Pub Date : 2024-10-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jcomc.2024.100525
Eko Supriyanto , Nugroho Karya Yudha , Alvin Dio Nugroho , Muhammad Akhsin Muflikhun
Solar Cell as a renewable energy utilization in today's era is considered a suitable choice due to encompass sustainability, environmental preservation, and energy processing efficiency. Solar cells have a finite lifespan that need replacement to maintain energy absorption efficiency. Unfortunately, discarded materials are often underutilized or improperly disposed of. In this study, used photovoltaic solar cell materials are explored as reinforcements in composites. The results showed that 4 % cell filler specimen exhibited highest ultimate tensile strength (UTS) with 51.43 MPa. Followed by Compression strength with 35.38 MPa and flexural strength with 45.54 MPa. SEM/EDS analysis of PV filler specimens revealed the dominance of Carbon (C) and Silica (Si) materials, comprising over 60 %. FT-IR analysis indicated varying compound bond intensities affecting polymerization and material strength under applied forces. Simulation results showed a difference of <2 % when compared to experimental testing outcomes. The current study benefited in environmental conservation efforts through waste reduction and the reuse of recycled materials and are listed in several applications such as in wind turbine, structures, lightweight laminates, automotive structures, and sport equipment.
{"title":"Characteristics and evaluation of recycled waste PVCs as a filler in composite structures: Validation through simulation and experimental methods","authors":"Eko Supriyanto , Nugroho Karya Yudha , Alvin Dio Nugroho , Muhammad Akhsin Muflikhun","doi":"10.1016/j.jcomc.2024.100525","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcomc.2024.100525","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Solar Cell as a renewable energy utilization in today's era is considered a suitable choice due to encompass sustainability, environmental preservation, and energy processing efficiency. Solar cells have a finite lifespan that need replacement to maintain energy absorption efficiency. Unfortunately, discarded materials are often underutilized or improperly disposed of. In this study, used photovoltaic solar cell materials are explored as reinforcements in composites. The results showed that 4 % cell filler specimen exhibited highest ultimate tensile strength (UTS) with 51.43 MPa. Followed by Compression strength with 35.38 MPa and flexural strength with 45.54 MPa. SEM/EDS analysis of PV filler specimens revealed the dominance of Carbon (C) and Silica (Si) materials, comprising over 60 %. FT-IR analysis indicated varying compound bond intensities affecting polymerization and material strength under applied forces. Simulation results showed a difference of <2 % when compared to experimental testing outcomes. The current study benefited in environmental conservation efforts through waste reduction and the reuse of recycled materials and are listed in several applications such as in wind turbine, structures, lightweight laminates, automotive structures, and sport equipment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34525,"journal":{"name":"Composites Part C Open Access","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 100525"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142437707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jcomc.2024.100538
S. Behnam Hosseini , Milan Gaff , Jerzy Smardzewski
Due to the scarcity of raw wood materials and the current state of the market's economic growth, the development of novel composite materials utilizing alternate raw material sources is crucial. Sawdust and waste polymers, such as empty bottles, are excellent sources of low-cost materials for making useful and cost-effective wood-plastic composites. This article's main goal is to ascertain how different filler contents and percentages, as well as two different types of polymer matrices, affect the mechanical properties of sawdust-reinforced composite in the plastic range of force-deflection diagram of bending test. Sawdust-plastic composites based on waste polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and biodegradable polymers were produced by the flat press method and prepared for mechanical testing. This study examined comprehensively the plastic range of the three-point bending test. The limit of proportionality (LOP), bending strength or modulus of rupture (MOR), plastic potential “PP”, four tangent moduli as well as approximated plastic work “AW”, total plastic work “BW” and the values of approximation error “ΔW” were measured using three-point bending test. The finite element method (FEM) analysis was also conducted to prepare a numerical model and compare its results with experimental results. According to the study's findings, the bending features of rPET-reinforced composites declined as the filler percentage increased. Among all the rPET-reinforced composites, the 40 % sawdust filled composite had the best mechanical performance. When compared to the rPET matrix, the biodegradable polymer demonstrated superior mechanical performance in the plastic zone of the bending test. However, both the 40 % sawdust-filled rPET composite and the biodegradable composites filled with 50 % sawdust fulfilled the ANSI standard as an appropriate replacement for medium-density fiberboard (MDF) for interior applications.
