Composites Part C Open Access最新文献_第2页

Process-structure-performance prediction of nanocomposite overwrapped pressure vessels: Manufacturing-driven design 纳米复合材料包覆压力容器的工艺-结构-性能预测：制造驱动设计

IF 7 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, COMPOSITES

Composites Part C Open Access

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcomc.2026.100711

Lyazid Bouhala, Sébastien Klein, Samet Ozyigit, Abdelghani Laachachi

This work presents a manufacturing-driven multiscale methodology for the design and structural assessment of filament-wound carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) composite overwrapped pressure vessels (COPVs) incorporating nano-modified epoxy matrices. The work integrates experimental characterization with predictive modelling in a unified framework. Neat epoxy resins were reinforced with nanosilica and graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) using a controlled dispersion protocol. Composite plates were manufactured by filament winding and vacuum curing, then characterized by micro-computed tomography (

μ

CT), tensile testing, and three-point bending to evaluate dispersion quality, void content, and mechanical behaviour.

At the nanoscale, the effective elastic properties of the modified matrices were estimated using Mori–Tanaka homogenization, accounting for filler morphology and voids. These properties were introduced into a microscale finite element homogenization to determine orthotropic lamina properties, which were validated against experimental data. The resulting lamina properties were used to inform filament-winding design and stacking sequence of an 8L Type IV COPV using CADWIND. Manufacturing-consistent layups were exported to ABAQUS for global finite element analysis and burst-pressure prediction using the Hashin failure criterion.

Comparative simulations performed for the neat and nano-modified composites indicate delayed damage initiation and increased predicted burst resistance for the nanosilica- and GNP-enhanced systems, enabling equivalent performance with reduced laminate thickness. The proposed framework provides a transferable, manufacturing-aware pathway from nano-modified resin development to COPV structural performance assessment.

这项工作提出了一种制造驱动的多尺度方法，用于设计和结构评估长丝缠绕碳纤维增强聚合物（CFRP）复合材料覆盖压力容器（copv），其中包含纳米改性环氧树脂基质。这项工作将实验表征与预测建模集成在一个统一的框架中。采用可控分散方案，用纳米二氧化硅和石墨烯纳米片（GNPs）增强纯环氧树脂。采用长丝缠绕和真空固化法制备复合材料板，通过微计算机断层扫描（μCT）、拉伸测试和三点弯曲测试来评估分散质量、空隙含量和力学性能。在纳米尺度上，利用Mori-Tanaka均质法估计了改性基体的有效弹性性能，考虑了填料形态和空隙。将这些特性引入到微尺度的有限元均质中，以确定正交各向异性层的特性，并与实验数据进行了验证。利用CADWIND软件对8L型IV型COPV的丝缠绕设计和堆叠顺序进行了分析。将制造一致的分层导出到ABAQUS中，使用Hashin失效准则进行全局有限元分析和爆裂压力预测。对纯复合材料和纳米改性复合材料进行的对比模拟表明，纳米二氧化硅和gnp增强的系统延迟了损伤的发生，增加了预测的抗破裂能力，在减少层压厚度的情况下实现了相同的性能。提出的框架提供了一个可转移的，从纳米改性树脂开发到COPV结构性能评估的制造感知途径。

{"title":"Process-structure-performance prediction of nanocomposite overwrapped pressure vessels: Manufacturing-driven design","authors":"Lyazid Bouhala, Sébastien Klein, Samet Ozyigit, Abdelghani Laachachi","doi":"10.1016/j.jcomc.2026.100711","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcomc.2026.100711","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This work presents a manufacturing-driven multiscale methodology for the design and structural assessment of filament-wound carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) composite overwrapped pressure vessels (COPVs) incorporating nano-modified epoxy matrices. The work integrates experimental characterization with predictive modelling in a unified framework. Neat epoxy resins were reinforced with nanosilica and graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) using a controlled dispersion protocol. Composite plates were manufactured by filament winding and vacuum curing, then characterized by micro-computed tomography (<span><math><mi>μ</mi></math></span>CT), tensile testing, and three-point bending to evaluate dispersion quality, void content, and mechanical behaviour.</div><div>At the nanoscale, the effective elastic properties of the modified matrices were estimated using Mori–Tanaka homogenization, accounting for filler morphology and voids. These properties were introduced into a microscale finite element homogenization to determine orthotropic lamina properties, which were validated against experimental data. The resulting lamina properties were used to inform filament-winding design and stacking sequence of an 8L Type IV COPV using <span>CADWIND</span>. Manufacturing-consistent layups were exported to <span>ABAQUS</span> for global finite element analysis and burst-pressure prediction using the Hashin failure criterion.</div><div>Comparative simulations performed for the neat and nano-modified composites indicate delayed damage initiation and increased predicted burst resistance for the nanosilica- and GNP-enhanced systems, enabling equivalent performance with reduced laminate thickness. The proposed framework provides a transferable, manufacturing-aware pathway from nano-modified resin development to COPV structural performance assessment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34525,"journal":{"name":"Composites Part C Open Access","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 100711"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147395791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Epoxy vitrimer based nanocomposites for EMI shielding: Integrating reprocessability, self-healing, and machine learning predictions 用于电磁干扰屏蔽的环氧玻璃体纳米复合材料：集成可再加工性、自修复性和机器学习预测

IF 7 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, COMPOSITES

Composites Part C Open Access

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcomc.2026.100712

Lince Mathew Thomas , Sampath Parasuram , Arun Sam Varghese , Jerrin Joy Varughese , Manobalan S․ , Suryasarathi Bose , Sumangala T․ P․ , Sreekanth M․ S․

