Composites Part C Open Access最新文献_第6页

Recent progress in flame retardancy of graphene and bio-based sustainable flame retardants for polymer composite applications 石墨烯和生物基可持续阻燃剂在聚合物复合材料中的阻燃研究进展

IF 7 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, COMPOSITES

Composites Part C Open Access

Pub Date : 2025-10-01 Epub Date: 2025-08-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcomc.2025.100637

Suman Kumar Ghosh , Manjusri Misra , Alper Kiziltas , Shawn Prevoir , Amar K. Mohanty

To address the restricted application of halogenated flame retardants (FRs), both industrial and academic sectors have endeavored to produce environmentally friendly, effective, and low-toxicity flame retardants for polymers. Bio-based FRs have attracted considerable interest due to their cost-effectiveness, widespread availability, and accessibility. Conversely, nanostructured graphene-based sustainable FRs provide further advantages to polymer composites beyond fire prevention, such as enhanced resistance to degradation, increased thermal stability, mechanical strength and extended lifespan. This review aims to provide a comprehensive summary of the flame retardancy characteristics of polymers and their composites with newly developed bio-based and graphene-based sustainable FRs. The flame-retardant properties, mechanism, and synergistic effects of the recently developed graphene and bio-based (lignin, phytic acid, chitosan, tannic acid, polydopamine, vegetable oil, biocarbon and keratinous fiber) polymer composites are thoroughly discussed in this article. Graphene-based FRs enhance polymer flame resistance by dissipating heat, forming protective barriers, and promoting char formation, reducing heat and gas transfer. Similarly, nitrogen- and phosphorus-rich bio-based FRs improve fire safety by forming dense char layers that block heat and suppress flammable gas release. The superior flame retardancy of these FR-loaded polymer composites allows for their application across various industry sectors, including automotive, aerospace, electronics, military, and construction. However, challenges such as compatibility between the polymer matrix and FRs, expensive and complicated fabrication processes, limitations of raw material supplies and industrial scalability need to be further researched. In conclusion, these FRs offer a promising path toward safer, more effective, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS)-free and more sustainable flame-resistant polymer composites in key industrial sectors.

为解决卤代阻燃剂应用受限的问题，工业界和学术界都在努力开发环保、高效、低毒的聚合物阻燃剂。生物基燃料燃料因其成本效益、广泛可用性和可及性而引起了相当大的兴趣。相反，纳米结构石墨烯基可持续阻燃材料除了防火之外，还为聚合物复合材料提供了进一步的优势，如增强的抗降解性、提高的热稳定性、机械强度和延长的使用寿命。本文综述了近年来生物基和石墨烯基复合材料的阻燃性能及其复合材料的阻燃性能，并对近年来石墨烯与生物基复合材料（木质素、植酸、壳聚糖、单宁酸、聚多巴胺、植物油、生物炭和角化纤维）的阻燃性能、阻燃机理及协同效应进行了较为深入的探讨。石墨烯基fr通过散热、形成保护屏障、促进炭的形成、减少热量和气体传递来增强聚合物的阻燃性。同样，富含氮和磷的生物基FRs通过形成致密的炭层来阻止热量和抑制可燃气体的释放，从而提高了消防安全性。这些fr负载的聚合物复合材料具有优异的阻燃性，可以应用于各种工业领域，包括汽车、航空航天、电子、军事和建筑。然而，诸如聚合物基体与fr之间的相容性、昂贵和复杂的制造工艺、原材料供应的限制以及工业可扩展性等挑战需要进一步研究。总之，这些fr为关键工业部门提供了一条更安全、更有效、不含全氟和多氟烷基物质（PFAS）和更可持续的阻燃聚合物复合材料的有希望的道路。

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引用次数: 0

Quasi-static crushing analysis of doubly-curved sandwich shells with microlattice core: 3D-numerical simulation 微点阵双弯曲夹层壳的准静态破碎分析：三维数值模拟

IF 7 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, COMPOSITES

Composites Part C Open Access

Pub Date : 2025-10-01 Epub Date: 2025-10-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcomc.2025.100672

Hosna Mahdavinia , Shahabeddin Hatami , Mojtaba Gorji Azandariani , Abbas Niknejad

