the results showed that the t-test was 2.72 and t-table = 2.003. The results showed that the t-test value was higher than the t-table t-test > t-table (2.72 > 2.003). It can be concluded that the application of Free Writing Techniques has a significant effect on Students' Ability in Writing Narrative Texts.
本研究的目的是为了解决学生在叙事语篇写作中存在的词汇量不足、在某些共性结构上存在困难等问题。学生对写作技巧不感兴趣。学生们仍然难以表达自己的想法,他们对写作感到厌倦。学生的写作技巧,尤其是叙事性文章,仍然很低。本研究属于实验性研究。本研究的目的是找出自由写作技巧对学生叙事文本写作能力的影响哪个更显著。使用自由写作技巧教授叙事文本或使用传统方法教授叙事文本。本研究采用的研究设计为准实验研究。得分数据取自五中小学十一班学生。本研究采用对照组和实验组的叙事文本写作得分作为数据收集。本研究使用了两个数据。即:前测和后测。数据采用t检验公式进行分析。经数据分析,结果显示t检验为2.72,t表= 2.003。结果显示,t检验值高于t表t检验> t表(2.72 > 2.003)。由此可见,自由写作技巧的运用对学生叙事语篇的写作能力有显著的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Islamic Religious Education Teacher’s Understanding of Minimum Competency Assessments and Their Implication for Learning 伊斯兰宗教教育教师对最低能力评估的理解及其对学习的启示
Pub Date : 2022-07-26 DOI: 10.37680/qalamuna.v14i2.1539
H. Khotimah, Maemonah Maemonah
The Minimum Competency Assessment is a breakthrough in the new assessment system as a substitute for the National Examination. However, in reality, not a few teachers are stated to have not mastered the concept of this assessment model, so learning and assessment are not in line. So the purpose of this study is to identify teachers' understanding of Minimum Competency Assessment at the Elementary School level at the KKG PAI, Sukorejo District, and to find out the implications for PAI learning. The research used descriptive qualitative method. At the same time, the analysis technique applies Creswell's theory. The results of this study were teachers' understanding of the minimum competency assessment had understood the concept but had never applied the creation and processing of AKM-based questions. So it is necessary to have special training to provide teacher direction towards the progressiveness of educators in order to achieve educational goals. Meanwhile, the implications of a minimum competency assessment are the management of learning models, namely the application of contextual learning models integrated with technology and the readiness of learning materials and resources to improve literacy and numeracy abilities.
最低能力评估是替代国家考试的新评估体系的一个突破。然而,在现实中,不少教师表示没有掌握这种评估模式的概念,因此学习和评估不一致。因此,本研究的目的是了解苏是朝区KKG PAI小学阶段教师对最低能力评估的理解,并找出对PAI学习的启示。本研究采用描述性定性方法。同时,分析技术应用了克雷斯韦尔的理论。本研究结果显示,教师对最低能力评估的理解理解了最低能力评估的概念,但从未应用过基于akm的问题的创建和处理。因此,为了实现教育目标,有必要对教师进行专门的培训,为教育者的先进性提供指导。同时,最低能力评估的含义是学习模式的管理,即应用与技术相结合的情境学习模式,以及学习材料和资源的准备情况,以提高识字和计算能力。
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引用次数: 0
Pengembangan E-Book Berbasis Pemecahan Masalah Untuk Meningkatkan Pemahaman Konsep Siswa Kelas V Sekolah Dasar 以电子书解决问题为基础的发展,以提高学生对小学五年级学生概念的理解
Pub Date : 2022-07-25 DOI: 10.53565/pssa.v8i1.486
Muhamad Alfian Efendi, Tatagyuli Eko Siswono, Neni Mariana
Proses pembelajaran siswa kelas V di SD Negeri 2 Sedatigede, menunjukkan bahwa proses pembelajaran membutuhkan inovasi terutama pada bahan ajar agar lebih menarik serta dapat membantu siswa dalam memahami konsep materi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan hasil validitas perangkat pembelajaran, kepraktisan perangkat pembelajaran, dan keefektivan bahan ajar e-book berbasis pemecahan masalah (problem solving) dalam meningkatkan keterampilan pemahaman konsep Matematika siswa kelas V sekolah dasar. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian pengembangan dengan menggunakan model pengembangan ADDIE dan uji coba perangkat menggunakan pre-test dan post-tes. Penelitian dilakukan pada tahun ajaran 2020/2021 dengan subjek penelitian berjumlah 20 siswa, dan teknik pengumpulan data digunakan yaitu validasi perangkat pembelajaran, tes dan angket. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa bahan ajar matematika berbasis pemecahan masalah (problem solving) memiliki kategori valid dengan nilai dari ahli materi sebesar 71,11% dengan kualifikasi baik dan ahli media sebesar 86,11% dengan kualifikasi sangat baik. Sedangkan keperaktisan perangkat pembelajaran mendapatkan skor 81,25% dengan kualifikasi sangat baik. Keefektifan perangkat pembelajaran dilihat dari hasil tes pemahaman konsep siswa pada posttest diperoleh hasil 18 siswa masuk kedalam kategori pemahaman konsep tinggi (90%) dan 2 siswa masuk kedalam kategori sedang (10%). Peningkatan dari pre-test ke post-tes diukur dengan t-test yang menunjukan hasil < 0,05 yang berarti ada peningkatan dan untuk kategori peningkatan pemahaman konsep diukur N-Gain yang berkategori sedang Pada intinya penggunaan bahan ajar e-book berbasis pemecahan masalah (problem solving) dapat meningkatakan pemahaman konsep siswa.
5年级学生在SD国家2的V班学习过程表明,学习过程需要创新,尤其是在教学材料上,这样更有吸引力,可以帮助学生理解物质的概念。本研究旨在描述以问题为基础的e-book教材解决问题的有效性,并描述五年级学生数学概念理解能力的结果。本研究是一种使用ADDIE开发模式的开发研究,使用前技术和测试后的设备试验。这项研究是在2000 /2021年进行的,研究对象有20名学生,使用的数据收集技术是验证学习设备、测试和预算。这项研究的结果表明,基于问题解决问题的数学教学材料具有具有良好资格的材料专家71.11%的价值,而媒体专家的分数为86.11%,条件非常好。而条件反射学习设备的分数是81.25%,条件很好。学习工具的有效性可以从posttest学生的概念理解测试中看出,18名学生进入高概念理解类别(90%)和2名学生进入中级(10%)。从前兆到后测试的增加是用t测试来衡量的结果,这意味着< 0.05的结果有一个增加的类别,增加了对概念的理解
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引用次数: 1
Basis teoritis dari metode grid yang ditumpangkan 放置网格方法的理论基础
Pub Date : 2022-07-25 DOI: 10.53565/pssa.v8i1.485
S. Lumbangaol, Y. Purba, J. Marbun, Ruben Cornelius Siagian, Kevin William Andri Siahaan
Masalah pemodelan sifat anisotropik yang benar dari bahan komposit sampai hari ini tidak sepenuhnya terungkap. Ini memaksa para insinyur dan ilmuwan untuk menyederhanakan deskripsi parameter fisik dan mekanik untuk menentukan perilaku mekanik padatan yang dapat dideformasi. Ini terutama berlaku untuk viskositas. Akibatnya dalam kompleks analisis perangkat lunak elemen hingga, sifat-sifat ini dimodelkan secara turun-temurun fungsi yang sebanding dengan tensor elastisitas awal, yang dalam beberapa kasus bukan asumsi yang benar. Adapun untuk menghilangkan kekurangan tersebut berdasarkan metode elemen hingga, maka metode grid yang ditumpangkan diusulkan, yang memungkinkan untuk memodelkan sifat fisik dan mekanik, khususnya viskoelastik, dengan mempertimbangkan tingkat anisotropi. Metode ini memungkinkan untuk memecahkan sejumlah masalah dalam teori viskoelastisitas anisotropik, menghasilkan diperoleh hasil yang benar. Makalah ini menyajikan pembenaran teoretis untuk metode ini, yang didasarkan pada: pertimbangan total energi fungsional dari benda cacat, untuk masalah statis dan dinamis linier teori elastisitas dan viskoelastisitas. Pendekatan terhadap masalah ini menetapkan aturan untuk memperoleh parameter tegangan-regangan keadaan benda yang dapat dideformasi sesuai dengan kekhasan metode kisi-kisi yang ditumpangkan dan skenario yang mungkin diidentifikasi aplikasinya.