The rapid evolution of electronic technologies necessitates multifunctional polymeric materials capable of offering robust electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding, with mechanical durability, reprocessability and self-healing. The investigation utilized, epoxy vitrimer nanocomposites reinforced with electrically conductive multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and magnetic cobalt ferrite (CoFe) nanoparticles to engineer high-performance, reprocessable EMI shielding materials. The vitrimer matrix, synthesized using diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) and 4-aminophenyl disulfide (4-AFD), was optimized to incorporate dynamic covalent disulfide bonds enabling thermal reprocessability, self-healing, and solvent resistance. A fixed MWCNTs content of 0.2 wt% established as the electrical percolation threshold was utilized to ensure a conductive network, while magnetic CoFe content was systematically varied from 0 to 20 wt%. The synergistic interplay between the conductive and magnetic fillers resulted in an optimal shielding effectiveness (SE_T) of -18.4 dB at 0.2 wt% MWCNTs and 15 wt% CoFe, primarily governed by absorption losses due to interfacial polarisation and multiple scattering. Mechanical and thermal analyses demonstrated a balanced trade-off between stiffness and toughness, with enhanced thermal stability, and reprocessability. Furthermore, machine learning (Random Forest) and deep learning (DNN with Adam optimiser) models were deployed to accurately predict the tensile properties and shielding effectiveness, offering a data-driven framework for design optimisation. The developed vitrimer composites also exhibited excellent solvent resistance and self-healing capability, underscoring their potential for sustainable, high-performance EMI shielding applications in aerospace, electronics, and defence industries.

电子技术的快速发展需要多功能聚合物材料能够提供强大的电磁干扰（EMI）屏蔽，具有机械耐用性，可再加工性和自愈性。该研究利用导电多壁碳纳米管（MWCNTs）和磁性钴铁氧体（CoFe）纳米颗粒增强的环氧树脂纳米复合材料来设计高性能、可再加工的电磁干扰屏蔽材料。利用双酚A二甘油酯醚（DGEBA）和4-氨基苯基二硫醚（4-AFD）合成的玻璃聚合物基质，优化了其包含动态共价二硫键，使其具有热再加工性、自愈性和耐溶剂性。采用0.2 wt%的固定MWCNTs含量作为电渗透阈值来确保导电网络，而磁性咖啡含量系统地从0 wt%变化到20 wt%。导电填料和磁性填料之间的协同作用导致在0.2 wt% MWCNTs和15 wt% CoFe条件下的最佳屏蔽效率（SET）为-18.4 dB，主要受界面极化和多次散射引起的吸收损失影响。机械和热分析证明了刚度和韧性之间的平衡取舍，具有增强的热稳定性和可再加工性。此外，采用机器学习（Random Forest）和深度学习（DNN with Adam optimizer）模型来准确预测拉伸性能和屏蔽效果，为设计优化提供数据驱动的框架。所开发的玻璃体复合材料还表现出优异的耐溶剂性和自修复能力，强调了它们在航空航天、电子和国防工业中可持续、高性能EMI屏蔽应用的潜力。

{"title":"Epoxy vitrimer based nanocomposites for EMI shielding: Integrating reprocessability, self-healing, and machine learning predictions","authors":"Lince Mathew Thomas , Sampath Parasuram , Arun Sam Varghese , Jerrin Joy Varughese , Manobalan S․ , Suryasarathi Bose , Sumangala T․ P․ , Sreekanth M․ S․","doi":"10.1016/j.jcomc.2026.100712","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcomc.2026.100712","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The rapid evolution of electronic technologies necessitates multifunctional polymeric materials capable of offering robust electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding, with mechanical durability, reprocessability and self-healing. The investigation utilized, epoxy vitrimer nanocomposites reinforced with electrically conductive multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and magnetic cobalt ferrite (CoFe) nanoparticles to engineer high-performance, reprocessable EMI shielding materials. The vitrimer matrix, synthesized using diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) and 4-aminophenyl disulfide (4-AFD), was optimized to incorporate dynamic covalent disulfide bonds enabling thermal reprocessability, self-healing, and solvent resistance. A fixed MWCNTs content of 0.2 wt% established as the electrical percolation threshold was utilized to ensure a conductive network, while magnetic CoFe content was systematically varied from 0 to 20 wt%. The synergistic interplay between the conductive and magnetic fillers resulted in an optimal shielding effectiveness (SE<sub>T</sub>) of -18.4 dB at 0.2 wt% MWCNTs and 15 wt% CoFe, primarily governed by absorption losses due to interfacial polarisation and multiple scattering. Mechanical and thermal analyses demonstrated a balanced trade-off between stiffness and toughness, with enhanced thermal stability, and reprocessability. Furthermore, machine learning (Random Forest) and deep learning (DNN with Adam optimiser) models were deployed to accurately predict the tensile properties and shielding effectiveness, offering a data-driven framework for design optimisation. The developed vitrimer composites also exhibited excellent solvent resistance and self-healing capability, underscoring their potential for sustainable, high-performance EMI shielding applications in aerospace, electronics, and defence industries.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34525,"journal":{"name":"Composites Part C Open Access","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 100712"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147395792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Recycled composite materials from plastic parts of end-of-life vehicles mixed with recycled carbon fiber from automotive manufacturing waste 从报废车辆的塑料部件中回收的复合材料与从汽车制造废料中回收的碳纤维混合

IF 7 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, COMPOSITES

Composites Part C Open Access

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcomc.2026.100696

Nuttakorn Wongkhuenkaew, Ponlapath Tipboonsri, Supaaek Pramoonmak, Boonsong Chongkolnee, Anin Memon