{"title":"Plastic deformation assessment of sawdust-rPET composites under bending load","authors":"S. Behnam Hosseini , Milan Gaff , Jerzy Smardzewski","doi":"10.1016/j.jcomc.2024.100538","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcomc.2024.100538","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Due to the scarcity of raw wood materials and the current state of the market's economic growth, the development of novel composite materials utilizing alternate raw material sources is crucial. Sawdust and waste polymers, such as empty bottles, are excellent sources of low-cost materials for making useful and cost-effective wood-plastic composites. This article's main goal is to ascertain how different filler contents and percentages, as well as two different types of polymer matrices, affect the mechanical properties of sawdust-reinforced composite in the plastic range of force-deflection diagram of bending test. Sawdust-plastic composites based on waste polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and biodegradable polymers were produced by the flat press method and prepared for mechanical testing. This study examined comprehensively the plastic range of the three-point bending test. The limit of proportionality (LOP), bending strength or modulus of rupture (MOR), plastic potential “P<sub>P</sub>”, four tangent moduli as well as approximated plastic work “A<sub>W</sub>”, total plastic work “B<sub>W</sub>” and the values of approximation error “ΔW” were measured using three-point bending test. The finite element method (FEM) analysis was also conducted to prepare a numerical model and compare its results with experimental results. According to the study's findings, the bending features of rPET-reinforced composites declined as the filler percentage increased. Among all the rPET-reinforced composites, the 40 % sawdust filled composite had the best mechanical performance. When compared to the rPET matrix, the biodegradable polymer demonstrated superior mechanical performance in the plastic zone of the bending test. However, both the 40 % sawdust-filled rPET composite and the biodegradable composites filled with 50 % sawdust fulfilled the ANSI standard as an appropriate replacement for medium-density fiberboard (MDF) for interior applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34525,"journal":{"name":"Composites Part C Open Access","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 100538"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143180019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jcomc.2024.100532
K. Vigneshwaran , N. Venkateshwaran , R. Shanthi , Gokul Kannan , B.Rajesh Kumar , Vigneshwaran Shanmugam , Oisik Das
The acoustic properties of the Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) printed PLA wood composite was investigated. Initially tensile and flexural of wood PLA composite was studied with respect to varying layer thickness (0.15 mm, 0.20 mm, and 0.30 mm), infill density (30 %, 60 %, and 90 %), and pattern (Layer, Triangle, and Hexagon). The outcomes demonstrated that the specimen produced with a hexagonal pattern, 90% infill density, and 0.2 mm layer thickness had the highest tensile (16 MPa) and flexural strength (16 MPa). Utilizing this optimized parameter, micro-perforated panels were printed and acoustic properties were studied. Five specimens with a 3 mm thickness, various perforation diameters (5 mm, 4 mm, and 3 mm), and architecturally tapered perforations were fabricated. Using the impedance tube approach, the sound transmission loss and sound absorption coefficients were measured. The findings indicate that, in comparison to all the printed specimens, tapered type perforation with an exterior diameter of 5 mm and an internal diameter of 4.7 mm showed highest sound absorption coefficient of 0.60 Hz. A viscous loss is obtained by its convergent hole diameter reduction, which results in sound attenuations and is easily absorbed in the micro-perforated panel. Similar to this, the specimen printed with smaller perforation diameters (3 mm) had a high sound transmission loss of 79 dB. The small diameter of the perforations prevented the passage of sound waves. The current study is anticipated to lay the groundwork for extensive future research on these classes of materials, potentially serving as a catalyst for advancements in FDM based polymeric materials research and development.
