Pub Date : 2025-10-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jcomc.2025.100664
James G. Finlay , Anthony M. Waas , Jonathan Bartley-Cho , Nav Muraliraj
A cohesive damage model for the simulation of fatigue driven delamination is presented and verified through analysis of a standard fatigue fracture test. The local model, which operates within the cohesive formulation of Nguyen and Waas, is based on the assumption that cyclic loading degrades fundamental cohesive properties resulting in the evolution of traction-separation laws with fatigue cycles. The evolution of cohesive properties is described by fatigue degradation laws, which in this work are functions of the fatigue cycle and a local equivalent separation measure. Employing the cycle-jump scheme, numerical fatigue analyses of double cantilever beam tests were performed. Mode I delamination onset and propagation rates are compared to experimental results for a carbon/epoxy composite material system. Numerical results show that the fatigue modeling methodology can reproduce experimentally observed behavior. Finally, results from sensitivity studies investigating the influence of fatigue model parameters on crack propagation rates are presented.
{"title":"A local cohesive fatigue model for delamination growth: Model development and mode I investigations","authors":"James G. Finlay , Anthony M. Waas , Jonathan Bartley-Cho , Nav Muraliraj","doi":"10.1016/j.jcomc.2025.100664","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcomc.2025.100664","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A cohesive damage model for the simulation of fatigue driven delamination is presented and verified through analysis of a standard fatigue fracture test. The local model, which operates within the cohesive formulation of Nguyen and Waas, is based on the assumption that cyclic loading degrades fundamental cohesive properties resulting in the evolution of traction-separation laws with fatigue cycles. The evolution of cohesive properties is described by fatigue degradation laws, which in this work are functions of the fatigue cycle and a local equivalent separation measure. Employing the cycle-jump scheme, numerical fatigue analyses of double cantilever beam tests were performed. Mode I delamination onset and propagation rates are compared to experimental results for a carbon/epoxy composite material system. Numerical results show that the fatigue modeling methodology can reproduce experimentally observed behavior. Finally, results from sensitivity studies investigating the influence of fatigue model parameters on crack propagation rates are presented.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34525,"journal":{"name":"Composites Part C Open Access","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100664"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145361547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jcomc.2025.100678
Margot Chalard , Coralie Buffet , Nicolas Brosse , Alessia Melelli , Mario Scheel , Pierre D’Arras , Alain Bourmaud , Christophe Baley
Flax fibre bundles, widely used in composite reinforcement, consist of elementary fibres bound by the middle lamella. They can be considered as unidirectional composite materials reinforced with discontinuous fibres. Their mechanical properties strongly depend on the quality of retting and subsequent treatments. This study analyses the sensitivity of bundle-scale tensile tests at two different gauge lengths to the degradation of the middle lamellae and cortical residues by comparing an under-retted (UR) and a well-retted (WR) batch with and without a chemical treatment using ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). Additional treatments with gamma irradiation and steam explosion were applied to evaluate their potential to improve bundles division especially in case of under-retting, without compromising the structural integrity and the mechanical properties of elementary fibres.
Morphological and thermogravimetric analyses showed that treated bundles have a lower moisture sorption and a higher cellulose content. Mechanical results revealed a 30 % drop in stress and strain at break with increasing retting, attributed to the degradation of cortical residues and middle lamellae due to improved bundles division. Tensile tests at higher gauge lengths (75 mm) revealed a higher sensitivity to the state of the middle lamellae. In particular, steam explosion caused up to 80 % reduced stress at break at a gauge length of 75 mm, demonstrating its great potential as a complement to retting. Conversely, gamma irradiation had minimal impact on the mechanical properties and the division of the bundles. These results are relevant for optimising the properties of flax fibre bundles and composite materials.