Lightweight sandwich structures with microlattice cores have emerged as promising candidates for aerospace and automotive applications due to their high stiffness-to-weight ratio and superior energy-absorption capability. However, most previous studies have focused on flat configurations, and the mechanical response of doubly-curved sandwich shells with microlattice cores remains insufficiently explored. This study presents a numerical investigation into the quasi-static crushing behavior of flat and doubly-curved sandwich shells incorporating microlattice cores. The investigated structure consists of two metallic face-sheets bonded to a lightweight microlattice core with a body-centered cubic (BCC) topology, designed to enhance stiffness-to-weight ratio and energy absorption efficiency. Using finite element modeling with ABAQUS, nine distinct panel configurations were analyzed, varying in face-sheet thickness and curvature. The microlattice core was modeled using body-centered cubic (BCC) unit cells with both solid and beam elements, validated against experimental data. Results show that both curvature and face-sheet thickness significantly influence structural performance. Increased face-sheet thickness improves peak load capacity and stiffness, while doubly-curved panels exhibit enhanced load-bearing capacity compared to flat panels due to curvature-induced membrane stresses. The study establishes that doubly-curved sandwich shells with microlattice cores offer mechanical advantages over flat counterparts, especially when optimized for face-sheet thickness and curvature.

具有微晶格核心的轻质夹层结构由于其高刚度重量比和优异的能量吸收能力，已成为航空航天和汽车应用的有希望的候选者。然而，以往的研究大多集中在平面构型上，对微晶格核双弯曲夹层壳的力学响应研究尚不充分。本文对含有微点阵核的平面和双弯曲夹层壳的准静态破碎行为进行了数值研究。所研究的结构由两个金属面片连接到具有体心立方（BCC）拓扑的轻质微晶格核心组成，旨在提高刚度重量比和能量吸收效率。利用ABAQUS进行有限元建模，分析了9种不同的面板结构，它们的面板厚度和曲率都不同。微点阵核心采用体心立方（BCC）单元，采用实体单元和梁单元进行建模，并根据实验数据进行验证。结果表明，曲率和面板厚度对结构性能均有显著影响。增加的面板厚度提高了峰值载荷能力和刚度，而由于曲率引起的膜应力，双弯曲面板与平面面板相比具有更高的承载能力。该研究表明，与平面外壳相比，带有微晶格芯的双弯曲夹层外壳具有机械优势，特别是在对面板厚度和曲率进行优化时。

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引用次数: 0

Analysis of the compaction behavior of textile reinforcements in low-resolution in-situ CT scans via machine-learning and descriptor-based methods 基于机器学习和描述符的方法分析纺织品增强材料在低分辨率原位CT扫描中的压实行为

IF 7 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, COMPOSITES

Composites Part C Open Access

Pub Date : 2025-10-01 Epub Date: 2025-10-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcomc.2025.100662

Christian Düreth , Jan Condé-Wolter , Marek Danczak , Karsten Tittmann , Jörn Jaschinski , Andreas Hornig , Maik Gude

A detailed understanding of material structure across multiple scales is essential for predictive modeling of textile-reinforced composites. Nesting — characterized by the interlocking of adjacent fabric layers through local interpenetration and misalignment of yarns — plays a critical role in defining mechanical properties such as stiffness, permeability, and damage tolerance. This study presents a framework to quantify nesting behavior in dry textile reinforcements under compaction using low-resolution computed tomography (CT). In-situ compaction experiments were conducted on various stacking configurations, with CT scans acquired at 20.22 µm per voxel resolution. A tailored 3D-UNet enabled semantic segmentation of matrix, weft, and fill phases across compaction stages corresponding to fiber volume contents of 50 % to 60 %. The model achieved a minimum mean Intersection-over-Union of 0.822 and an

F 1

score of 0.902. Spatial structure was subsequently analyzed using the two-point correlation function

S_{2}

, allowing for probabilistic extraction of average layer thickness and nesting degree. The results show strong agreement with micrograph-based validation. This methodology provides a robust approach for extracting key geometrical features from industrially relevant CT data and establishes a foundation for reverse modeling and descriptor-based structural analysis of composite preforms.