The production of virgin carbon fiber (vCF) is an energy-intensive process. The recycled carbon fiber (rCF) plays a crucial role by reducing energy consumption, lowering environmental impact, and promoting circularity within the composite materials industry. This study explores the recycling potential of prepreg carbon fiber waste and discarded automotive bumpers for producing composites from waste. The CFRP waste was recycled through a controlled thermal process and the resulting weight loss behavior obtained via a muffle furnace was evaluated using a design of experiments and analysis of variance. Optimization identified 500 °C with a 60 min holding time as the most effective condition, yielding clean rCF with minimal degradation and a residual mass of approximately 51.74 wt.%. The rCF was compounded with shredded car bumper at 0, 5, and 10 wt.% fiber contents. Incorporation of 10 wt.% rCF increased the tensile strength from 14.12 MPa to 19.40 MPa (+37.4%) and the flexural strength from 23.72 MPa to 29.12 MPa (+22.6%), whereas impact strength decreased from 269.12 J/m to 66.11 J/m (−75.4%) due to reduced energy absorption. The 5 wt.% rCF composites exhibited the highest tensile modulus of 0.69 GPa, indicating superior stiffness, while the 10 wt.% rCF composites demonstrated a slightly lower modulus of 0.53 GPa (−23.2%) but higher strength and hardness, suitable for load-bearing and wear-resistant applications. These results demonstrate that both CFRP and automotive plastic wastes can be effectively recycled into value added composites with tunable mechanical properties, supporting the circular economy and reducing energy intensive vCF.

原碳纤维（vCF）的生产是一个能源密集型的过程。再生碳纤维（rCF）在减少能源消耗、降低环境影响和促进复合材料行业的循环方面发挥着至关重要的作用。本研究探讨了预浸碳纤维废料和废弃汽车保险杠的回收潜力，用于从废料中生产复合材料。CFRP废料通过受控热过程回收，通过马弗炉获得的减重行为通过实验设计和方差分析进行评估。优化结果表明，500°C、60分钟保温时间是最有效的条件，得到的rCF干净、降解最小，残留质量约为51.74 wt.%。将rCF与纤维含量分别为0、5、10 wt.%的汽车保险杠碎料复配。10 wt.% rCF的加入使拉伸强度从14.12 MPa提高到19.40 MPa(+37.4%)，弯曲强度从23.72 MPa提高到29.12 MPa(+22.6%)，而冲击强度由于能量吸收的减少而从269.12 J/m下降到66.11 J/m（- 75.4%）。5 wt.% rCF复合材料的拉伸模量最高，为0.69 GPa，具有较好的刚度；10 wt.% rCF复合材料的拉伸模量略低，为0.53 GPa(- 23.2%)，但具有较高的强度和硬度，适合于承载和耐磨应用。这些结果表明，CFRP和汽车塑料废料都可以有效地回收成具有可调力学性能的增值复合材料，支持循环经济并减少能源密集型vCF。

{"title":"Recycled composite materials from plastic parts of end-of-life vehicles mixed with recycled carbon fiber from automotive manufacturing waste","authors":"Nuttakorn Wongkhuenkaew, Ponlapath Tipboonsri, Supaaek Pramoonmak, Boonsong Chongkolnee, Anin Memon","doi":"10.1016/j.jcomc.2026.100696","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcomc.2026.100696","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The production of virgin carbon fiber (vCF) is an energy-intensive process. The recycled carbon fiber (rCF) plays a crucial role by reducing energy consumption, lowering environmental impact, and promoting circularity within the composite materials industry. This study explores the recycling potential of prepreg carbon fiber waste and discarded automotive bumpers for producing composites from waste. The CFRP waste was recycled through a controlled thermal process and the resulting weight loss behavior obtained via a muffle furnace was evaluated using a design of experiments and analysis of variance. Optimization identified 500 °C with a 60 min holding time as the most effective condition, yielding clean rCF with minimal degradation and a residual mass of approximately 51.74 wt.%. The rCF was compounded with shredded car bumper at 0, 5, and 10 wt.% fiber contents. Incorporation of 10 wt.% rCF increased the tensile strength from 14.12 MPa to 19.40 MPa (+37.4%) and the flexural strength from 23.72 MPa to 29.12 MPa (+22.6%), whereas impact strength decreased from 269.12 J/m to 66.11 J/m (−75.4%) due to reduced energy absorption. The 5 wt.% rCF composites exhibited the highest tensile modulus of 0.69 GPa, indicating superior stiffness, while the 10 wt.% rCF composites demonstrated a slightly lower modulus of 0.53 GPa (−23.2%) but higher strength and hardness, suitable for load-bearing and wear-resistant applications. These results demonstrate that both CFRP and automotive plastic wastes can be effectively recycled into value added composites with tunable mechanical properties, supporting the circular economy and reducing energy intensive vCF.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34525,"journal":{"name":"Composites Part C Open Access","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 100696"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145976935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Improved properties of high-density polyethylene by integrating high content of bio-fillers based on green nanolignin for applications in plastic industry 以绿色纳米木质素为基础，集成高含量的生物填料，改善高密度聚乙烯的性能，用于塑料工业

IF 7 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, COMPOSITES

Composites Part C Open Access

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcomc.2025.100688

Olalla. Sanchez-Sobrado , Alexander F. Tiniakos , Rebeca. Abalde , Marisol. Rivas , Alexios. Grigoropoulos , Angeliki. Nikolaou , Alexandros. Zoikis-Karathanasis , Ioanna. Deligkiozi , Ricardo. Losada