{"title":"Flax for composite reinforcement: Impact of middle lamella degradation on flax fibre bundle mechanical properties","authors":"Margot Chalard , Coralie Buffet , Nicolas Brosse , Alessia Melelli , Mario Scheel , Pierre D’Arras , Alain Bourmaud , Christophe Baley","doi":"10.1016/j.jcomc.2025.100678","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcomc.2025.100678","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Flax fibre bundles, widely used in composite reinforcement, consist of elementary fibres bound by the middle lamella. They can be considered as unidirectional composite materials reinforced with discontinuous fibres. Their mechanical properties strongly depend on the quality of retting and subsequent treatments. This study analyses the sensitivity of bundle-scale tensile tests at two different gauge lengths to the degradation of the middle lamellae and cortical residues by comparing an under-retted (UR) and a well-retted (WR) batch with and without a chemical treatment using ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). Additional treatments with gamma irradiation and steam explosion were applied to evaluate their potential to improve bundles division especially in case of under-retting, without compromising the structural integrity and the mechanical properties of elementary fibres.</div><div>Morphological and thermogravimetric analyses showed that treated bundles have a lower moisture sorption and a higher cellulose content. Mechanical results revealed a 30 % drop in stress and strain at break with increasing retting, attributed to the degradation of cortical residues and middle lamellae due to improved bundles division. Tensile tests at higher gauge lengths (75 mm) revealed a higher sensitivity to the state of the middle lamellae. In particular, steam explosion caused up to 80 % reduced stress at break at a gauge length of 75 mm, demonstrating its great potential as a complement to retting. Conversely, gamma irradiation had minimal impact on the mechanical properties and the division of the bundles. These results are relevant for optimising the properties of flax fibre bundles and composite materials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34525,"journal":{"name":"Composites Part C Open Access","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100678"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145519457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jcomc.2025.100668
Nidal Del Valle Raydan , Anita Wronka , Grzegorz Kowaluk , Eduardo Robles
This study evaluates the potential of feather keratin hydrolysates, obtained through ultrasound-assisted alkaline hydrolysis at low and high temperatures, as sustainable binders for high-density fiberboards (HDFs). The performance of keratin-based adhesives was compared with that of current binders, namely urea-formaldehyde (UF) and soy protein isolate (SPI). Adhesives were applied at a content of 12%. Additionally, a second formulation using 15% keratin hydrolysate extracted at high temperature (KHT 15) was tested to assess the influence of binder loading. The mechanical and physical properties of the HDF panels—including modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity, internal bond strength, screw withdrawal resistance, thickness swelling, water absorption, and surface wettability—were systematically evaluated. Both keratin formulations outperformed SPI and matched or surpassed UF in key performance indicators. Among them, keratin extracted at high temperature exhibited superior mechanical strength and moisture resistance, which may be related to the formation of stronger disulfide bonds. In particular, KHT 15 increased internal bond strength by 74% compared to UF and 96% compared to SPI, and reduced 24 h water absorption by 36% and 58% respectively. Keratin-based panels also retained higher water contact angles after 60 s, demonstrating improved surface hydrophobicity. Although keratin extracted at high temperature at 12% fulfilled the EN 622-5 standard for dry-use panels, increasing the content to 15% enabled compliance with the requirements for humid conditions, with TS below 30%. These results position keratin hydrolysates, particularly at high temperature, as viable, bio-based alternatives to synthetic and food-derived adhesives in engineered wood composites aligned with circular bioeconomy principles.