跨多个尺度的材料结构的详细了解是至关重要的纺织增强复合材料的预测建模。嵌套——其特点是相邻织物层通过纱线的局部穿插和错位而互锁——在确定机械性能（如刚度、渗透性和损伤容忍度）方面起着关键作用。本研究提出了一个框架来量化在低分辨率计算机断层扫描（CT）压实下干纺织增强材料的嵌套行为。在不同堆叠配置下进行了现场压实实验，CT扫描分辨率为20.22µm /体素。量身定制的3D-UNet可以在纤维体积含量为50%至60%的压实阶段对基质、纬纱和填充阶段进行语义分割。该模型的最小平均交复并度为0.822，F1得分为0.902。随后，利用两点相关函数S2对空间结构进行分析，从而实现平均层厚和嵌套度的概率提取。结果与基于显微照片的验证结果一致。该方法为从工业相关CT数据中提取关键几何特征提供了一种强大的方法，并为复合材料预成型的反向建模和基于描述符的结构分析奠定了基础。

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引用次数: 0

Thermoset (epoxy) - thermoplastic (polyetherimide) carbon fiber reinforced laminates featuring improved crack resistance in double cantilever beam tests due to hybridization 热固性（环氧）-热塑性（聚醚酰亚胺）碳纤维增强层压板，由于杂交，在双悬臂梁试验中具有更好的抗裂性

IF 7 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, COMPOSITES

Composites Part C Open Access

Pub Date : 2025-10-01 Epub Date: 2025-08-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcomc.2025.100643

Kay A. Weidenmann , René Alderliesten , Julie J.E. Teuwen

Fiber-metal laminates are a well-known and established material concept featuring an enhanced crack propagation resistance when compared to their metal and fiber reinforced plastic (FRP) constituents. In this paper, this approach is transferred to purely carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) based laminates made from layers having polyetherimide (PEI) and epoxy matrices in an alternating laminate architecture. The laminates are manufactured via hot pressing. Double-cantilever beam (DCB) tests are performed on standard samples for both the hybrid laminates in different configurations as well for the both constituent materials, i.e. carbon fiber reinforced PEI (CFR-PEI) and carbon fiber reinforced epoxy. As the formation of an interphase is already reported in literature for this matrix combination, microstructural investigations have also been carried out in addition to fractography on crack surfaces. It is shown that the hybrid materials outperform both constituents regarding the crack resistance when crack initiation starts in the tougher CFR-PEI layer and the laminate layup is 0/90°. In the other configurations investigated, there is no significant effect. The energy dissipating mechanisms are crack jumping and the formation of several parallel cracks. Consequently, crack resistance in such hybrids might be controlled in future by adjusting the crack resistance of the constituents as well as the laminate architecture.

金属纤维层压板是一种众所周知的材料概念，与金属和纤维增强塑料（FRP）成分相比，它具有更强的抗裂纹扩展能力。在本文中，这种方法被转移到纯碳纤维增强塑料（CFRP）为基础的层叠板，该层叠板由具有聚醚酰亚胺（PEI）和环氧树脂基质的层在交替层叠结构中制成。层压板是通过热压制造的。双悬臂梁（DCB）测试在标准样品上进行了不同配置的混合层合板，以及两种组成材料，即碳纤维增强PEI （CFR-PEI）和碳纤维增强环氧树脂。由于文献中已经报道了这种基体组合的界面相的形成，除了对裂纹表面进行断口学研究外，还进行了显微组织研究。结果表明，在较硬的CFR-PEI层中，当层积为0/90°时，杂化材料的抗裂性能优于两种材料。在调查的其他配置中，没有显著的影响。能量耗散机制为裂纹跳跃和多个平行裂纹的形成。因此，今后可以通过调整复合材料的抗裂性能和层压结构来控制复合材料的抗裂性能。

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引用次数: 0

Translaminar fracture limit curves for U-notched glass/epoxy composite laminates with different layup configurations subjected to mixed mode- I/II loading 混合I/II模式加载下不同层位的u形缺口玻璃/环氧复合材料层板的跨层断裂极限曲线

IF 7 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, COMPOSITES

Composites Part C Open Access

Pub Date : 2025-10-01 Epub Date: 2025-08-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcomc.2025.100642