从合成到今天,关于苯胺性质的正确拟合问题还没有完全解决。这迫使工程师和科学家简化了物理和机械参数的描述,以确定可变形的固体机械行为。它主要适用于粘度。其结果是,在元素软件的复杂分析中,这些属性是传统的,与原始弹性张量相匹配,在某些情况下这不是一个正确的假设。至于根据元素方法来消除这些缺陷,然后提出了建议的网格方法,它允许模拟物理和机械性质,特别是粘性性,考虑到anisotro偶的水平。这种方法允许解决阴离子粘性理论中的许多问题,从而产生正确的结果。这篇论文提出了该方法理论辩护的理由,该理论基于:考虑固态和动态动态线性理论和粘性。解决这个问题的方法建立了一个规则来获得对象的可根据网格的独特性和应用程序可能确定的场景的可转换状态参数。
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引用次数: 0
Strategi Peningkatan Motivasi Belajar di Masa Pandemi Covid-19 berdasarkan Pemetaan menurut Teori Motivasi McClelland pada Siswa Kelas V SD Labschool UNESA 2 Covid-19大流行学习动机改进战略,根据McClelland V - SD Labschool 2年级学生的动机理论进行映射
Pub Date : 2022-07-25 DOI: 10.53565/pssa.v8i1.488
Kurniawan Wahyu Pratama, Maria Veronika Roesminingsih, Suhanadji Suhanadji
Tujuan Penelitian ini Ingin mengetahui pemetaan motivasi belajar siswa kelas V menurut Teori Motivasi McClelland di masa pandemi covid-19 di SD Labschool UNESA 2.  Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan menerapkan model studi fenomenologi gagasan Alfred Schutz. Penelitian kualitatif ialah penelitian yang dilakukan berdasarkan paradigma, strategi, dan implementasi model secara kualitatif. Dalam penelitian kualitatif, instrumennya adalah orang (human instrument) yaitu peneliti itu sendiri. Penelitian ini mengambil data di SD Labschool UNESA 2 yang beralamatkan di Lidah Wetan, Kecamatan Lakarsantri, Surabaya. Teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan wawancara, observasi dan dokumentasi sekaligus dipilih peneliti untuk mengumpulkan data pada penelitian ini. Maka didapatkan hasil pemetaan motivasi belajar siswa kelas V berdasarkan Teori Motivasi McClelland, yang paling dominan adalah motivasi belajar berdasarkan kebutuhan akan afiliasi (MBKA) dengan 58% yaitu 19 siswa, kemudian motivasi belajar berdasarkan kebutuhan akan berprestasi (MBKB) dengan 36% yaitu 12 siswa dan yang paling sedikit adalah motivasi belajar berdasarkan kebutuhan akan kekuasan (MBKK) dengan 6% yaitu 2 siswaPemetaan motivasi belajar siswa kelas V berdasarkan Teori Motivasi gagasan David McClelland yang berisi 3 kebutuhan yaitu Need of Achievment, Need of Affiliation dan Need of Power dapat dijadikan bahan rujukan dan indikator untuk penelitian selanjutnya serta jika ada keinginan untuk memetakan motivasi siswa di jenjang kelas dan sekolah yang berbeda.