{"title":"Feather keratin hydrolysates as sustainable binders for high-density fiberboards","authors":"Nidal Del Valle Raydan , Anita Wronka , Grzegorz Kowaluk , Eduardo Robles","doi":"10.1016/j.jcomc.2025.100668","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcomc.2025.100668","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study evaluates the potential of feather keratin hydrolysates, obtained through ultrasound-assisted alkaline hydrolysis at low and high temperatures, as sustainable binders for high-density fiberboards (HDFs). The performance of keratin-based adhesives was compared with that of current binders, namely urea-formaldehyde (UF) and soy protein isolate (SPI). Adhesives were applied at a content of 12%. Additionally, a second formulation using 15% keratin hydrolysate extracted at high temperature (KHT 15) was tested to assess the influence of binder loading. The mechanical and physical properties of the HDF panels—including modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity, internal bond strength, screw withdrawal resistance, thickness swelling, water absorption, and surface wettability—were systematically evaluated. Both keratin formulations outperformed SPI and matched or surpassed UF in key performance indicators. Among them, keratin extracted at high temperature exhibited superior mechanical strength and moisture resistance, which may be related to the formation of stronger disulfide bonds. In particular, KHT 15 increased internal bond strength by 74% compared to UF and 96% compared to SPI, and reduced 24 h water absorption by 36% and 58% respectively. Keratin-based panels also retained higher water contact angles after 60 s, demonstrating improved surface hydrophobicity. Although keratin extracted at high temperature at 12% fulfilled the EN 622-5 standard for dry-use panels, increasing the content to 15% enabled compliance with the requirements for humid conditions, with TS below 30%. These results position keratin hydrolysates, particularly at high temperature, as viable, bio-based alternatives to synthetic and food-derived adhesives in engineered wood composites aligned with circular bioeconomy principles.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34525,"journal":{"name":"Composites Part C Open Access","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100668"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145415545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A pin-ended buckling test, inspired by the work of Wisnom (M. Wisnom, 1992), was developed to assess the influence of strain gradients on the compressive failure strain of composite laminates. Experiments were carried out on laminates manufactured with unidirectional (UD) carbon/epoxy AS4/8552 prepegs, with full-field strain measurements obtained via digital image correlation. The influence of stacking sequence on compressive failure—specifically the effects of 0° ply thickness and the adjacent ply interface—was investigated by testing a range of cross-ply and quasi-isotropic specimens. To prevent premature tensile failure, a 2024 aluminium ply was bonded to the tensile side of the 8-ply and 16-ply specimens, following the approach described in (Bianchi et al. 2025). Comparisons between the different stacking sequences were carried out by analysing the evolution of the maximum compressive strain as a function of the strain gradient. Additionally, a comparative analysis was performed between scaled specimens—32-ply, 16-ply, and 8-ply—in both cross-ply and quasi-isotropic configurations. The experimental results confirmed the nonlinear character of the strain-gradient effect on compressive failure. Furthermore, they indicated that neither the 0° ply thickness nor the adjacent ply interface exert a significant influence on the material investigated. These observations differ from earlier models that predicted such effects.
受Wisnom （M. Wisnom, 1992）工作的启发，开发了一种销端屈曲试验，以评估应变梯度对复合材料层合板压缩破坏应变的影响。以单向（UD）碳/环氧树脂AS4/8552预垫层为实验材料，通过数字图像相关获得了全场应变测量结果。通过测试一系列交叉铺层和准各向同性试件，研究了铺层顺序对压缩破坏的影响，特别是0°铺层厚度和相邻铺层界面的影响。为了防止过早的拉伸失效，按照（Bianchi et al. 2025）中描述的方法，将2024铝合金层粘合到8层和16层试样的拉伸侧。通过分析最大压缩应变随应变梯度的变化规律，对不同叠加顺序进行了比较。此外，在交叉铺层和准各向同性配置下，对32层、16层和8层的缩放样品进行了比较分析。试验结果证实了应变梯度对压缩破坏的非线性影响。此外，他们还指出，0°层厚度和相邻层界面对所研究的材料都没有显著影响。这些观察结果与早期预测此类效应的模型不同。
{"title":"Stacking sequence effects on compressive failure using pin-ended buckling test","authors":"Tobias Bianchi , Patricia Sucarrat-Riberaygua , Joël Serra , Christophe Bouvet , Léon Ratsifandrihana","doi":"10.1016/j.jcomc.2025.100675","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcomc.2025.100675","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A pin-ended buckling test, inspired by the work of Wisnom (M. Wisnom, 1992), was developed to assess the influence of strain gradients on the compressive failure strain of composite laminates. Experiments were carried out on laminates manufactured with unidirectional (UD) carbon/epoxy AS4/8552 prepegs, with full-field strain measurements obtained via digital image correlation. The influence of stacking sequence on compressive