{"title":"The acoustic properties of FDM printed wood/PLA-based composites","authors":"K. Vigneshwaran , N. Venkateshwaran , R. Shanthi , Gokul Kannan , B.Rajesh Kumar , Vigneshwaran Shanmugam , Oisik Das","doi":"10.1016/j.jcomc.2024.100532","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcomc.2024.100532","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The acoustic properties of the Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) printed PLA wood composite was investigated. Initially tensile and flexural of wood PLA composite was studied with respect to varying layer thickness (0.15 mm, 0.20 mm, and 0.30 mm), infill density (30 %, 60 %, and 90 %), and pattern (Layer, Triangle, and Hexagon). The outcomes demonstrated that the specimen produced with a hexagonal pattern, 90% infill density, and 0.2 mm layer thickness had the highest tensile (16 MPa) and flexural strength (16 MPa). Utilizing this optimized parameter, micro-perforated panels were printed and acoustic properties were studied. Five specimens with a 3 mm thickness, various perforation diameters (5 mm, 4 mm, and 3 mm), and architecturally tapered perforations were fabricated. Using the impedance tube approach, the sound transmission loss and sound absorption coefficients were measured. The findings indicate that, in comparison to all the printed specimens, tapered type perforation with an exterior diameter of 5 mm and an internal diameter of 4.7 mm showed highest sound absorption coefficient of 0.60 Hz. A viscous loss is obtained by its convergent hole diameter reduction, which results in sound attenuations and is easily absorbed in the micro-perforated panel. Similar to this, the specimen printed with smaller perforation diameters (3 mm) had a high sound transmission loss of 79 dB. The small diameter of the perforations prevented the passage of sound waves. The current study is anticipated to lay the groundwork for extensive future research on these classes of materials, potentially serving as a catalyst for advancements in FDM based polymeric materials research and development.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34525,"journal":{"name":"Composites Part C Open Access","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 100532"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142662893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jcomc.2024.100533
Mojtaba Gorji Azandariani , Mehdi Vajdian , Mehrdad Javadi , Ali Parvari
This study investigates of using recycled concrete aggregates along with the reinforcement of polyolefin fibers to augment both the compressive strength and durability of concrete, in alignment with the principles of sustainable development. This study experimentally investigated the compressive strengths and durability of composite polyolefin fiber-reinforced recycled aggregate concrete (PFRRAC) exposed to chloride and acidic environments. For this purpose, 150 cubic concrete samples of 100 × 100 × 100 mm with various combinations of recycled aggregates and polyolefin fibers were made and subjected to axial compressive loading. The results show that the addition of fibers significantly enhances the compressive strength of concrete, with an increase of up to 34.36 % at 5 % fiber content. However, increasing the proportion of recycled aggregates reduces the compressive strength, with reductions ranging from 21.12 % to 43.85 % as the recycled aggregate content rises to 70 %. Moreover, the combination of fibers and recycled aggregates demonstrates potential for improving the sustainability and durability of concrete under challenging environmental conditions, particularly in chloride and acidic environments. In acidic environments, the inclusion of fibers significantly enhances the resistance to strength reduction. Furthermore, the study uncovers that a higher concentration of recycled aggregates exacerbates the reduction in strength in chloride-rich settings, emphasizing the imperative nature of meticulous mix design and material selection. The findings for the integration of even minor quantities of polyolefin fibers to amplify the performance and sustainability of concrete mixtures, especially when utilizing recycled aggregates, thus promoting eco-friendly construction practices.
{"title":"Durability and compressive strength of composite polyolefin fiber-reinforced recycled aggregate concrete: An experimental study","authors":"Mojtaba Gorji Azandariani , Mehdi Vajdian , Mehrdad Javadi , Ali Parvari","doi":"10.1016/j.jcomc.2024.100533","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcomc.2024.100533","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates of using recycled concrete aggregates along with the reinforcement of polyolefin fibers to augment both the compressive strength and durability of concrete, in alignment with the principles of sustainable development. This study experimentally investigated the compressive strengths and durability of composite polyolefin fiber-reinforced recycled aggregate concrete (PFRRAC) exposed to chloride and acidic environments. For this purpose, 150 cubic concrete samples of 100 × 100 × 100 mm with various combinations of recycled aggregates and polyolefin fibers were made and subjected to axial compressive loading. The results show that the addition of fibers significantly enhances the compressive strength of concrete, with an increase of up to 34.36 % at 5 % fiber content. However, increasing the proportion of recycled aggregates reduces the compressive strength, with reductions ranging from 21.12 % to 43.85 % as the recycled aggregate content rises to 70 %. Moreover, the combination of fibers and recycled aggregates demonstrates potential for improving the sustainability and durability of concrete under challenging environmental conditions, particularly in chloride and acidic environments. In acidic environments, the inclusion of fibers significantly enhances the resistance to strength reduction. Furthermore, the study uncovers that a higher concentration of recycled aggregates exacerbates the reduction in strength in chloride-rich settings, emphasizing the imperative nature of meticulous mix design and material selection. The findings for the integration of even minor quantities of polyolefin fibers to amplify the performance and sustainability of concrete mixtures, especially when utilizing recycled aggregates, thus promoting eco-friendly construction practices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34525,"journal":{"name":"Composites Part C Open Access","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 100533"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142662421","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jcomc.2024.100534