本研究的目的是根据McClelland动机理论,找出V班学生学习动机图。该研究采用一种定性方法,采用阿尔弗雷德·舒茨思想现象学研究模型。定性研究是基于范例、策略和定性模式的实现进行的研究。在定性研究中,它的工具是一个人,也就是研究人员自己。这项研究获得了泗水拉卡桑特里度假村Wetan tontonic SD Labschool 2的数据。数据收集技术利用采访、观察和文献以及挑选研究人员来收集研究中的数据。因此,通过McClelland动机理论获得V类学生学习动机导图结果,最主要的是基于归属需求的学习动机(MBKA),其中58%是19名学生,然后,基于成功者的学习动机(MBKB)为12名学生提供36%的学习动机(MBKK),至少有6%的学生基于V班学生的学习动机对情感的需要和对权力的需要可以作为进一步研究的参考资料和指标,如果你想在不同的年级和学校概述学生的动机。
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引用次数: 0
Perception of Indonesian Students on the Importance of Anti-Corruption Education 印尼学生对反腐教育重要性的认知
Pub Date : 2022-07-22 DOI: 10.37680/qalamuna.v14i2.1510
Kusen Kusen
The purpose of this study was to determine student perceptions of the Tarbiyah Faculty of IAIN Curup about the importance of anti-corruption education in Indonesia. This research is a type of quantitative descriptive research. The population taken in this study were all students at IAIN Curup. The sampling technique used is probability sampling with the number of data samples, namely 118 students from 7 study programs from the Tarbiyah Faculty. Collecting data using a questionnaire. The instrument used in this study was a questionnaire on the perception of students from Tarbiyah IAIN that they were bad at the importance of anti-corruption education in Indonesia. This research was conducted at IAIN Curup, Rejang Lebong Regency, Bengkulu Province in May 2022. The questionnaire asked students' opinions about the importance of anti-corruption education in Indonesia. In this study, the questionnaire was prepared using a four-point scale, with Strongly Agree, Agree, Disagree, and Strongly Disagree. The results of this study indicate that students of the Tarbiyah Faculty of IAIN Curup consider the importance of anti-corruption education in Indonesia. Anti-corruption education is important to shape anti-corruption characteristics for the younger generation by showing the phenomenon of corruption to the consequences of corruption itself.
本研究的目的是确定IAIN Curup的Tarbiyah学院的学生对印尼反腐教育重要性的看法。本研究是一种定量描述性研究。这项研究的对象都是IAIN Curup的学生。使用的抽样技术是概率抽样,数据样本的数量是来自Tarbiyah学院7个学习项目的118名学生。使用问卷收集数据。本研究使用的工具是一份调查问卷,调查来自Tarbiyah IAIN的学生对印度尼西亚反腐败教育重要性的看法。该研究于2022年5月在明古鲁省Rejang Lebong Regency的IAIN Curup进行。问卷询问学生对印尼反腐教育重要性的看法。在这项研究中,调查问卷采用四分制,包括强烈同意、同意、不同意和强烈不同意。本研究的结果表明,IAIN Curup的Tarbiyah学院的学生认为反腐教育在印度尼西亚的重要性。反腐教育通过将腐败现象引向腐败本身的后果,对塑造年轻一代的反腐败特征具有重要意义。
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引用次数: 0
Pengaruh informasi melalui Whatsapp ( WA) group terhadap sikap toleran di kalangan generasi muda buddhis 通过Whatsapp (WA)小组的信息对佛教年轻一代的宽容产生了影响
Pub Date : 2022-07-22 DOI: 10.53565/pssa.v8i1.476
Situ Asih
This study aims to determine how much influence the information provided by religious leaders through the Wa Group has on the tolerance attitude of the young Buddhist generation. The sample in this study was the younger generation of Buddhists in Karanganyar Regency who opened 30 people. The research method used is a quantitative method where data collection techniques are carried out by distributing questionnaires to find out whether there is an influence of information through the Wa Group on the attitude of tolerance among the young Buddhist generation. The results showed a simple linear regression equation Y= 3.097 + 0.483 (X), this means that if X = 0, then Y is still 3.097 and positive in the same direction. If X increases then Y also increases and vice versa. For the correlation coefficient, it shows that there is a very high relationship between information through the WA Group and a tolerant attitude with a value of 0.932. The coefficient of determination obtained is 0.869, which means the magnitude of the influence of variable X on Variable Y is 86.9% with a significance level of 0.000  
本研究旨在确定宗教领袖通过佤族团体提供的信息对年轻一代佛教宽容态度的影响程度。本研究的样本是Karanganyar摄政的年轻一代佛教徒,他们开了30人。使用的研究方法是定量方法,通过发放问卷的方式进行数据收集技术,以了解通过佤族团体传播的信息是否对佛教年轻一代的宽容态度产生了影响。结果显示一个简单的线性回归方程Y= 3.097 + 0.483 (X),这意味着如果X = 0,那么Y仍然是3.097,并且在同一方向上是正的。如果X增加,Y也会增加,反之亦然。从相关系数来看,通过WA Group获得的信息与宽容态度的关系非常高,相关系数为0.932。得到的决定系数为0.869,即变量X对变量Y的影响程度为86.9%,显著性水平为0.000