failure—specifically the effects of 0° ply thickness and the adjacent ply interface—was investigated by testing a range of cross-ply and quasi-isotropic specimens. To prevent premature tensile failure, a 2024 aluminium ply was bonded to the tensile side of the 8-ply and 16-ply specimens, following the approach described in (Bianchi et al. 2025). Comparisons between the different stacking sequences were carried out by analysing the evolution of the maximum compressive strain as a function of the strain gradient. Additionally, a comparative analysis was performed between scaled specimens—32-ply, 16-ply, and 8-ply—in both cross-ply and quasi-isotropic configurations. The experimental results confirmed the nonlinear character of the strain-gradient effect on compressive failure. Furthermore, they indicated that neither the 0° ply thickness nor the adjacent ply interface exert a significant influence on the material investigated. These observations differ from earlier models that predicted such effects.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34525,"journal":{"name":"Composites Part C Open Access","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100675"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145465562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jcomc.2025.100656
Hamed Adibi, Ali Akbari Lalaei, Amirali Nakhaei
A critical challenge in the design of lightweight composite structures is the quantitative selection of core architectures for specific loading conditions. This study presents an integrated experimental–numerical investigation into the performance of 3D-printed sandwich composite cores, focusing on honeycomb and auxetic architectures fabricated via fused deposition modeling (FDM) using PLA+. Mechanical performance was characterized under compression, three-point bending, and Charpy impact, following relevant ASTM standards. Finite Element Analysis (FEA) in Abaqus was validated through mesh convergence and energy balance checks, ensuring robust simulation fidelity. Statistical analysis using a two-way ANOVA revealed a significant interaction effect between core geometry and load type (F(2,12) = 15.14, p < 0.001), indicating that auxetic cores exhibit ∼51 % higher specific energy absorption (SEA) than honeycomb cores in compression, while honeycomb cores provide superior flexural stiffness, and performance differences narrow under impact. The proposed methodology, while demonstrated with PLA+, is applicable to other core materials, enabling data-driven selection of composite core designs for application-specific requirements.
轻量化复合材料结构设计的一个关键挑战是针对特定载荷条件定量选择核心结构。本研究对3d打印夹层复合材料芯的性能进行了综合实验和数值研究，重点研究了使用PLA+通过熔融沉积建模（FDM）制造的蜂窝和辅助结构。机械性能在压缩、三点弯曲和夏比冲击下进行了表征，遵循ASTM相关标准。通过网格收敛和能量平衡校验，验证了Abaqus中的有限元分析（FEA），保证了仿真的逼真度。使用双向方差分析的统计分析显示，岩芯几何形状和载荷类型之间存在显著的交互作用（F(2,12) = 15.14, p < 0.001），表明在压缩情况下，增材岩芯比蜂窝岩芯的比能吸收（SEA）高51%，而蜂窝岩芯具有更优越的抗弯刚度，在冲击下性能差异缩小。所提出的方法，虽然与PLA+演示，适用于其他核心材料，使数据驱动选择复合核心设计的特定应用需求。
{"title":"Unified experimental and finite element analysis of the mechanical performance of 3D-printed honeycomb and auxetic sandwich cores","authors":"Hamed Adibi, Ali Akbari Lalaei, Amirali Nakhaei","doi":"10.1016/j.jcomc.2025.100656","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcomc.2025.100656","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A critical challenge in the design of lightweight composite structures is the quantitative selection of core architectures for specific loading conditions. This study presents an integrated experimental–numerical investigation into the performance of 3D-printed sandwich composite cores, focusing on honeycomb and auxetic architectures fabricated via fused deposition modeling (FDM) using PLA+. Mechanical performance was characterized under compression, three-point bending, and Charpy impact, following relevant ASTM <span><span>standards</span><svg><path></path></svg></span>. Finite Element Analysis (FEA) in Abaqus was validated through mesh convergence and energy balance checks, ensuring robust simulation fidelity. Statistical analysis using a two-way ANOVA revealed a significant interaction effect between core geometry and load type (F(2,12) = 15.14, <em>p</em> < 0.001), indicating that auxetic cores exhibit ∼51 % higher specific energy absorption (SEA) than honeycomb cores in compression, while honeycomb cores provide superior flexural stiffness, and performance differences narrow under impact. The proposed methodology, while demonstrated with PLA+, is applicable to other core materials, enabling data-driven selection of composite core designs for application-specific requirements.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34525,"journal":{"name":"Composites Part C Open Access","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100656"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145323696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jcomc.2025.100673
Parisa Bayat , Andrew Anstey , Marc A. Dubé , Timothy Morse , Michael F. Cunningham , Kelly M. Meek