A study on the processability and physical and mechanical properties of different thermoplastic-based green nanocomposite materials for applications in injection processes is presented: commercial high-density polyethylene acting as the polymeric matrix and high contents of two types of modified nanolignins serving as bio-based fillers. It is a novel procedure to obtain good dispersibility of high loadings of bio-fillers in polyethylene which is difficult to achieve according to literature. The inclusion of green fillers brings property enhancements that are normally seen with expensive nanofillers like carbon nanotubes or graphene: improvement of mechanical properties while keeping good thermal stability and antioxidant properties has been obtained. To compare the effect of the inclusion of the two different nanofillers at 15, 25 and 35 % wt loadings on the characteristics of polyethylene, physical, mechanical, and morphological tests were performed. Injection pellets were fabricated and used to fabricate coupons to evaluate the mechanical features by performing both flexural and tensile tests. Remarkable enhancements (up to 60 % with respect to the neat polymer) of certain mechanical properties were observed for composites with 35 % wt loading of nanofillers. Moreover, investigating the effect of the bio-based nanolignins inclusion at high loadings on both crystallization and melting temperature suggested the robust thermal stability of the presented composites. As nanolignin is a renewable filler-type, it will bring properties like low-cost, low toxicity and partially replace petroleum-based stabilizers or other additives. Polyethylene with nanolignin becomes a “partially bio-based” high-performance material without changing the polymer backbone.

本文研究了不同热塑性绿色纳米复合材料的可加工性和物理力学性能，并将其应用于注射工艺中：商用高密度聚乙烯作为聚合物基体，高含量的改性纳米木质素作为生物基填料。在聚乙烯中获得高负荷生物填料的良好分散性是一种新的方法，这在文献中是很难实现的。绿色填料的加入带来了性能的增强，这通常是在昂贵的纳米填料（如碳纳米管或石墨烯）中看到的：在保持良好的热稳定性和抗氧化性能的同时，提高了机械性能。为了比较两种不同的纳米填料在15%、25%和35%重量负荷下对聚乙烯特性的影响，进行了物理、机械和形态学测试。制备了注射颗粒，并用于制作薄片，通过进行弯曲和拉伸试验来评估机械特性。当纳米填料重量为35%时，复合材料的某些机械性能显著增强（与纯聚合物相比，增强幅度高达60%）。此外，研究了高负载下生物基纳米木质素包合物对结晶温度和熔化温度的影响，表明所制备的复合材料具有良好的热稳定性。纳米木质素是一种可再生填料，具有低成本、低毒等特点，可以部分替代石油基稳定剂或其他添加剂。含有纳米木质素的聚乙烯在不改变聚合物骨架的情况下成为一种“部分生物基”的高性能材料。

{"title":"Improved properties of high-density polyethylene by integrating high content of bio-fillers based on green nanolignin for applications in plastic industry","authors":"Olalla. Sanchez-Sobrado , Alexander F. Tiniakos , Rebeca. Abalde , Marisol. Rivas , Alexios. Grigoropoulos , Angeliki. Nikolaou , Alexandros. Zoikis-Karathanasis , Ioanna. Deligkiozi , Ricardo. Losada","doi":"10.1016/j.jcomc.2025.100688","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcomc.2025.100688","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A study on the processability and physical and mechanical properties of different thermoplastic-based green nanocomposite materials for applications in injection processes is presented: commercial high-density polyethylene acting as the polymeric matrix and high contents of two types of modified nanolignins serving as bio-based fillers. It is a novel procedure to obtain good dispersibility of high loadings of bio-fillers in polyethylene which is difficult to achieve according to literature. The inclusion of green fillers brings property enhancements that are normally seen with expensive nanofillers like carbon nanotubes or graphene: improvement of mechanical properties while keeping good thermal stability and antioxidant properties has been obtained. To compare the effect of the inclusion of the two different nanofillers at 15, 25 and 35 % wt loadings on the characteristics of polyethylene, physical, mechanical, and morphological tests were performed. Injection pellets were fabricated and used to fabricate coupons to evaluate the mechanical features by performing both flexural and tensile tests. Remarkable enhancements (up to 60 % with respect to the neat polymer) of certain mechanical properties were observed for composites with 35 % wt loading of nanofillers. Moreover, investigating the effect of the bio-based nanolignins inclusion at high loadings on both crystallization and melting temperature suggested the robust thermal stability of the presented composites. As nanolignin is a renewable filler-type, it will bring properties like low-cost, low toxicity and partially replace petroleum-based stabilizers or other additives. Polyethylene with nanolignin becomes a “partially bio-based” high-performance material without changing the polymer backbone.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34525,"journal":{"name":"Composites Part C Open Access","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 100688"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145791020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The role of graphene nanoplatelets and carbon black hybrid fillers on rheological and mechanical properties and sagging behavior of high-density polyethylene nanocomposite 石墨烯纳米片和炭黑杂化填料对高密度聚乙烯纳米复合材料流变力学性能和垂陷行为的影响