E. Pirhadi , A.R. Torabi , Sahel Shahbaz , M. Petrů , S.S. R․ Koloor

Characterization of FRP composite laminate subjected to mixed-mode loading is one of the challenging topics in fracture mechanics. In this study, numerous experiments are conducted on U-notched rectangular tension (UNRT) specimens of various tip radii made of E-glass/epoxy composite with various layup configurations for experimental measurement of the translaminar U-notch fracture toughness (TLUNFT) of the composite laminates under mixed mode-I/II loading conditions. Two fracture limit curves are developed based on a two-dimensional stress distribution around the notch for predicting the mixed mode TLUNFT taking advantage of the maximum tangential stress (MTS) and the mean stress (MS) criteria as well as the virtual isotropic material concept (VIMC). It is revealed that both two-dimensional new models, namely the translaminar U-notch maximum tangential stress (TLUN-MTS) and the translaminar U-notch mean stress (TLUN-MS) criteria, can well estimate the experimental results obtained from testing the UNRT specimens made of the unidirectional (

{[0]}_{16}

) and quasi-isotropic (

{[0 / 90 / \pm 45]}_{2 s}

) E/glass epoxy composites. It should be underlined that this is the first time that some fracture limit curves have been developed by using the notch fracture mechanics (NFM) for estimating the TLUNFT of laminated composites subjected to mixed mode loading. These curves can be accurately, rapidly, and conveniently utilized to predict the last-ply-failure load of U-notched composite laminates subjected to in-plane loading conditions.

FRP复合材料层合板在混合模态载荷下的性能表征是断裂力学中具有挑战性的课题之一。本研究对不同铺层构型的e-玻璃/环氧复合材料不同尖端半径的u型缺口矩形拉伸（UNRT）试样进行了大量实验，实验测量了混合i /II加载条件下复合材料层板的跨层u型缺口断裂韧性（TLUNFT）。利用最大切向应力（MTS）和平均应力（MS）准则以及虚拟各向同性材料概念（VIMC），建立了基于缺口周围二维应力分布的两条断裂极限曲线，用于预测混合模式TLUNFT。结果表明，跨层u型缺口最大切向应力（tln - mts）和跨层u型缺口平均应力（tln - ms）两种新二维模型均能较好地估计单向（bbb16）和准各向同性（[0/90/±45]2s） E/玻璃环氧复合材料UNRT试样的试验结果。需要强调的是，这是第一次利用缺口断裂力学（NFM）建立了一些断裂极限曲线来估计复合材料在混合模式载荷下的TLUNFT。利用这些曲线可以准确、快速、方便地预测u形缺口复合材料层合板在面内加载条件下的最后失效载荷。

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引用次数: 0

Data-driven prediction of failure loads in damaged FRP composites under four-point flexure 四点弯曲下FRP复合材料损伤破坏载荷的数据驱动预测

IF 7 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, COMPOSITES

Composites Part C Open Access

Pub Date : 2025-10-01 Epub Date: 2025-09-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcomc.2025.100646

James A. Quinn, Ourania Patsia, Gabrielis Cerniauskas, Dongmin Yang, Dilum Fernando, Edward D. McCarthy

This study investigates the use of machine learning (ML) as a tool to make predictions of the criticality of delamination damage in fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites subjected to four-point flexural loading. An extensive experimental campaign was conducted on polyester-glass FRP specimens. Most specimens were manufactured with a polytetrafluoroethylene film inserted at one interlaminar location to simulate delamination damage. Damage size, damage location through the laminate thickness, and the number of plies in the laminate, were each varied in the test matrix. The strength of damaged specimens was normalized against the strengths of corresponding pristine reference specimens to obtain a measure of damage criticality. Data augmentation techniques were subsequently utilized on the experimental data to synthetically generate a larger dataset for training, validating and testing the ML model. Output predictions of specific strength from the ML model proved very accurate for both the training dataset and the test dataset, meaning the ML model can accurately and near instantaneously predict the specific four-point flexure strength of new delamination damage cases. The method presented could be expanded to include new specimen characteristics and loading scenarios, or be combined with non-destructive testing techniques to enable data-backed, rapid decision making when delamination damage is detected in asset maintenance programs. The results highlight the effectiveness of data-driven methods for predicting the failure loads and apparent static strengths of damaged FRP composites and provide information on the most influential delamination features affecting the strength of FRP under flexure loads.