Polylactic acid (PLA) has garnered increasing attention as a biodegradable polymer derived from renewable resources; however, its relatively slow crystallization rate restricts its broader use in wider applications. We address this challenge by producing PLA nanocomposites with carboxylated cellulose nanocrystals (cCNCs) and acetylated cCNCs (AcCNCs) in ethyl lactate (EtLa), a bio-based, non-toxic solvent. The crystallization behavior and thermomechanical properties of the nanocomposites were measured using X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), and polarized light microscopy (PLM). For PLA-cCNC nanocomposites, Avrami analysis confirmed a transition from two- to three-dimensional spherulitic growth. The addition of cCNCs or AcCNCs with a low degree of substitution (i.e., DS = 0.06) in PLA led to increased crystallization rates. This demonstrated that the cCNCs and AcCNCs enhanced heterogeneous nucleation and the use of EtLa enhanced PLA chain mobility. XRD measurements revealed an increase in average crystallite size when cCNCs and AcCNCs were added to the PLA, signifying improved crystal development. Although both cCNCs and AcCNCs promoted PLA crystallization, the nucleating efficiency of AcCNCs was hampered by reduced compatibility with the EtLa solvent, likely leading to some AcCNC aggregation. The results show how leveraging a greener solvent (EtLa) and utilizing cCNCs can effectively address PLA crystallization limitations, thereby expanding opportunities to enhance high-performance, sustainable materials in packaging, additive manufacturing, and biomedical engineering.
{"title":"Effect of carboxylated cellulose nanocrystal acetylation on PLA nanocomposite crystallization behavior","authors":"Parisa Bayat , Andrew Anstey , Marc A. Dubé , Timothy Morse , Michael F. Cunningham , Kelly M. Meek","doi":"10.1016/j.jcomc.2025.100673","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcomc.2025.100673","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Polylactic acid (PLA) has garnered increasing attention as a biodegradable polymer derived from renewable resources; however, its relatively slow crystallization rate restricts its broader use in wider applications. We address this challenge by producing PLA nanocomposites with carboxylated cellulose nanocrystals (cCNCs) and acetylated cCNCs (AcCNCs) in ethyl lactate (EtLa), a bio-based, non-toxic solvent. The crystallization behavior and thermomechanical properties of the nanocomposites were measured using X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), and polarized light microscopy (PLM). For PLA-cCNC nanocomposites, Avrami analysis confirmed a transition from two- to three-dimensional spherulitic growth. The addition of cCNCs or AcCNCs with a low degree of substitution (i.e., DS = 0.06) in PLA led to increased crystallization rates. This demonstrated that the cCNCs and AcCNCs enhanced heterogeneous nucleation and the use of EtLa enhanced PLA chain mobility. XRD measurements revealed an increase in average crystallite size when cCNCs and AcCNCs were added to the PLA, signifying improved crystal development. Although both cCNCs and AcCNCs promoted PLA crystallization, the nucleating efficiency of AcCNCs was hampered by reduced compatibility with the EtLa solvent, likely leading to some AcCNC aggregation. The results show how leveraging a greener solvent (EtLa) and utilizing cCNCs can effectively address PLA crystallization limitations, thereby expanding opportunities to enhance high-performance, sustainable materials in packaging, additive manufacturing, and biomedical engineering.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34525,"journal":{"name":"Composites Part C Open Access","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100673"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145415543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study conducted a finite-element analysis simulation of explosive tests on carbon fiber-reinforced concrete (CFRC) slabs. The Johnson-Holmquist Concrete (JHC) constitutive model was used to simulate the mechanical behavior and failure modes of CFRC under explosive loads. The stress-strain relationships at different strain rates were obtained from quasi-static and dynamic split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) tests. Regression analysis was performed to determine the material parameters for the JHC constitutive model. Using LS-DYNA software, the mechanical behavior and failure modes of carbon fiber-reinforced concrete slabs, made with and without the addition of 1 % by volume of 24 mm carbon fibers, were simulated under the impact of C4 explosive blast waves. The simulation results were compared and validated against the experimental explosive test results. The findings demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed model in accurately predicting the response of carbon fiber-reinforced concrete slabs under explosive loads. This study provided valuable insights into the behavior and performance of carbon fiber-reinforced concrete slabs, contributing to the design and optimization of blast-resistant protective structures.