IF 7 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, COMPOSITES

Composites Part C Open Access

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcomc.2026.100710

Mehdi Dehghani , Gholamreza Pircheraghi , Seyed Hassan Jafari

Carbon black (CB) is widely employed in high-density polyethylene (PE100) pipe-grade materials to mitigate ultraviolet (UV) degradation. However, the melt-state and solid-state properties of polymer nanocomposites are highly sensitive to the dispersion state of their constituents. This study investigates the effect of graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) as secondary nanofillers in PE100/CB systems, with particular emphasis on melt sagging behavior governed by creeping flow. Two types of GNPs—few-layer graphene (FLG) and multi-layer graphene (MLG)—were incorporated to form hybrid nanocomposites with total filler contents of 2.25 wt.% (1.95 wt.% CB + 0.3 wt.% GNPs) and 2.55 wt.% (2.25 wt.% CB + 0.3 wt.% GNPs). Morphological observations using optical microscopy (OM) and field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) revealed that FLG, characterized by a higher structural defect density, achieved superior dispersion, whereas MLG showed a limited ability to disrupt CB agglomerates within the PE100 matrix. Rheological characterization, including small-amplitude oscillatory shear, shear-induced time-dependent measurements, and melt creep tests, demonstrated that FLG-containing hybrids exhibit enhanced melt viscosity and increased resistance to creep flow. Consequently, the addition of 0.3wt.% FLG caused a reduction in the sag index by up to 31.16% in compared with 2.25wt.% CB-filled systems. Tensile testing showed that FLG incorporation leads to slight improvements in break-point properties (e.g., a 14.6% increase in elongation at break for the 2.55 wt.% filled samples). This behavior is attributed to reduced stress concentration sites resulting from improved filler dispersion in the amorphous phase. These results demonstrate that CB/FLG hybridization provides an effective materials-based strategy for improving sagging resistance in PE100 while maintaining mechanical integrity

炭黑（CB）广泛应用于高密度聚乙烯（PE100）管道级材料中，以减轻紫外线（UV）的降解。然而，聚合物纳米复合材料的熔融态和固态性能对其组分的分散状态非常敏感。本研究探讨了石墨烯纳米片（GNPs）作为次级纳米填料在PE100/CB体系中的作用，特别强调了蠕变流动控制的熔体沉降行为。将两种类型的GNPs——少层石墨烯（FLG）和多层石墨烯（MLG）——掺入到混合纳米复合材料中，总填料含量分别为2.25 wt.% （1.95 wt.% CB + 0.3 wt.% GNPs）和2.55 wt.% （2.25 wt.% CB + 0.3 wt.% GNPs）。光学显微镜（OM）和场发射扫描电镜（FESEM）的形态学观察显示，FLG具有较高的结构缺陷密度，具有较好的分散性，而MLG在PE100基体中破坏CB团聚体的能力有限。流变学表征，包括小振幅振荡剪切、剪切诱导时间依赖性测量和熔体蠕变测试，表明含有flg的混合材料具有增强的熔体粘度和增强的抗蠕变流动能力。因此，增加0.3wt。与2.25wt相比，% FLG可使凹陷指数降低31.16%。% cb填充系统。拉伸测试表明，FLG掺入导致断裂点性能略有改善（例如，2.55 wt.%填充样品的断裂伸长率增加14.6%）。这种行为是由于非晶相中填料分散性的改善导致应力集中部位的减少。这些结果表明，CB/FLG杂交提供了一种有效的基于材料的策略，可以在保持机械完整性的同时提高PE100的抗松弛性

{"title":"The role of graphene nanoplatelets and carbon black hybrid fillers on rheological and mechanical properties and sagging behavior of high-density polyethylene nanocomposite","authors":"Mehdi Dehghani , Gholamreza Pircheraghi , Seyed Hassan Jafari","doi":"10.1016/j.jcomc.2026.100710","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcomc.2026.100710","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Carbon black (CB) is widely employed in high-density polyethylene (PE100) pipe-grade materials to mitigate ultraviolet (UV) degradation. However, the melt-state and solid-state properties of polymer nanocomposites are highly sensitive to the dispersion state of their constituents. This study investigates the effect of graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) as secondary nanofillers in PE100/CB systems, with particular emphasis on melt sagging behavior governed by creeping flow. Two types of GNPs—few-layer graphene (FLG) and multi-layer graphene (MLG)—were incorporated to form hybrid nanocomposites with total filler contents of 2.25 wt.% (1.95 wt.% CB + 0.3 wt.% GNPs) and 2.55 wt.% (2.25 wt.% CB + 0.3 wt.% GNPs). Morphological observations using optical microscopy (OM) and field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) revealed that FLG, characterized by a higher structural defect density, achieved superior dispersion, whereas MLG showed a limited ability to disrupt CB agglomerates within the PE100 matrix. Rheological characterization, including small-amplitude oscillatory shear, shear-induced time-dependent measurements, and melt creep tests, demonstrated that FLG-containing hybrids exhibit enhanced melt viscosity and increased resistance to creep flow. Consequently, the addition of 0.3wt.% FLG caused a reduction in the sag index by up to 31.16% in compared with 2.25wt.% CB-filled systems. Tensile testing showed that FLG incorporation leads to slight improvements in break-point properties (e.g., a 14.6% increase in elongation at break for the 2.55 wt.% filled samples). This behavior is attributed to reduced stress concentration sites resulting from improved filler dispersion in the amorphous phase. These results demonstrate that CB/FLG hybridization provides an effective materials-based strategy for improving sagging resistance in PE100 while maintaining mechanical integrity</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34525,"journal":{"name":"Composites Part C Open Access","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 100710"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147395789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Design and implementation of a textile meso-scale geometry modeling module within an open-source FEM platform (OPFEM) 基于OPFEM平台的纺织中尺度几何建模模块的设计与实现

IF 7 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, COMPOSITES

Composites Part C Open Access

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcomc.2026.100713

Lixiang Yang , Huachuang Wen , Zhaohui Liu , Liangyu Hu , Wei Huang , Salim Belouettar , Heng Hu

Meso-scale geometric modeling of fibrous textiles is essential for multiscale analysis of fiber-reinforced composites, yet existing studies have paid limited attention to software architecture and extensibility. In this work, a textile meso-scale geometry modeling module is developed within the open-source finite element platform OPFEM, with a focus on modular and decoupled software design. The modeling workflow is organized into topology, path, cross-section, and geometry sublayers, coordinated through a document-centered mechanism to enable a coherent transition from weaving topology to three-dimensional yarn geometry. Representative textile models are constructed to verify the functionality of the module, which provides a scalable foundation for future extensions toward more complex textile architectures and integrated simulation workflows.