本研究探讨了使用机器学习（ML）作为工具来预测纤维增强聚合物（FRP）复合材料在四点弯曲载荷下分层损伤的临界性。对聚酯玻璃玻璃钢试样进行了广泛的试验。大多数样品是在一个层间位置插入聚四氟乙烯膜来模拟分层损伤。在测试矩阵中，损伤大小、损伤位置随层压厚度的变化以及层压层数的变化都是不同的。将损伤试件的强度与相应的原始参考试件的强度进行归一化，以获得损伤临界程度的度量。随后，在实验数据上使用数据增强技术来综合生成更大的数据集，用于训练、验证和测试ML模型。从ML模型输出的比强度预测对于训练数据集和测试数据集都证明是非常准确的，这意味着ML模型可以准确且几乎即时地预测新的分层损伤案例的具体四点弯曲强度。所提出的方法可以扩展到包括新的试样特性和加载场景，或者与非破坏性测试技术相结合，以便在资产维护计划中检测到分层损伤时，能够以数据为基础快速做出决策。研究结果强调了数据驱动方法在预测损坏FRP复合材料的破坏载荷和表观静态强度方面的有效性，并提供了影响FRP在弯曲载荷下强度的最具影响力的分层特征的信息。

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引用次数: 0

Feather keratin hydrolysates as sustainable binders for high-density fiberboards 羽毛角蛋白水解物作为高密度纤维板的可持续粘合剂

IF 7 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, COMPOSITES

Composites Part C Open Access

Pub Date : 2025-10-01 Epub Date: 2025-10-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcomc.2025.100668

Nidal Del Valle Raydan , Anita Wronka , Grzegorz Kowaluk , Eduardo Robles

This study evaluates the potential of feather keratin hydrolysates, obtained through ultrasound-assisted alkaline hydrolysis at low and high temperatures, as sustainable binders for high-density fiberboards (HDFs). The performance of keratin-based adhesives was compared with that of current binders, namely urea-formaldehyde (UF) and soy protein isolate (SPI). Adhesives were applied at a content of 12%. Additionally, a second formulation using 15% keratin hydrolysate extracted at high temperature (KHT 15) was tested to assess the influence of binder loading. The mechanical and physical properties of the HDF panels—including modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity, internal bond strength, screw withdrawal resistance, thickness swelling, water absorption, and surface wettability—were systematically evaluated. Both keratin formulations outperformed SPI and matched or surpassed UF in key performance indicators. Among them, keratin extracted at high temperature exhibited superior mechanical strength and moisture resistance, which may be related to the formation of stronger disulfide bonds. In particular, KHT 15 increased internal bond strength by 74% compared to UF and 96% compared to SPI, and reduced 24 h water absorption by 36% and 58% respectively. Keratin-based panels also retained higher water contact angles after 60 s, demonstrating improved surface hydrophobicity. Although keratin extracted at high temperature at 12% fulfilled the EN 622-5 standard for dry-use panels, increasing the content to 15% enabled compliance with the requirements for humid conditions, with TS below 30%. These results position keratin hydrolysates, particularly at high temperature, as viable, bio-based alternatives to synthetic and food-derived adhesives in engineered wood composites aligned with circular bioeconomy principles.

本研究评估了在低温和高温下通过超声波辅助碱性水解获得的羽毛角蛋白水解物作为高密度纤维板（HDFs）可持续粘合剂的潜力。并与目前常用的脲醛（UF）和大豆分离蛋白（SPI）粘结剂的性能进行了比较。胶粘剂用量为12%。此外，第二种配方使用高温提取的15%角蛋白水解物（kht15）进行测试，以评估粘合剂负载的影响。系统地评估了HDF板的机械和物理性能，包括断裂模量、弹性模量、内部粘结强度、螺杆抗拔性、厚度膨胀、吸水性和表面润湿性。两种角蛋白配方都优于SPI，并在关键性能指标上匹配或超过UF。其中，高温提取的角蛋白表现出优异的机械强度和抗湿性，这可能与形成更强的二硫键有关。特别是，kht15的内部结合强度比UF提高了74%，比SPI提高了96%，24 h吸水率分别降低了36%和58%。角蛋白基板在60秒后仍保持较高的水接触角，表明表面疏水性得到改善。虽然在高温下提取12%的角蛋白符合EN 622-5干用面板的标准，但将含量增加到15%可以符合潮湿条件的要求，TS低于30%。这些结果表明，角蛋白水解物，特别是在高温下，是符合循环生物经济原则的工程木复合材料中合成和食品衍生粘合剂的可行生物基替代品。