B. Meemary, D. Vasiukov, M. Lagardère, L. Rozova, S. Chaki
This study analyzes the mechanical behavior and damage progression of filament-wound thermoplastic composite rings, focusing on the effects of embedded fiber optic (FO) sensors. Utilizing a split-disk test, the study evaluates both experimental and numerical approaches to examine the impact of FO sensors in glass fiber-reinforced polypropylene composite rings. The split-disk test is employed to measure key mechanical properties such as hoop tensile strength, stiffness and failure strain using strain gauges and 3D Digital Image Correlation (DIC). The research specifically examines two extreme configurations of FO sensor placement: parallel and perpendicular to the reinforced fibers. The objective is to propose sensor integration that minimizes potential negative effects on the material's properties. Both instrumented and non-instrumented samples are analyzed numerically and experimentally. The experimental phase involves detailed mechanical characterization using the split-disk test, while the numerical approach uses a developed UMAT finite element model based on the 3D Puck failure criterion and an element weakening method for progressive failure analysis. The numerical models adopt real microstructural details according to optical microscopic analysis. The study concludes that parallel embedded FO sensors are preferable as they enhance the ultimate strength to failure and avoid creating resin-rich zones near the sensor, thereby improving the overall mechanical performance of the composite rings. The 3D Puck failure criterion combined with the element weakening method provides accurate predictions of fiber failure initiation and growth in the composite rings.
{"title":"Puck 3D-based modeling and validation of progressive failure in instrumented glass fiber-reinforced polypropylene via the split-disk test","authors":"B. Meemary, D. Vasiukov, M. Lagardère, L. Rozova, S. Chaki","doi":"10.1016/j.jcomc.2024.100534","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcomc.2024.100534","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study analyzes the mechanical behavior and damage progression of filament-wound thermoplastic composite rings, focusing on the effects of embedded fiber optic (FO) sensors. Utilizing a split-disk test, the study evaluates both experimental and numerical approaches to examine the impact of FO sensors in glass fiber-reinforced polypropylene composite rings. The split-disk test is employed to measure key mechanical properties such as hoop tensile strength, stiffness and failure strain using strain gauges and 3D Digital Image Correlation (DIC). The research specifically examines two extreme configurations of FO sensor placement: parallel and perpendicular to the reinforced fibers. The objective is to propose sensor integration that minimizes potential negative effects on the material's properties. Both instrumented and non-instrumented samples are analyzed numerically and experimentally. The experimental phase involves detailed mechanical characterization using the split-disk test, while the numerical approach uses a developed UMAT finite element model based on the 3D Puck failure criterion and an element weakening method for progressive failure analysis. The numerical models adopt real microstructural details according to optical microscopic analysis. The study concludes that parallel embedded FO sensors are preferable as they enhance the ultimate strength to failure and avoid creating resin-rich zones near the sensor, thereby improving the overall mechanical performance of the composite rings. The 3D Puck failure criterion combined with the element weakening method provides accurate predictions of fiber failure initiation and growth in the composite rings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34525,"journal":{"name":"Composites Part C Open Access","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 100534"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143180021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jcomc.2024.100516
Fefria Tanbar , Alvin Dio Nugroho , Ariyana Dwiputra Nugraha , Seno Darmanto , Djarot Widagdo , Gil N.C. Santos , Muhammad Akhsin Muflikhun
The utilisation of lightweight structures is a common practice across a range of disciplines, including the construction of light steel frames, sandwich panels, and transportation infrastructure, among others. The advantages of lightweight structures include design flexibility, weight reduction, and the sustainability of materials that can be easily recycled. However, these advantages also present significant weaknesses. Compared to solid materials with compact weight, lightweight structures do not have the same characteristics. With the reduction in material weight, the strength of the lightweight structure decreases significantly compared to solid materials. In this study, the lightweight structure was made using additive manufacturing and reinforced with solid Composite Polyurethane Foam reinforced with graphite filler expanded into the lightweight structure. The results showed that in the compression test, the mixture with 2 % graphite filler had the highest value of 2.5 kN. The highest hardness test on the specimen with a 2 % graphite mixture was 19.8 HA. FT-IR testing showed that the carbon bonds from graphite in the 2 % specimen had the highest intensity. The test results showed that the addition of Polyurethane Foam into the structure could enhance material strength effectively without adding significant material weight.