纤维织物的中尺度几何建模是纤维增强复合材料多尺度分析的必要条件，但现有研究对软件架构和可扩展性的关注有限。本文在开源有限元平台OPFEM中开发了一个纺织中尺度几何建模模块，重点关注模块化和解耦软件设计。建模工作流被组织成拓扑、路径、横截面和几何子层，通过以文档为中心的机制进行协调，以实现从织布拓扑到三维纱线几何的连贯过渡。构建具有代表性的纺织模型来验证模块的功能，这为未来向更复杂的纺织体系结构和集成仿真工作流的扩展提供了可扩展的基础。

引用次数: 0

Introducing Legendre wavelet functions for damage detection in laminated composite beams 引入Legendre小波函数用于层合复合材料梁的损伤检测

IF 7 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, COMPOSITES

Composites Part C Open Access

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcomc.2026.100700

Morteza Saadatmorad , Nicholas Fantuzzi , Pietro Russo

This paper introduces Legendre wavelets as a novel wavelet type and explores their effectiveness in detecting damage in carbon-epoxy composite beams. These wavelets are generated by differentiating the first derivative of Legendre functions on a ten-digit grid using finite difference methods, resulting in three versions with seven, five, and three sampling points. The Legendre wavelet functions with five and three sampling points are computed. Carbon-epoxy laminated composite beam mode shapes serve as the input signal for a Legendre wavelet transform. Numerical and experimental studies validate the practical applicability of these wavelets for damage detection. Results demonstrate that all Legendre wavelet functions are suitable for damage detection in laminated composite beams. Especially, those derived from higher-degree Legendre polynomials exhibit superior performance.

介绍了一种新的小波类型——勒让德小波，探讨了其在碳-环氧复合材料梁损伤检测中的有效性。这些小波是通过使用有限差分方法在十位数网格上微分Legendre函数的一阶导数而产生的，从而产生具有七个、五个和三个采样点的三个版本。分别计算了5个和3个采样点的勒让德小波函数。碳-环氧层合复合梁模态振型作为勒让德小波变换的输入信号。数值和实验研究验证了这些小波在损伤检测中的实用性。结果表明，所有的Legendre小波函数都适用于层合复合材料梁的损伤检测。特别是由高次勒让德多项式推导而来的多项式表现出优异的性能。

引用次数: 0

Bonding mechanisms in directly bonded aluminium and glass-fibre polyamide 6 hybrids 直接结合铝和玻璃纤维聚酰胺6的结合机制

IF 7 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, COMPOSITES

Composites Part C Open Access

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcomc.2026.100702

Atiyeh Adelinia , Aleksey Yerokhin , David T.A. Matthews , Laurent Warnet , Matthijn B. de Rooij , Jamal Seyyed Monfared Zanjani

This study investigates the contribution of different bonding mechanisms to the fracture toughness of aluminium alloy and glass-fibre polyamide 6 (GFPA6) joints as influenced by surface treatments. Aluminium substrates were treated by two grit blasting conditions, two annealing durations, and a plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) coating process, yielding surfaces with distinct morphologies and chemistries. Surface morphology, chemistry, and wettability of the treated aluminium surfaces were characterised. Afterwards, the aluminium-GFPA6 joints were fabricated via hot pressing and evaluated by mandrel peel testing to determine fracture toughness, complemented by interfacial and fractographic analyses. All aluminium surfaces showed wettability by PA6 with contact angles <90°. Annealing increased surface free energy and improved interfacial interactions, while grit blasting and PEO increased surface area and enabled mechanical interlocking. Compared to the as-received surface, fracture toughness increased up to ∼5-fold by annealing, ∼7-fold by grit blasting, and ∼9-fold by PEO. The superior performance of PEO-treated joints is attributed to the highly porous and irregular coating morphology, which maximises interfacial area, and promotes both mechanical interlocking and interfacial interactions.

本研究考察了不同表面处理对铝合金和玻璃纤维聚酰胺6 （GFPA6）接头断裂韧性的影响。通过两种喷砂条件、两种退火时间和等离子体电解氧化（PEO）涂层工艺对铝基板进行处理，得到具有不同形貌和化学成分的表面。表征了处理铝表面的表面形貌、化学性质和润湿性。随后，通过热压制造铝- gfpa6接头，并通过芯棒剥离测试评估断裂韧性，并辅以界面和断口分析。所有铝表面均表现出接触角为90°的PA6润湿性。退火增加了表面自由能，改善了界面相互作用，而喷砂和PEO增加了表面积，实现了机械联锁。与接收表面相比，退火后的断裂韧性提高了~ 5倍，喷砂后的断裂韧性提高了~ 7倍，PEO后的断裂韧性提高了~ 9倍。peo处理接头的优异性能归功于其高度多孔和不规则的涂层形态，这使界面面积最大化，并促进了机械联锁和界面相互作用。

