Composites Part C Open Access最新文献

{"title":"Durability of large-format additively manufactured polymer composite structures with environmental exposure–accelerated water immersion","authors":"Sunil Bhandari ,&nbsp;Prabhat Khanal ,&nbsp;Roberto A. Lopez-Anido","doi":"10.1016/j.jcomc.2025.100659","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcomc.2025.100659","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Large-format additive manufacturing (LFAM) of polymer composites enables rapid production of large-scale components for infrastructure, transportation, and defense. As these components see increased outdoor use, understanding their durability under moisture exposure is critical. This study evaluates the effects of water immersion on the durability of LFAM composites using three material systems: carbon fiber reinforced acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (CF-ABS), glass fiber reinforced polyethylene terephthalate glycol (GF-PETG), and wood flour reinforced amorphous polylactic acid (WF-aPLA). Specimens were fabricated using a pellet-fed extrusion-based LFAM process and immersed in water for 30, 60, and 90 days at three temperatures. Moisture uptake and mechanical degradation were assessed in both longitudinal and through-thickness orientations to capture the influence of interlayer interfaces. Results show that bio-based WF-aPLA absorbed significantly more moisture than petroleum-based CF-ABS and GF-PETG and exhibited ongoing degradation that prevented saturation. The most severe mechanical losses occurred in the through-thickness direction, where more interbead interfaces and voids were present. Longitudinal specimens showed better retention of strength and stiffness. Mechanical property degradation progressed in two stages: an initial rapid phase following an Arrhenius relationship with inverse temperature, and a slower secondary phase that deviated from this behavior. The findings demonstrate that both material selection and build orientation significantly affect moisture durability. While petroleum-based composites performed better overall, their durability remains influenced by LFAM-induced anisotropy. These results support material selection and predictive modeling for reliable LFAM structures in outdoor environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34525,"journal":{"name":"Composites Part C Open Access","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100659"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145323695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In-situ open-hole tensile testing and modeling of hybrid PEEK thermoplastic laminates under burn-through kerosene flame exposure","authors":"Lanhui Lin ,&nbsp;Benoit Vieille ,&nbsp;Christophe Bouvet ,&nbsp;Tanguy Davin","doi":"10.1016/j.jcomc.2025.100657","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcomc.2025.100657","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The objective of the present work is to investigate the thermo-mechanical behavior of open-hole hybrid carbon/glass fiber reinforced PolyEther Ether Ketone (CG/PEEK) thermoplastic laminate subjected to the kerosene flame exposure (1100 °C and 116 kW/m² heat flux) in combination with tensile loading. A specialized flame testing bench has been developed, integrating a tensile mechanical loading and a kerosene burner, to induce in-situ fire-mechanical test conditions. The novel prototype has been employed to monitor the temporal evolution of several physical quantities in the range of fire exposure times up to 900 s, including back surface and through thickness temperature, open-hole deformation and swelling ratio of thickness. The mechanisms of fire- and mechanically-induced damage are examined through the fractographic analysis using tomography and microscopy. One-sided burn-through flame exposure causes the in-plane (4.0 K/mm) and through-thickness (40.1 K/mm) temperature gradients after 300 s. Compared to the virgin state, there is a considerable reduction in the equivalent stiffness (-67%) and axial strength (-55%) following a 900 s of flame exposure, indicating the severely damaged structural integrity. The modeling of the in-situ mechanical properties over multiple phase transition temperatures of the PEEK matrix is applied to characterize and ultimately predict the thermo-mechanical response of laminate under tensile loading in fire. The approach is based on the experimental measurement of mechanical properties over a wide temperature range (isothermal heating from the glass transition temperature to the PEEK matrix pyrolysis). The model shows a high degree of effectiveness in representing the in-situ open-hole tensile behavior of TP-based laminates under fire conditions as a function of flame exposure time.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34525,"journal":{"name":"Composites Part C Open Access","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100657"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145323692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermomechanical behaviour of 3D-printed carbon, glass, and aramid fibre-reinforced composites under heat exposure: Interlaminar failure perspective","authors":"Ebrahim Rogha ,&nbsp;Milad Bazli ,&nbsp;Milad Shakiba ,&nbsp;Caleb O. Ojo ,&nbsp;Ali Rajabipour ,&nbsp;Reza Hassanli ,&nbsp;Mehrdad Arashpour ,&nbsp;Hamish A Campbell","doi":"10.1016/j.jcomc.2025.100674","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcomc.2025.100674","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) of 3D-printed continuous carbon, glass, and Kevlar fibre-reinforced polymer (CFRP, GFRP, and AFRP) composites with an Onyx matrix exposed to elevated temperatures up to 200 °C. ILSS of CFRP and AFRP increased steadily up to 170 °C, peaking