{"title":"Hybrid lattice structure with micro graphite filler manufactured via additive manufacturing and growth foam polyurethane","authors":"Fefria Tanbar , Alvin Dio Nugroho , Ariyana Dwiputra Nugraha , Seno Darmanto , Djarot Widagdo , Gil N.C. Santos , Muhammad Akhsin Muflikhun","doi":"10.1016/j.jcomc.2024.100516","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcomc.2024.100516","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The utilisation of lightweight structures is a common practice across a range of disciplines, including the construction of light steel frames, sandwich panels, and transportation infrastructure, among others. The advantages of lightweight structures include design flexibility, weight reduction, and the sustainability of materials that can be easily recycled. However, these advantages also present significant weaknesses. Compared to solid materials with compact weight, lightweight structures do not have the same characteristics. With the reduction in material weight, the strength of the lightweight structure decreases significantly compared to solid materials. In this study, the lightweight structure was made using additive manufacturing and reinforced with solid Composite Polyurethane Foam reinforced with graphite filler expanded into the lightweight structure. The results showed that in the compression test, the mixture with 2 % graphite filler had the highest value of 2.5 kN. The highest hardness test on the specimen with a 2 % graphite mixture was 19.8 HA. FT-IR testing showed that the carbon bonds from graphite in the 2 % specimen had the highest intensity. The test results showed that the addition of Polyurethane Foam into the structure could enhance material strength effectively without adding significant material weight.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34525,"journal":{"name":"Composites Part C Open Access","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 100516"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142357480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jcomc.2024.100519
Mousa Shhabat , Mohammad Al-Zu'bi , Mu'tasim Abdel-Jaber
Despite numerous investigations conducted in the field and the evident importance of this area of study, comprehensive reviews are still lacking, resulting in a noticeable gap in comprehension. Therefore, this paper presents an in-depth review of repair methods for heat-damaged reinforced concrete (RC) beams utilizing carbon fibre-reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites through both externally bonded reinforcement (EBR) and near-surface mounted (NSM) techniques. The paper meticulously compiles and analyses relevant experimental data, examining flexural and shear repair mechanisms, associated failure modes and factors influencing the repair processes, such as the form, length, spacing, orientation and number of CFRP reinforcement layers, as well as the type of bonding agent. Thus, this review serves as a valuable resource and guide for engineers and researchers seeking to deepen their knowledge in this field.
The review concludes with recommendations for future research directions aimed at advancing the development and application of repair technologies for heat-damaged RC members.