{"title":"A study on explosive test and its finite-element analysis for the carbon fiber-reinforced concrete slab","authors":"Yeou-Fong Li , Shi-Huan Hou , Jin-Yuan Syu , Pei-Yao Hsu , Chih-Hong Huang , Ying-Kuan Tsai","doi":"10.1016/j.jcomc.2025.100661","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcomc.2025.100661","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study conducted a finite-element analysis simulation of explosive tests on carbon fiber-reinforced concrete (CFRC) slabs. The Johnson-Holmquist Concrete (JHC) constitutive model was used to simulate the mechanical behavior and failure modes of CFRC under explosive loads. The stress-strain relationships at different strain rates were obtained from quasi-static and dynamic split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) tests. Regression analysis was performed to determine the material parameters for the JHC constitutive model. Using LS-DYNA software, the mechanical behavior and failure modes of carbon fiber-reinforced concrete slabs, made with and without the addition of 1 % by volume of 24 mm carbon fibers, were simulated under the impact of C4 explosive blast waves. The simulation results were compared and validated against the experimental explosive test results. The findings demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed model in accurately predicting the response of carbon fiber-reinforced concrete slabs under explosive loads. This study provided valuable insights into the behavior and performance of carbon fiber-reinforced concrete slabs, contributing to the design and optimization of blast-resistant protective structures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34525,"journal":{"name":"Composites Part C Open Access","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100661"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145323693","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jcomc.2025.100681
Christiane Bremer , Jan Kube , Michael Sinapius , Oliver Völkerink , Yoshihiro Mizutani , Markus Böl
Carbon fibers are electrically conductive and can be used for intrinsic load monitoring through electrical resistance measurement. Using carbon fiber-reinforced polymer parts instead of individual fibers allows for functional integration because it stiffens the structure and simultaneously monitors the load through strain measurement. However, a drawback is that various phenomena occur simultaneously in sensors consisting of multiple rovings, resulting in nonlinear sensor characteristics. The pultrusion process produces straight, aligned fibers, resulting in good linearity and repeatability. This paper presents the manufacturing of sensors of different thicknesses and compares them with reference sensors made from commercially available carbon fiber-reinforced polymer rods. The sensors’ sensitivity and linearity are analyzed and compared. All of the sensors exhibited a sensitivity of approximately and good linearity. The manufactured sensors exhibited properties similar to those of the commercial ones. Finally, the sensors were integrated into a glass fiber-reinforced polymer and subjected to three-point bending tests to demonstrate their ability for functional integration. Although a stiffening function was observed, strain measurements still showed some error compared to strain gauges.