at 196 % and 203 % of baseline, respectively. This is driven by annealing and enhanced fibre–matrix reconsolidation. Both materials maintained high ILSS retention at 200 °C, with CFRP at 183 % and AFRP at 173 %. In contrast, GFRP exhibited a weaker response, with variable retention and a decrease in ILSS to 84 % of its baseline at 200 °C. These findings highlight the superior performance of CFRP and AFRP, which is attributed to enhanced interlaminar bonding and the thermal stability of their matrices, while GFRP’s performance was hindered by thermal cracking. The results show the importance of fibre selection for high-temperature applications, with CFRP demonstrating the best overall performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34525,"journal":{"name":"Composites Part C Open Access","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100674"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145465565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of a novel glass laminate with GFRP interlayers","authors":"Feyza Nur Yildirim ,&nbsp;Mithila Achintha","doi":"10.1016/j.jcomc.2025.100655","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcomc.2025.100655","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper presents establishment of materials and a fabrication method for fabrication of a new laminated glass type with a Glass Fibre Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) interlayer. The developed novel Glass–GFRP Laminate (GGL) is strong and ductile compared to contemporary PolyVinyl Butyral (PVB)-based laminated glasses. The paper shows that annealed glass and an acrylic-based clear casting resin at viscosity 300–400 mPa^.s can be used to fabricate the Glass–GFRP Laminate (GGL) using a Modified Vacuum-Infusion-Process -based (MVIP) method. By carrying out a detailed experimental investigation focused on different glass and resin types, aspect ratio of the laminate specimens, GFRP thickness and number of GFRP layers, and humidity at fabrication, the key design parameters that ensure greater load resistance of the GGL (more than twice the load capacity and more than four times the flexural stiffness) compared to an equivalent thickness PVB-based laminated glass reference specimens are established and discussed in the paper. Finally, the results of percentage of passing of the visible light through the GGL specimens are investigated using a spectrometer. The percentage of passing of the visible light was determined to be 60–75 % and 50–60 % along the lateral and through-thickness directions of the laminate, respectively.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34525,"journal":{"name":"Composites Part C Open Access","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100655"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145266008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Failure modes and energy absorption in Glass Reinforced aluminum (GLARE) hybrid laminates subjected to three-point bending","authors":"Shreyas Anand,&nbsp;Nachiket Dighe,&nbsp;Pranshul Gupta,&nbsp;René Alderliesten,&nbsp;Saullo G.P. Castro","doi":"10.1016/j.jcomc.2025.100651","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcomc.2025.100651","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper investigates 3-point bending failure of five different types of GLARE laminates (2A, 2B, 3, 4A and 4B). 73 configurations (419 specimens), with different stacking sequences and aluminum layer thicknesses are tested. Failure mechanisms, effect of stacking sequence, effect of aluminum rolling direction, effect of displacement rate and energy absorption are analyzed. Configurations with predominantly 0°glass fiber layers fail with delamination as the major failure mode, while configurations with predominantly 90°glass fiber layers fail with central cracking as the major failure mode. GLARE 3, with 1:1 ratio of 0°and 90°fibers, fail with an equal mix of delamination and central cracking. A semi-analytical framework that can be used to predict the force versus displacement curve for central cracking failure is proposed and validated.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34525,"journal":{"name":"Composites Part C Open Access","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100651"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145266009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing the impact of carbon nanotubes on the damping and parametric instability responses of glass fiber reinforced composite cylindrical shells","authors":"Khadra Mokadem ,&nbsp;Prasad Mattipally ,&nbsp;Syed Waheedullah Ghori ,&nbsp;Abdullah Alzlfawi ,&nbsp;Alok Kumar ,&nbsp;Mohammed Al-Bahrani ,&nbsp;Mohammed Javeed Siddique ,&nbsp;Prakhar Jindal ,&nbsp;Rajeshkumar Selvaraj ,&nbsp;Dany Tasan Cruz","doi":"10.1016/j.jcomc.2025.100669","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcomc.2025.100669","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This work examines the vibration, damping, and instability properties of cylindrical shells comprised of glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) composite reinforced with carbon nanotubes (CNT). The 2 wt.% CNT-reinforced composites are created using the vacuum-assisted hand layup method. An experimental investigation was done to examine the material characteristics of CNT-reinforced GFRP composites. The results indicate that the CNT reinforced composite exhibits superior material characteristics. A finite element method-based higher-order shear deformation theory (HSDT) is used to obtain the governing equations for the cylindrical shell. Further, a thorough parametric study is conducted to examine the effect CNT reinforcement, curvature ratio, thickness ratio and aspect ratio on the vibration, damping, and instability characteristics of the cylindrical GFRP shell. From the obtained results, it can be concluded that the 2 wt.