{"title":"A review of repairing heat-damaged RC beams using externally bonded- and near-surface mounted-CFRP composites","authors":"Mousa Shhabat , Mohammad Al-Zu'bi , Mu'tasim Abdel-Jaber","doi":"10.1016/j.jcomc.2024.100519","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcomc.2024.100519","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Despite numerous investigations conducted in the field and the evident importance of this area of study, comprehensive reviews are still lacking, resulting in a noticeable gap in comprehension. Therefore, this paper presents an in-depth review of repair methods for heat-damaged reinforced concrete (RC) beams utilizing carbon fibre-reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites through both externally bonded reinforcement (EBR) and near-surface mounted (NSM) techniques. The paper meticulously compiles and analyses relevant experimental data, examining flexural and shear repair mechanisms, associated failure modes and factors influencing the repair processes, such as the form, length, spacing, orientation and number of CFRP reinforcement layers, as well as the type of bonding agent. Thus, this review serves as a valuable resource and guide for engineers and researchers seeking to deepen their knowledge in this field.</div><div>The review concludes with recommendations for future research directions aimed at advancing the development and application of repair technologies for heat-damaged RC members.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34525,"journal":{"name":"Composites Part C Open Access","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 100519"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142418546","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In recent decades, the use of composite materials has experienced a significant increase in various fields. Fiber Reinforced Polymers Composite (FRPC) is one type of composite that is increasingly used due to its versatility and ability to improve product quality. However, FRPC materials have a high susceptibility to Low Velocity Impact (LVI) events, which can cause invisible internal damage such as delamination. LVI occurs when FRPC materials experience a sudden impact with a foreign object at a speed of 1–10 m/s, and can be identified through drop weight impact tests. This research addresses Finite Element Analysis (FEA) simulations to evaluate the mechanical properties of materials due to LVI, following the ASTM D7136 drop weight impact test standard. The variations studied include material types, namely Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymers (CFRP) and Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymers (GFRP), as well as variations in the diameter of the impactor. The results showed that GFRP has more brittle properties than CFRP, which is indicated by the high absorption energy and larger maximum back surface displacement in CFRP. In addition, the damage in GFRP is more significant as CFRP requires a higher initiation force and energy to trigger and propagate the damage. The simulations also show that as the diameter of the impactor increases, the contact force increases, but the impact time is shorter. In contrast, a smaller diameter impactor penetrates the material more easily, with a smaller impact area and lower impact energy after contact occurs.
{"title":"Advanced FEA simulation of GFRP and CFRP responses to low velocity impact: Exploring impactor diameter variations and damage mechanisms","authors":"Muhamad Luthfi Hakim , Raihan Nafianto , Ariayana Dwiputra Nugraha , Ardi Wiranata , Eko Supriyanto , Gesang Nugroho , Muhammad Akhsin Muflikhun","doi":"10.1016/j.jcomc.2024.100541","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcomc.2024.100541","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In recent decades, the use of composite materials has experienced a significant increase in various fields. Fiber Reinforced Polymers Composite (FRPC) is one type of composite that is increasingly used due to its versatility and ability to improve product quality. However, FRPC materials have a high susceptibility to Low Velocity Impact (LVI) events, which can cause invisible internal damage such as delamination. LVI occurs when FRPC materials experience a sudden impact with a foreign object at a speed of 1–10 m/s, and can be identified through drop weight impact tests. This research addresses Finite Element Analysis (FEA) simulations to evaluate the mechanical properties of materials due to LVI, following the ASTM D7136 drop weight impact test standard. The variations studied include material types, namely Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymers (CFRP) and Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymers (GFRP), as well as variations in the diameter of the impactor. The results showed that GFRP has more brittle properties than CFRP, which is indicated by the high absorption energy and larger maximum back surface displacement in CFRP. In addition, the damage in GFRP is more significant as CFRP requires a higher initiation force and energy to trigger and propagate the damage. The simulations also show that as the diameter of the impactor increases, the contact force increases, but the impact time is shorter. In contrast, a smaller diameter impactor penetrates the material more easily, with a smaller impact area and lower impact energy after contact occurs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34525,"journal":{"name":"Composites Part C Open Access","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 100541"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142707079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jcomc.2024.100524
Omar A.I. Azeem, Silvestre T. Pinho
The characteristic length method is a non-local approach to predicting the failure of open and closed-hole composite features. This method requires the determination of the linear elastic stress field of the composite laminate at its failure load. Typically, this requires computationally expensive progressive damage and linear elastic modelling and simulation with finite element analysis (FEA). In this study, we demonstrate the benefit of machine learning methods to efficiently and accurately predict characteristic lengths of composite laminates with open holes. We find that the prediction of the load-displacement profile usefully informs ultimate failure load prediction. We also find that linear elastic stress fields are more accurately predicted using a long-short term memory neural network rather than a convolutional decoder neural network. We show indirect prediction of characteristic length, via prediction of failure loads and linear elastic stress fields independently, results in more flexible, interpretable and accurate results than direct prediction of characteristic length, given sufficient training data. Our machine learning-assisted characteristic length method shows over five orders of magnitude of time-saving benefit compared to FEA-based methods.