{"title":"Pultruded CFRP sensors for structural stiffening and linear piezoresistive strain sensing in GFRP","authors":"Christiane Bremer , Jan Kube , Michael Sinapius , Oliver Völkerink , Yoshihiro Mizutani , Markus Böl","doi":"10.1016/j.jcomc.2025.100681","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcomc.2025.100681","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Carbon fibers are electrically conductive and can be used for intrinsic load monitoring through electrical resistance measurement. Using carbon fiber-reinforced polymer parts instead of individual fibers allows for functional integration because it stiffens the structure and simultaneously monitors the load through strain measurement. However, a drawback is that various phenomena occur simultaneously in sensors consisting of multiple rovings, resulting in nonlinear sensor characteristics. The pultrusion process produces straight, aligned fibers, resulting in good linearity and repeatability. This paper presents the manufacturing of sensors of different thicknesses and compares them with reference sensors made from commercially available carbon fiber-reinforced polymer rods. The sensors’ sensitivity and linearity are analyzed and compared. All of the sensors exhibited a sensitivity of approximately <span><math><mrow><mi>k</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>85</mn></mrow></math></span> and good linearity. The manufactured sensors exhibited properties similar to those of the commercial ones. Finally, the sensors were integrated into a glass fiber-reinforced polymer and subjected to three-point bending tests to demonstrate their ability for functional integration. Although a stiffening function was observed, strain measurements still showed some error compared to strain gauges.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34525,"journal":{"name":"Composites Part C Open Access","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100681"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145519404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jcomc.2025.100671
Abubakr Mohammed, Jamal A. Abdalla, Rami A. Hawileh, Maha Assad
This study presents a comprehensive experimental and analytical investigation into the flexural behavior of reinforced concrete (RC) T-beams strengthened with hybrid Aluminum Alloy (AA) and Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) systems. The research program involved sixteen RC T-beams, including fourteen strengthened specimens utilizing AA plates, CFRP laminates, and their hybrid configurations, along with two control specimens for baseline comparison. All specimens were subjected to four-point bending tests to evaluate their structural performance. The experimental results demonstrated that all specimens exhibited flexural failure modes, with laminate debonding emerging as the predominant failure mechanism. The strengthened beams showed significant improvements in load-carrying capacity, with enhancements ranging from 18% to 77% for low reinforcement ratio specimens and 10% to 44% for high reinforcement ratio specimens. The findings suggest that an optimized hybrid system configuration can substantially increase beam strength while maintaining satisfactory ductility characteristics. Notably, specimens with higher reinforcement ratios exhibited less pronounced ductility reduction compared to their lower reinforcement ratio counterparts. Analytical predictions of load-carrying capacity were developed and compared with experimental results. The study revealed that the ACI-440.02R-19 provisions provided unconservative estimates for beams strengthened with AA plates, highlighting the need for refined design methodologies for such hybrid strengthening systems.
{"title":"Flexural behavior of reinforced concrete T-beams strengthened with AA/CFRP hybrid systems","authors":"Abubakr Mohammed, Jamal A. Abdalla, Rami A. Hawileh, Maha Assad","doi":"10.1016/j.jcomc.2025.100671","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcomc.2025.100671","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents a comprehensive experimental and analytical investigation into the flexural behavior of reinforced concrete (RC) T-beams strengthened with hybrid Aluminum Alloy (AA) and Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) systems. The research program involved sixteen RC T-beams, including fourteen strengthened specimens utilizing AA plates, CFRP laminates, and their hybrid configurations, along with two control specimens for baseline comparison. All specimens were subjected to four-point bending tests to evaluate their structural performance. The experimental results demonstrated that all specimens exhibited flexural failure modes, with laminate debonding emerging as the predominant failure mechanism. The strengthened beams showed significant improvements in load-carrying capacity, with enhancements ranging from 18% to 77% for low reinforcement ratio specimens and 10% to 44% for high reinforcement ratio specimens. The findings suggest that an optimized hybrid system configuration can substantially increase beam strength while maintaining satisfactory ductility characteristics. Notably, specimens with higher reinforcement ratios exhibited less pronounced ductility reduction compared to their lower reinforcement ratio counterparts. Analytical predictions of load-carrying capacity were developed and compared with experimental results. The study revealed that the ACI-440.02R-19 provisions provided unconservative estimates for beams strengthened with AA plates, highlighting the need for refined design methodologies for such hybrid strengthening systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34525,"journal":{"name":"Composites Part C Open Access","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100671"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145519463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jcomc.2025.100652