% CNT reinforcement greatly influences the vibration, damping, and instability characteristics of the cylindrical shells.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34525,"journal":{"name":"Composites Part C Open Access","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100669"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145465567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"3D printed polyethylene terephthalate glycol ternary composites with short carbon fiber/ carbon nanotube graphitic reinforcements: Insights into multi-scale synergistic mechanisms","authors":"Fivos Simopoulos ,&nbsp;George Kampourakis ,&nbsp;George Karalis ,&nbsp;Benke Li ,&nbsp;Emmanouil Porfyrakis ,&nbsp;Stavros Katsiaounis ,&nbsp;Aaron Soul ,&nbsp;Dimitrios Papageorgiou ,&nbsp;Marco Liebscher ,&nbsp;Konstantinos Papagelis ,&nbsp;Apostolos Karanastasis ,&nbsp;Nikolaos Papadakis ,&nbsp;Lazaros Tzounis","doi":"10.1016/j.jcomc.2025.100684","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcomc.2025.100684","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Three-dimensional printed (3DP) Polyethylene Terephthalate Glycol (PETG) ternary composites reinforced with short carbon fibers (sCF) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (CNT) are reported for the first time. A single-screw extrusion process is employed to manufacture micro-/nano- ternary PETG-based filaments for Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF)-3DP. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Raman spectroscopy are conducted to characterize the material’s physicochemical properties at filament level. Mechanical and electrical characterizations of 3D-printed PETG composites with hierarchical micro-/nano-filler networks revealed substantial improvements over the neat polymer. Rheological characterization of the composites was conducted in the melt state. The incorporation of CNT significantly altered the melt polymer chain entanglement and the composite spanning network, resulting in changes in molecular entanglement, plateau modulus and yielding behavior, which ultimately affected the 3D printing process and the final composite’s performance. Tensile and flexural tests were performed for unidirectional: (UD[0]₁₆) and cross-ply: (CP[0/90]_16s) “16-ply laminate” 3DP specimens, accompanied with fractographic analyses. The highest values in tensile modulus (7.93±0.38 GPa) and strength (53.3 ± 3.49 MPa) are found for PETG loaded with 15.0 wt.% sCF and 2.0 wt.% CNT, hereafter denoted as PETG/sCF(15)/CNT(2), with 285% and 40.5% increase, respectively, compared to neat PETG. The multi-scale PETG/sCF(15)/CNT(2) composite exhibits a 936% improvement in electrical conductivity (<em>σ</em>) compared to PETG/CNT(5) nanocomposite demonstrating the synergy of the co-existing nano-/ micro-fillers’ network within the polymer matrix. The overall results indicate a promising multi-scale reinforced feedstock material with superior mechanical performance and inter-/intralaminar bead adhesion in the 3DP manufactured specimens. The optimized formulations obtained herein could be applied in other polymer matrices towards 3DP multi-functional structural composites with enhanced mechanical and electrical properties.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34525,"journal":{"name":"Composites Part C Open Access","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100684"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145614206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Viscoelastic high-damping vibration attenuation of sandwich FG-GPLRC face sheets by incorporating full nonlinear effects","authors":"Hamidreza Rostami ,&nbsp;Sattar Jedari Salami","doi":"10.1016/j.jcomc.2025.100650","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcomc.2025.100650","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This article deals with the study of geometrically and materially nonlinear free-damped vibration analysis of Sandwich beams incorporating flexible cores governed by various frequency-dependent viscoelastic models, surrounded with top and bottom face sheets reinforced through a functionally graded distribution of graphene platelets (GPLs) in large deformation. In fact, two types of nonlinearities are considered in the formulation: one arising from the nonlinear strain-displacement relationship, and the other due to the viscoelastic material behavior in the sandwich beam. To analyze the impact of including nonlinear terms in both geometric and material behavior—which has not been reported in the literature—the results are computed by adopting the geometrically nonlinear von Kármán assumptions for the core and the face sheets on one hand, and by employing a viscoelastic core material with complex frequency-dependent Young's/shear modulus that induces material nonlinearity on the other. Based on the Extended Higher-Order Sandwich Panel Theory (EHSAPT), a set of coupled nonlinear governing equations is derived using the Lagrangian technique. As a progressive step, this is the first time that a displacement control technique has been enhanced to simultaneously account for both geometric and material nonlinearities in order to obtain the vibrational characteristics of a system, making it valid for large vibration amplitudes and high damping. To validate the approach, the results obtained from EHSAPT are compared with available data in the literature. Additionally, the problem is also examined by applying Euler–Bernoulli and Timoshenko beam theories to the face sheets and core, respectively. The complex nonlinear eigenvalue problem is solved, and the natural frequencies and loss factors of the viscoelastically damped sandwich beam are calculated. Parametric studies are discussed in detail to investigate the effects of weight fraction, graphene platelet distribution pattern, core-to-face sheet thickness ratio, boundary conditions, viscoelastic core temperature, and vibration amplitude. The results provide valuable and practical insights, showing that considering appropriate ranges of geometry and material in large-amplitude nonlinear vibrations of frequency-dependent viscoelastic core sandwich beams leads to improved design and industrial optimization.