{"title":"Bonding mechanisms in directly bonded aluminium and glass-fibre polyamide 6 hybrids","authors":"Atiyeh Adelinia , Aleksey Yerokhin , David T.A. Matthews , Laurent Warnet , Matthijn B. de Rooij , Jamal Seyyed Monfared Zanjani","doi":"10.1016/j.jcomc.2026.100702","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcomc.2026.100702","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the contribution of different bonding mechanisms to the fracture toughness of aluminium alloy and glass-fibre polyamide 6 (GFPA6) joints as influenced by surface treatments. Aluminium substrates were treated by two grit blasting conditions, two annealing durations, and a plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) coating process, yielding surfaces with distinct morphologies and chemistries. Surface morphology, chemistry, and wettability of the treated aluminium surfaces were characterised. Afterwards, the aluminium-GFPA6 joints were fabricated via hot pressing and evaluated by mandrel peel testing to determine fracture toughness, complemented by interfacial and fractographic analyses. All aluminium surfaces showed wettability by PA6 with contact angles <90°. Annealing increased surface free energy and improved interfacial interactions, while grit blasting and PEO increased surface area and enabled mechanical interlocking. Compared to the as-received surface, fracture toughness increased up to ∼5-fold by annealing, ∼7-fold by grit blasting, and ∼9-fold by PEO. The superior performance of PEO-treated joints is attributed to the highly porous and irregular coating morphology, which maximises interfacial area, and promotes both mechanical interlocking and interfacial interactions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34525,"journal":{"name":"Composites Part C Open Access","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 100702"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146037334","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Lignin nanoparticle reinforced infusible thermoplastic composites with enhanced UV shielding 木质素纳米颗粒增强不熔热塑性复合材料增强紫外线屏蔽

IF 7 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, COMPOSITES

Composites Part C Open Access

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcomc.2026.100703

A.K. Sidharth , Maurice N. Collins , Anthony J. Comer

The growing demand for sustainable, high-performance materials has motivated the exploration of lignin as a functional additive in polymer composites. This work investigates the development of lignin nanoparticle (nL) reinforced Elium® nanocomposites aimed at improving ultraviolet (UV) resistance and thermomechanical performance. Spherical lignin nanoparticles were synthesised from sulphur-free biorefinery lignin using a solvent-shifting method and incorporated into the Elium® matrix via in-situ free radical polymerisation. Elium®, a recyclable, infusion-processable thermoplastic acrylic resin, offers a sustainable alternative to conventional thermosets while maintaining comparable mechanical performance. The effect of nL loading on UV shielding, mechanical, thermal, and rheological properties was systematically examined. Incorporation of lignin nanoparticles significantly enhanced UV absorption and thermal stability, with optimum performance achieved at 0.5 wt% loading. At this concentration, the composite exhibited a 54% improvement in UV shielding, along with an increase in tensile strength (∼30%) and flexural strength (∼22%) without adversely affecting viscosity or cure behaviour. This study, the first to report lignin nanoparticle reinforcement in Elium® resin, demonstrates that lignin nanoparticles can impart multifunctionality to recyclable thermoplastic composites.

对可持续、高性能材料的需求不断增长，促使木质素作为高分子复合材料的功能添加剂的探索。本文研究了木质素纳米颗粒（nL）增强Elium®纳米复合材料的开发，旨在提高其抗紫外线（UV）性能和热机械性能。球形木质素纳米颗粒由无硫生物精炼木质素采用溶剂转移法合成，并通过原位自由基聚合加入Elium®基质中。Elium®是一种可回收、可注射加工的热塑性丙烯酸树脂，在保持相当机械性能的同时，为传统热固性树脂提供了可持续的替代品。系统地研究了nL负载对紫外线屏蔽、机械、热学和流变性能的影响。木质素纳米颗粒的掺入显著增强了紫外线吸收和热稳定性，在0.5 wt%负载时达到最佳性能。在这个浓度下，复合材料的紫外线屏蔽性能提高了54%，同时抗拉强度（~ 30%）和抗折强度（~ 22%）也有所提高，而不会对粘度或固化行为产生不利影响。这项研究首次报道了木质素纳米颗粒在Elium®树脂中的增强，表明木质素纳米颗粒可以赋予可回收热塑性复合材料多功能性。

{"title":"Lignin nanoparticle reinforced infusible thermoplastic composites with enhanced UV shielding","authors":"A.K. Sidharth , Maurice N. Collins , Anthony J. Comer","doi":"10.1016/j.jcomc.2026.100703","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcomc.2026.100703","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The growing demand for sustainable, high-performance materials has motivated the exploration of lignin as a functional additive in polymer composites. This work investigates the development of lignin nanoparticle (nL) reinforced Elium® nanocomposites aimed at improving ultraviolet (UV) resistance and thermomechanical performance. Spherical lignin nanoparticles were synthesised from sulphur-free biorefinery lignin using a solvent-shifting method and incorporated into the Elium® matrix via in-situ free radical polymerisation. Elium®, a recyclable, infusion-processable thermoplastic acrylic resin, offers a sustainable alternative to conventional thermosets while maintaining comparable mechanical performance. The effect of nL loading on UV shielding, mechanical, thermal, and rheological properties was systematically examined. Incorporation of lignin nanoparticles significantly enhanced UV absorption and thermal stability, with optimum performance achieved at 0.5 wt% loading. At this concentration, the composite exhibited a 54% improvement in UV shielding, along with an increase in tensile strength (∼30%) and flexural strength (∼22%) without adversely affecting viscosity or cure behaviour. This study, the first to report lignin nanoparticle reinforcement in Elium® resin, demonstrates that lignin nanoparticles can impart multifunctionality to recyclable thermoplastic composites.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34525,"journal":{"name":"Composites Part C Open Access","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 100703"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146187376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

4D printing of bio-composite tailored for NIR-light responsivity using liquid crystal display technique and its recovery modeling using central composite design 利用液晶显示技术进行nir光响应度定制的生物复合材料4D打印，并利用中心复合材料设计进行恢复建模