Mu’tasim Abdel-Jaber , Rawand Al-Nsour , Sondos AlManaseer , Nasim Shatarat , Ahmed Ashteyat , Ahmad Al-Khreisat
This research explores the performance of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) and Basalt Fiber Reinforced Polymer (BFRP) systems in enhancing the structural integrity of reinforced concrete (RC) T-beams exposed to elevated temperatures. A total of eight T-beams were assessed, including both unstrengthened specimens and those retrofitted using Near-Surface Mounted (NSM) and Externally Bonded (EB) strengthening approaches, employing various arrangements of CFRP and BFRP ropes and sheets. The specimens were subjected to heating at 650°C for three hours to replicate severe thermal effects. Test results showed a 20.49% average decline in flexural strength for the heat-damaged beams. Nonetheless, all strengthened specimens regained and surpassed their pre-heating load-bearing capacity, with recovery values ranging from 127.03% to 237.92%. Among the tested BFRP systems, the double-layer, low-dense sheet configuration achieved the highest strength increase (160.44%), closely aligning with the gains observed in CFRP-strengthened beams (up to 199%). Using two layers of BFRP sheets notably enhanced flexural performance compared to single-layer applications. The BFRP rope also delivered strong results, showing a 180.95% strength recovery along with improved ductility and toughness, rivaling CFRP in some cases. Analytical outcomes based on ACI 440.2R-08 corresponded well with the experimental data, though they tended to slightly underestimate ultimate strength, with deviations ranging between 1.71% and 10.54%. Overall, the results support the effective use of both CFRP and BFRP systems for restoring the strength of heat-damaged RC beams. BFRP, in particular, presents a cost-efficient solution for moderate-strengthening applications, making it suitable for projects with budgetary limitations.
{"title":"Investigation of flexural repairing techniques for heat-damaged reinforced concrete T-beams using BFRP and CFRP composites: Experimental and numerical approach","authors":"Mu’tasim Abdel-Jaber , Rawand Al-Nsour , Sondos AlManaseer , Nasim Shatarat , Ahmed Ashteyat , Ahmad Al-Khreisat","doi":"10.1016/j.jcomc.2025.100652","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcomc.2025.100652","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This research explores the performance of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) and Basalt Fiber Reinforced Polymer (BFRP) systems in enhancing the structural integrity of reinforced concrete (RC) T-beams exposed to elevated temperatures. A total of eight T-beams were assessed, including both unstrengthened specimens and those retrofitted using Near-Surface Mounted (NSM) and Externally Bonded (EB) strengthening approaches, employing various arrangements of CFRP and BFRP ropes and sheets. The specimens were subjected to heating at 650°C for three hours to replicate severe thermal effects. Test results showed a 20.49% average decline in flexural strength for the heat-damaged beams. Nonetheless, all strengthened specimens regained and surpassed their pre-heating load-bearing capacity, with recovery values ranging from 127.03% to 237.92%. Among the tested BFRP systems, the double-layer, low-dense sheet configuration achieved the highest strength increase (160.44%), closely aligning with the gains observed in CFRP-strengthened beams (up to 199%). Using two layers of BFRP sheets notably enhanced flexural performance compared to single-layer applications. The BFRP rope also delivered strong results, showing a 180.95% strength recovery along with improved ductility and toughness, rivaling CFRP in some cases. Analytical outcomes based on ACI 440.2R-08 corresponded well with the experimental data, though they tended to slightly underestimate ultimate strength, with deviations ranging between 1.71% and 10.54%. Overall, the results support the effective use of both CFRP and BFRP systems for restoring the strength of heat-damaged RC beams. BFRP, in particular, presents a cost-efficient solution for moderate-strengthening applications, making it suitable for projects with budgetary limitations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34525,"journal":{"name":"Composites Part C Open Access","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100652"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145323694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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