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引用次数: 0

Stacking sequence effects on compressive failure using pin-ended buckling test 用销端屈曲试验研究堆积顺序对压缩破坏的影响

IF 7 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, COMPOSITES

Composites Part C Open Access

Pub Date : 2025-10-01 Epub Date: 2025-10-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcomc.2025.100675

Tobias Bianchi , Patricia Sucarrat-Riberaygua , Joël Serra , Christophe Bouvet , Léon Ratsifandrihana

A pin-ended buckling test, inspired by the work of Wisnom (M. Wisnom, 1992), was developed to assess the influence of strain gradients on the compressive failure strain of composite laminates. Experiments were carried out on laminates manufactured with unidirectional (UD) carbon/epoxy AS4/8552 prepegs, with full-field strain measurements obtained via digital image correlation. The influence of stacking sequence on compressive failure—specifically the effects of 0° ply thickness and the adjacent ply interface—was investigated by testing a range of cross-ply and quasi-isotropic specimens. To prevent premature tensile failure, a 2024 aluminium ply was bonded to the tensile side of the 8-ply and 16-ply specimens, following the approach described in (Bianchi et al. 2025). Comparisons between the different stacking sequences were carried out by analysing the evolution of the maximum compressive strain as a function of the strain gradient. Additionally, a comparative analysis was performed between scaled specimens—32-ply, 16-ply, and 8-ply—in both cross-ply and quasi-isotropic configurations. The experimental results confirmed the nonlinear character of the strain-gradient effect on compressive failure. Furthermore, they indicated that neither the 0° ply thickness nor the adjacent ply interface exert a significant influence on the material investigated. These observations differ from earlier models that predicted such effects.

受Wisnom （M. Wisnom, 1992）工作的启发，开发了一种销端屈曲试验，以评估应变梯度对复合材料层合板压缩破坏应变的影响。以单向（UD）碳/环氧树脂AS4/8552预垫层为实验材料，通过数字图像相关获得了全场应变测量结果。通过测试一系列交叉铺层和准各向同性试件，研究了铺层顺序对压缩破坏的影响，特别是0°铺层厚度和相邻铺层界面的影响。为了防止过早的拉伸失效，按照（Bianchi et al. 2025）中描述的方法，将2024铝合金层粘合到8层和16层试样的拉伸侧。通过分析最大压缩应变随应变梯度的变化规律，对不同叠加顺序进行了比较。此外，在交叉铺层和准各向同性配置下，对32层、16层和8层的缩放样品进行了比较分析。试验结果证实了应变梯度对压缩破坏的非线性影响。此外，他们还指出，0°层厚度和相邻层界面对所研究的材料都没有显著影响。这些观察结果与早期预测此类效应的模型不同。

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引用次数: 0

Flax for composite reinforcement: Impact of middle lamella degradation on flax fibre bundle mechanical properties 复合增强用亚麻：中间片层降解对亚麻纤维束力学性能的影响

IF 7 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, COMPOSITES

Composites Part C Open Access

Pub Date : 2025-10-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcomc.2025.100678

Margot Chalard , Coralie Buffet , Nicolas Brosse , Alessia Melelli , Mario Scheel , Pierre D’Arras , Alain Bourmaud , Christophe Baley

Flax fibre bundles, widely used in composite reinforcement, consist of elementary fibres bound by the middle lamella. They can be considered as unidirectional composite materials reinforced with discontinuous fibres. Their mechanical properties strongly depend on the quality of retting and subsequent treatments. This study analyses the sensitivity of bundle-scale tensile tests at two different gauge lengths to the degradation of the middle lamellae and cortical residues by comparing an under-retted (UR) and a well-retted (WR) batch with and without a chemical treatment using ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). Additional treatments with gamma irradiation and steam explosion were applied to evaluate their potential to improve bundles division especially in case of under-retting, without compromising the structural integrity and the mechanical properties of elementary fibres.