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引用次数: 0
Penerapan Metode Bermain Peran Berbasis Profesi Untuk Meningkatkan Kemandirian Dan Rasa Percaya Diri Anak Usia 5-6 Tahun 使用一种职业引导的角色扮演方法,以提高5-6岁儿童的自立和信心
Pub Date : 2022-07-22 DOI: 10.53565/pssa.v8i1.487
Faziadatun Nikmah, Umi Anugerah Izzati, Eko Darminto
Tujuan penelitan ini adalah menguji penerapan metode bermain peran berbasis profesi untuk meningkatkan kemandirian dan rasa percaya diri anak usia 5-6 tahun TK ABA 4 Mangli Jember. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dengan rancangan eksperimen. Rancangan eksperimen yang digunakan adalah nonequivalent control group. Rancangan nonequivalent control group merupakan salah satu model rancangan dalam rancangan kuasi eksperimen. Subyek penelitian ini yaitu anak kelompok B TK ABA 4 Mangli dengan kelas B1 dan B2 sebagai kelompok eksperimen dan kelas B3 dan B4 sebagai kelompok kontrol. Teknik pengumpulan data dalam penelitian ini dikumpulkan melalui observasi dan dokumentasi. Data penelitian dianalisis secara statistik parametrik uji-t (independent t test). Pengujian hipotesis menggunakan taraf signifikasi 5%. Hasil analisis data menunjukkan bahwa (1) Penerapan metode bermain peran berbasis profesi berpengaruh dalam meningkatkan kemandirian anak usia 5-6 tahun di TK ABA 4 Mangli Jember. (2) Penerapan metode bermain peran berbasis profesi berpengaruh dalam meningkatkan rasa percaya diri anak usia 5-6 tahun di TK ABA 4 Mangli Jember. Implikasi  dari penelitian ini yaitu bagi lembaga dan guru diharapkan lembaga dan guru dapat bekerjasama dengan baik agar bisa memfasilitasi seluruh sentra agar kemandirian dan rasa percaya diri anak dapat berkembang dengan baik.  Selain itu bermain peran  merupakan sarana yang tepat dalam mengembangkan kemandirian dan percaya diri anak usia 5-6 tahun.
这项研究的目的是测试一种职业角色扮演的方法的应用,以提高5-6岁儿童的自力更生和自信心。这项研究采用了实验设计的定量方法。非equivalent控制组采用的实验设计。非equivalent控制小组的设计是合成实验设计的一个设计模型。研究对象是btk ABA 4 Mangli的儿童,B1班和B2班是实验组,B3班和B4班是控制组。本研究的数据收集技术是通过观察和记录收集的。研究数据是对uj -t测试参数的统计分析。用5%的重要性来检验假设。数据分析表明(1)职业教学方法的实施影响了5-6岁儿童在TK ABA 4 Mangli Jember的自立能力。(2)采用专业的角色扮演方法有助于提高5-6岁儿童在幼儿园4 Mangli Jember的信心。这项研究的含义是针对教师和教师的,希望机构和教师能够很好地合作,以促进儿童的自立和信心的充分发展。此外,角色扮演是发展5-6岁儿童自力更生和自信的恰当工具。
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引用次数: 0
Reformation of Islamic Education in Indonesia 印度尼西亚伊斯兰教教育的改革
Pub Date : 2022-07-21 DOI: 10.53565/pssa.v8i1.496
Salafudin Salafudin
This study examines the Islamic education system, which continues to be an exciting discussion among education practitioners. This is a form of public concern and concern for the current objective condition of Islamic educational institutions, especially in Indonesia. This is library research, namely research sourced from library materials using a qualitative approach. In this case, the researcher explored several primary and secondary data with the following steps: reading and studying in-depth primary data such as books, journals, articles, theses, theses, and dissertations related to the discussion of Islamic education reform in Indonesia. The results of this study reveal that the long journey of Islamic education has provided various forms of Islamic education models in Indonesia. In this case, Islamic education also participates in the renewal of the education system in Indonesia. So, it can be said that Islamic education in Indonesia has a significant impact in terms of the turmoil of renewal and changes in the direction of education in Indonesia, both in the ideological and practical realms. Thus, the long journey of Islamic education in Indonesia is a manifestation of the reform of Islamic education and is the driving force and determinant of the direction of reforming Islamic education in Indonesia. So, it can be concluded that the reform of Islamic education in Indonesia can show how dynamic the journey of Islamic education in Indonesia is. This can be seen from the many different models of Islamic education that exist in the world of education in Indonesia.