IF 7 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, COMPOSITES

Composites Part C Open Access

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcomc.2025.100680

Ibrahim Lawan , Nuttinan Boonnao , Cheol-Hee Ahn , Panyawutthi Rimdusit , Sarawut Rimdusit

This study demonstrated the development of a cleaner, renewable, and sustainable 4D bio-composite that is robust and near-infrared (NIR)-light responsive with bio-photopolymer resin (BPR), bio-based benzoxazine (BBZ) monomer, and polypyrrole (PPy) powder blends used in the liquid crystal display (LCD) technique of 3D printing. BBZ monomer was synthesized from the abundant cardanol and blended with a poly lactic acid (PLA) based BPR to improve flexibility, and the PPy was added to impact photothermal capacity in the resulting composite. Smoothed surfaced and well-cured composite samples were obtained, and the effects of NIR-light intensity, PPy amount, and thickness of the composite against the shape recovery time of the composite was optimized and defined by a model obtained using a central composite design (CCD). Interestingly, the optimized composite sample has exhibited excellent shape fixity and recovery ratios, and recovery time of 98 ± 2 %, 94 ± 3 %, and 90 ± 2 s, respectively at a very low NIR-light intensity of 40 mW/cm², and PPy amount of 0.3 wt.% of the total resin used in the 3D printer. Additionally, good mechanical properties were also achieved, for instance, flexural stress, modulus, and strain of: 47.4 ± 1.7 MPa, 1.37 ± 0.1 GPa, and 5.08 ± 0.2 % were recorded. While tensile stress, modulus, and strain of: 43.5 ± 0.5 MPa, 1.16 ± 0.1 GPa, and 4.1 ± 0.3 % were also recorded. Thus, a robust and NIR-light responsive 4D bio-composite has been achieved without using additional diluents and photoiniators, suggesting that this study has provided solution to the challenge of low biomass content and mechanical strength peculiar to bio-based photosensitive resins.

该研究展示了一种更清洁、可再生、可持续的4D生物复合材料的开发，该生物复合材料具有近红外（NIR）光响应性，具有生物光聚合物树脂（BPR）、生物基苯并恶嗪（BBZ）单体和聚吡咯（PPy）粉末混合物，可用于3D打印液晶显示（LCD）技术。以丰富的腰果酚为原料合成BBZ单体，并与聚乳酸（PLA）基BPR共混以提高其柔韧性，同时加入聚吡啶（PPy）以影响复合材料的光热性能。获得表面光滑、固化良好的复合材料样品，并通过中心复合设计（CCD）模型优化和定义nir光强、PPy用量和复合材料厚度对复合材料形状恢复时间的影响。有趣的是，优化后的复合材料样品在极低的nir光强度为40 mW/cm2， PPy用量为3D打印机总树脂的0.3 wt.%时，具有良好的形状固结性和回收率，恢复时间分别为98±2%，94±3%和90±2s。此外，还取得了良好的力学性能，如弯曲应力、模量和应变分别为：47.4±1.7 MPa、1.37±0.1 GPa和5.08±0.2%。拉伸应力、模量和应变分别为：43.5±0.5 MPa、1.16±0.1 GPa和4.1±0.3%。因此，在不使用额外稀释剂和光引发剂的情况下，获得了坚固且nir光响应的4D生物复合材料，这表明该研究为生物基光敏树脂所特有的低生物量含量和机械强度的挑战提供了解决方案。

{"title":"4D printing of bio-composite tailored for NIR-light responsivity using liquid crystal display technique and its recovery modeling using central composite design","authors":"Ibrahim Lawan , Nuttinan Boonnao , Cheol-Hee Ahn , Panyawutthi Rimdusit , Sarawut Rimdusit","doi":"10.1016/j.jcomc.2025.100680","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcomc.2025.100680","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study demonstrated the development of a cleaner, renewable, and sustainable 4D bio-composite that is robust and near-infrared (NIR)-light responsive with bio-photopolymer resin (BPR), bio-based benzoxazine (BBZ) monomer, and polypyrrole (PPy) powder blends used in the liquid crystal display (LCD) technique of 3D printing. BBZ monomer was synthesized from the abundant cardanol and blended with a poly lactic acid (PLA) based BPR to improve flexibility, and the PPy was added to impact photothermal capacity in the resulting composite. Smoothed surfaced and well-cured composite samples were obtained, and the effects of NIR-light intensity, PPy amount, and thickness of the composite against the shape recovery time of the composite was optimized and defined by a model obtained using a central composite design (CCD). Interestingly, the optimized composite sample has exhibited excellent shape fixity and recovery ratios, and recovery time of 98 ± 2 %, 94 ± 3 %, and 90 ± 2 s, respectively at a very low NIR-light intensity of 40 mW/cm<sup>2</sup>, and PPy amount of 0.3 wt.% of the total resin used in the 3D printer. Additionally, good mechanical properties were also achieved, for instance, flexural stress, modulus, and strain of: 47.4 ± 1.7 MPa, 1.37 ± 0.1 GPa, and 5.08 ± 0.2 % were recorded. While tensile stress, modulus, and strain of: 43.5 ± 0.5 MPa, 1.16 ± 0.1 GPa, and 4.1 ± 0.3 % were also recorded. Thus, a robust and NIR-light responsive 4D bio-composite has been achieved without using additional diluents and photoiniators, suggesting that this study has provided solution to the challenge of low biomass content and mechanical strength peculiar to bio-based photosensitive resins.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34525,"journal":{"name":"Composites Part C Open Access","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 100680"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147395793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0