{"title":"A machine learning enhanced characteristic length method for failure prediction of open hole tension composites","authors":"Omar A.I. Azeem, Silvestre T. Pinho","doi":"10.1016/j.jcomc.2024.100524","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcomc.2024.100524","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The characteristic length method is a non-local approach to predicting the failure of open and closed-hole composite features. This method requires the determination of the linear elastic stress field of the composite laminate at its failure load. Typically, this requires computationally expensive progressive damage and linear elastic modelling and simulation with finite element analysis (FEA). In this study, we demonstrate the benefit of machine learning methods to efficiently and accurately predict characteristic lengths of composite laminates with open holes. We find that the prediction of the load-displacement profile usefully informs ultimate failure load prediction. We also find that linear elastic stress fields are more accurately predicted using a long-short term memory neural network rather than a convolutional decoder neural network. We show indirect prediction of characteristic length, via prediction of failure loads and linear elastic stress fields independently, results in more flexible, interpretable and accurate results than direct prediction of characteristic length, given sufficient training data. Our machine learning-assisted characteristic length method shows over five orders of magnitude of time-saving benefit compared to FEA-based methods.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34525,"journal":{"name":"Composites Part C Open Access","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 100524"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142437706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jcomc.2024.100542
Josué Pacheco-Chérrez , Manuel Aenlle , Pelayo Fernández , Carlos Colchero , Oliver Probst
The detection and localization of different damage features in thin-wall beam composite and plastic beams using Operational Modal Analysis (OMA) has been demonstrated experimentally. The detection of small damage features using modal analysis techniques is an emerging field, with few experimental OMA-based assessments having been reported so far. The proposed method is based on OMA combined with Stochastic Subspace Identification (SSI) and the enhancement of damage features by Continuous Wavelet Transforms (CWT). A composite thin-wall beam (CTWB) structure in two measurement configurations and a PVC tube in a free-free configuration have been tested. Damage features detected include extra masses attached to the beam, with a range from 9.5 % to 14.0 % of the beam mass, and small cracks perpendicular to the beam axis with lengths of about 4 % of the perimeter of the cross section. Calibration curves relating the strength of the damage signal with the weight of the attached masses have been constructed. Two simultaneous cracks or two masses could be detected as well. The quantification and localization of damage feature along the beam was possible through the use of Gaussian fit surface applied to damage maps obtained with the CWT technique. The width of the Gaussian fit curve was of the order of the distance between accelerometers, but the accuracy, estimated to be around 3 % of the beam length, was found to have sub-grid resolution. The proposed method was shown to work reliably with a relatively coarse measurement grid, potentially allowing for cost-effective Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) approaches.
{"title":"Damage detection in composite and plastic thin-wall beams by operational modal analysis: An experimental assessment","authors":"Josué Pacheco-Chérrez , Manuel Aenlle , Pelayo Fernández , Carlos Colchero , Oliver Probst","doi":"10.1016/j.jcomc.2024.100542","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcomc.2024.100542","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The detection and localization of different damage features in thin-wall beam composite and plastic beams using Operational Modal Analysis (OMA) has been demonstrated experimentally. The detection of small damage features using modal analysis techniques is an emerging field, with few experimental OMA-based assessments having been reported so far. The proposed method is based on OMA combined with Stochastic Subspace Identification (SSI) and the enhancement of damage features by Continuous Wavelet Transforms (CWT). A composite thin-wall beam (CTWB) structure in two measurement configurations and a PVC tube in a free-free configuration have been tested. Damage features detected include extra masses attached to the beam, with a range from 9.5 % to 14.0 % of the beam mass, and small cracks perpendicular to the beam axis with lengths of about 4 % of the perimeter of the cross section. Calibration curves relating the strength of the damage signal with the weight of the attached masses have been constructed. Two simultaneous cracks or two masses could be detected as well. The quantification and localization of damage feature along the beam was possible through the use of Gaussian fit surface applied to damage maps obtained with the CWT technique. The width of the Gaussian fit curve was of the order of the distance between accelerometers, but the accuracy, estimated to be around 3 % of the beam length, was found to have sub-grid resolution. The proposed method was shown to work reliably with a relatively coarse measurement grid, potentially allowing for cost-effective Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) approaches.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34525,"journal":{"name":"Composites Part C Open Access","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 100542"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142722285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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