这项研究考察了伊斯兰教育体系,这在教育从业者中仍然是一个令人兴奋的讨论。这是公众关注和关注伊斯兰教育机构,特别是印度尼西亚目前客观状况的一种形式。这是图书馆研究,即使用定性方法从图书馆资料中进行研究。在本案例中,研究者通过以下步骤探索了一些一手和二手数据:阅读和深入研究与印度尼西亚伊斯兰教育改革讨论相关的书籍、期刊、文章、论文、论文、论文等一手数据。研究结果表明,伊斯兰教育的漫长历程为印尼提供了多种形式的伊斯兰教育模式。在这种情况下,伊斯兰教育也参与了印度尼西亚教育制度的更新。因此,无论是在思想领域还是在实践领域,印尼伊斯兰教教育都对印尼教育方向的更新和变化的动荡产生了重大影响。因此,印尼伊斯兰教教育的漫长历程是伊斯兰教教育改革的体现,是印尼伊斯兰教教育改革方向的动力和决定因素。因此,印尼伊斯兰教教育的改革可以看出印尼伊斯兰教教育的历程是多么的充满活力。这可以从印度尼西亚教育界存在的许多不同的伊斯兰教育模式中看出。
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引用次数: 0
Implementation of Language Attitude and Turn-Taking of the Guest Star at Talk Show 谈话节目中嘉宾语言态度与轮换的实现
Pub Date : 2022-07-21 DOI: 10.53565/pssa.v8i1.498
M. Munthe, Asima Rohana Sinaga, Mungkap Mangapul Siahaan
This research is conducted in order to find out, namely: (1) The ways of Guest Star implement their Language Attitude during giving comments about the questions made by Andy, (2) The ways of Guest Star implement their Turn-Taking during giving comments about the questions made by Andy, and (3) The reason of Guest Star behave as the way they are in giving comments. The research method applied for this research is qualitative research. Instrument used to gather the data is the record of the conversation between Andy and Guest Star in the TV talk show. The writer analyzed the data then categorized into the components of Language Attitude and a framework for Turn-Taking. The findings of the research, namely: (1) It occurred dominantly applied the Affective Component on the utterances of them, and (2) The Guest Star gave their individual’s perception upon their responds. The Guest Star arranged their thought, opinion, suggestion, emotion, belief and action
本研究的目的是:(1)Guest Star在对Andy的问题进行评论时,其语言态度的实现方式;(2)Guest Star在对Andy的问题进行评论时,其Turn-Taking的实现方式;(3)Guest Star在评论时,其行为方式的原因。本研究采用的研究方法是定性研究。用来收集数据的仪器是安迪和客串明星在电视谈话节目中的对话记录。作者分析了这些数据,然后将其分类为语言态度的组成部分和转向的框架。研究发现:(1)主要应用情感成分对他们的话语,(2)嘉宾对他们的回应给出了他们的个人感知。嘉宾明星整理了他们的思想、意见、建议、情感、信仰和行动
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Qalamuna
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