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34525,"journal":{"name":"Composites Part C Open Access","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100650"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145099403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Structure–property relationships in 3D-printed onyx-based composites reinforced with continuous fibers: role of temperature and fiber orientation","authors":"Vishista Kaushik,&nbsp;Suresh Kurra,&nbsp;Ramesh Adusumalli","doi":"10.1016/j.jcomc.2025.100649","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcomc.2025.100649","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the flexural performance of 3D-printed continuous fiber-reinforced composites, focusing on the influence of fiber types, orientation, and temperature. Using a carbon, glass, kevlar fiber- and Onyx matrix- filaments, specimens were fabricated as 24 or 30-layer composites. Three-point bending tests were conducted under different temperatures. The results reveal a significant influence of fiber type and orientation. Carbon fiber composite showed the highest strength of 281 MPa at 0° orientation and 127 MPa at 90° orientation at RT. At -20 °C, Carbon, Glass and Kevlar composites revealed flexural strength of 422, 308 and 188 MPa respectively (0°). Similarly, with an increase in temperature, a decrement in flexural properties can be observed in all the fiber types. The modulus for kevlar decreased from 8.29 to 5.71 to 4.15 GPa with an increase in temperature from -20 to 27 to 85 °C. Additionally, microscopic analysis highlights the failure mechanisms, including fiber pull-out, delamination, and matrix softening. Grey relation analysis used two mutually conflicted parameters (strength, cost) and reported the best and worst composite amongst 18 combinations considered. The findings provide valuable insights for optimizing the design of 3D-printed composites at different fiber orientations and temperatures enhancing their applicability in structural applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34525,"journal":{"name":"Composites Part C Open Access","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100649"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145118296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Estimating the creep rupture time of GFRP bars using machine learning","authors":"M.Talha Junaid ,&nbsp;Ahed Habib ,&nbsp;Mazen Shrif ,&nbsp;Samer Barakat","doi":"10.1016/j.jcomc.2025.100648","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcomc.2025.100648","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) bars are increasingly utilized in civil structures due to their advantages in terms of corrosion resistance and a high strength-to-weight ratio. Current research on long-term durability, particularly under sustained loading (creep-rupture), has not yet fully explored the use of methods like machine learning to accurately predict the creep rupture time of FRP bars. This study seeks to address this gap by applying machine learning techniques to estimate the creep rupture time of glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) bars. The motivation for this research comes from the shortcomings of traditional models, which are often inadequate for capturing the complex nonlinear behavior of materials subjected to long-term stress. This research aims to evaluate the effectiveness of different machine learning models, including neural networks, support vector machines, and ensemble methods, in predicting the creep behavior of GFRP bars. Within the study context, a large dataset consisting of 435 experimental tests is collected from the literature. In the testing phase, the optimized neural network achieved an RMSE of 926.29 h and an R² of 0.99 on a heterogeneous dataset that also included bars tested under environmental conditioning reported in the source studies. Gaussian process regression and support vector machines also performed well, albeit with higher errors. Sensitivity analysis revealed that the level of sustained stress and bar diameter were the most critical factors for environmentally conditioned bars. Importantly, the predictors reflect standard design and material descriptors (diameter, fiber content, modulus, UTS, sustained stress) and, when reported, environmental conditioning, which together capture the primary sources of variability relevant to civil engineering practice. Overall, the findings suggest that machine learning, particularly through optimized neural networks, offers a powerful tool for predicting complex material behavior and improving the reliability of GFRP-reinforced structures. This study contributes to the field by highlighting the potential of machine learning to enhance the precision of long-term performance predictions for engineering materials, facilitating improved design and material selection in critical infrastructure.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34525,"journal":{"name":"Composites Part C Open Access","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100648"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145099402","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}