Morphological and thermogravimetric analyses showed that treated bundles have a lower moisture sorption and a higher cellulose content. Mechanical results revealed a 30 % drop in stress and strain at break with increasing retting, attributed to the degradation of cortical residues and middle lamellae due to improved bundles division. Tensile tests at higher gauge lengths (75 mm) revealed a higher sensitivity to the state of the middle lamellae. In particular, steam explosion caused up to 80 % reduced stress at break at a gauge length of 75 mm, demonstrating its great potential as a complement to retting. Conversely, gamma irradiation had minimal impact on the mechanical properties and the division of the bundles. These results are relevant for optimising the properties of flax fibre bundles and composite materials.

亚麻纤维束是一种被广泛应用于复合材料增强材料的纤维束，它是由由中间薄片粘合而成的初级纤维束。它们可以看作是由不连续纤维增强的单向复合材料。它们的力学性能在很大程度上取决于固化和后续处理的质量。本研究通过比较未充分焙烧（UR）和充分焙烧（WR）批次，以及未使用乙二胺四乙酸（EDTA）进行化学处理，分析了两种不同规格长度的束级拉伸试验对中间薄片和皮质残留物降解的敏感性。在不影响初级纤维结构完整性和机械性能的情况下，采用伽马射线照射和蒸汽爆炸等附加处理方法来评估它们改善纤维束分裂的潜力，尤其是在欠固化的情况下。形态学和热重分析表明，处理后的束具有较低的吸湿性和较高的纤维素含量。力学结果显示，断裂时应力和应变下降30%，随着收缩的增加，这是由于由于束分裂的改善，皮质残留物和中间薄片的降解。在较长厚度（75毫米）下的拉伸试验显示，对中间薄片的状态有较高的敏感性。特别是，在75毫米的表长下，蒸汽爆炸使断裂时的应力降低了80%，这表明了蒸汽爆炸作为制动补充的巨大潜力。相反，伽马辐照对机械性能和束的分裂影响最小。这些结果对优化亚麻纤维束和复合材料的性能具有重要意义。

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引用次数: 0

Improving the accuracy of carbon nanotube yarn 3D printing using machine learning 利用机器学习提高碳纳米管纱线3D打印精度

IF 7 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, COMPOSITES

Composites Part C Open Access

Pub Date : 2025-10-01 Epub Date: 2025-09-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcomc.2025.100644

Junro Sano, Ryosuke Matsuzaki

To overcome the limitations of conventional continuous carbon fiber 3D printing in achieving precise curved printing and intricate shaping, a 3D printing technique based on carbon nanotube (CNT) yarn was proposed, offering finer and more accurate fabrication capabilities. However, the contributions of two critical features of CNT yarn—its fine diameter and yarn twist—to enhanced printability remain inadequately understood. This study explores the impact of these features on printing precision through a combination of experimental methods and machine learning approaches. The findings reveal that yarn twist plays a more significant role than diameter in reducing radius errors during single-layer circular printing. A predictive model developed in this study achieved an

R^{2}

value of 0.888 and reduced radius error magnitude by approximately 79.3% when feedback was incorporated into the printing process. These results highlight the potential of CNT yarn to advance the precision of 3D printing technologies.

为了克服传统连续碳纤维3D打印在实现精确弯曲打印和复杂成形方面的局限性，提出了一种基于碳纳米管（CNT）纱线的3D打印技术，提供了更精细、更精确的制造能力。然而，碳纳米管纱线的两个关键特征-其细直径和纱线捻度-对提高印刷适性的贡献仍然没有充分了解。本研究通过实验方法和机器学习方法的结合，探讨了这些特征对印刷精度的影响。结果表明，纱线捻度比纱线直径对降低单层圆形印花的半径误差有更大的作用。本研究建立的预测模型在打印过程中加入反馈后，R2值为0.888，半径误差幅度降低约79.3%。这些结果突出了碳纳米管纱线在提高3D打印技术精度方面的潜力。

引用次数: 0