Pub Date : 2025-10-01Epub Date: 2025-10-16DOI: 10.1016/j.jcomc.2025.100664
James G. Finlay , Anthony M. Waas , Jonathan Bartley-Cho , Nav Muraliraj
A cohesive damage model for the simulation of fatigue driven delamination is presented and verified through analysis of a standard fatigue fracture test. The local model, which operates within the cohesive formulation of Nguyen and Waas, is based on the assumption that cyclic loading degrades fundamental cohesive properties resulting in the evolution of traction-separation laws with fatigue cycles. The evolution of cohesive properties is described by fatigue degradation laws, which in this work are functions of the fatigue cycle and a local equivalent separation measure. Employing the cycle-jump scheme, numerical fatigue analyses of double cantilever beam tests were performed. Mode I delamination onset and propagation rates are compared to experimental results for a carbon/epoxy composite material system. Numerical results show that the fatigue modeling methodology can reproduce experimentally observed behavior. Finally, results from sensitivity studies investigating the influence of fatigue model parameters on crack propagation rates are presented.
{"title":"A local cohesive fatigue model for delamination growth: Model development and mode I investigations","authors":"James G. Finlay , Anthony M. Waas , Jonathan Bartley-Cho , Nav Muraliraj","doi":"10.1016/j.jcomc.2025.100664","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcomc.2025.100664","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A cohesive damage model for the simulation of fatigue driven delamination is presented and verified through analysis of a standard fatigue fracture test. The local model, which operates within the cohesive formulation of Nguyen and Waas, is based on the assumption that cyclic loading degrades fundamental cohesive properties resulting in the evolution of traction-separation laws with fatigue cycles. The evolution of cohesive properties is described by fatigue degradation laws, which in this work are functions of the fatigue cycle and a local equivalent separation measure. Employing the cycle-jump scheme, numerical fatigue analyses of double cantilever beam tests were performed. Mode I delamination onset and propagation rates are compared to experimental results for a carbon/epoxy composite material system. Numerical results show that the fatigue modeling methodology can reproduce experimentally observed behavior. Finally, results from sensitivity studies investigating the influence of fatigue model parameters on crack propagation rates are presented.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34525,"journal":{"name":"Composites Part C Open Access","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100664"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145361547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-01Epub Date: 2025-10-27DOI: 10.1016/j.jcomc.2025.100673
Parisa Bayat , Andrew Anstey , Marc A. Dubé , Timothy Morse , Michael F. Cunningham , Kelly M. Meek
Polylactic acid (PLA) has garnered increasing attention as a biodegradable polymer derived from renewable resources; however, its relatively slow crystallization rate restricts its broader use in wider applications. We address this challenge by producing PLA nanocomposites with carboxylated cellulose nanocrystals (cCNCs) and acetylated cCNCs (AcCNCs) in ethyl lactate (EtLa), a bio-based, non-toxic solvent. The crystallization behavior and thermomechanical properties of the nanocomposites were measured using X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), and polarized light microscopy (PLM). For PLA-cCNC nanocomposites, Avrami analysis confirmed a transition from two- to three-dimensional spherulitic growth. The addition of cCNCs or AcCNCs with a low degree of substitution (i.e., DS = 0.06) in PLA led to increased crystallization rates. This demonstrated that the cCNCs and AcCNCs enhanced heterogeneous nucleation and the use of EtLa enhanced PLA chain mobility. XRD measurements revealed an increase in average crystallite size when cCNCs and AcCNCs were added to the PLA, signifying improved crystal development. Although both cCNCs and AcCNCs promoted PLA crystallization, the nucleating efficiency of AcCNCs was hampered by reduced compatibility with the EtLa solvent, likely leading to some AcCNC aggregation. The results show how leveraging a greener solvent (EtLa) and utilizing cCNCs can effectively address PLA crystallization limitations, thereby expanding opportunities to enhance high-performance, sustainable materials in packaging, additive manufacturing, and biomedical engineering.
{"title":"Effect of carboxylated cellulose nanocrystal acetylation on PLA nanocomposite crystallization behavior","authors":"Parisa Bayat , Andrew Anstey , Marc A. Dubé , Timothy Morse , Michael F. Cunningham , Kelly M. Meek","doi":"10.1016/j.jcomc.2025.100673","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcomc.2025.100673","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Polylactic acid (PLA) has garnered increasing attention as a biodegradable polymer derived from renewable resources; however, its relatively slow crystallization rate restricts its broader use in wider applications. We address this challenge by producing PLA nanocomposites with carboxylated cellulose nanocrystals (cCNCs) and acetylated cCNCs (AcCNCs) in ethyl lactate (EtLa), a bio-based, non-toxic solvent. The crystallization behavior and thermomechanical properties of the nanocomposites were measured using X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), and polarized light microscopy (PLM). For PLA-cCNC nanocomposites, Avrami analysis confirmed a transition from two- to three-dimensional spherulitic growth. The addition of cCNCs or AcCNCs with a low degree of substitution (i.e., DS = 0.06) in PLA led to increased crystallization rates. This demonstrated that the cCNCs and AcCNCs enhanced heterogeneous nucleation and the use of EtLa enhanced PLA chain mobility. XRD measurements revealed an increase in average crystallite size when cCNCs and AcCNCs were added to the PLA, signifying improved crystal development. Although both cCNCs and AcCNCs promoted PLA crystallization, the nucleating efficiency of AcCNCs was hampered by reduced compatibility with the EtLa solvent, likely leading to some AcCNC aggregation. The results show how leveraging a greener solvent (EtLa) and utilizing cCNCs can effectively address PLA crystallization limitations, thereby expanding opportunities to enhance high-performance, sustainable materials in packaging, additive manufacturing, and biomedical engineering.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34525,"journal":{"name":"Composites Part C Open Access","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100673"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145415543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-01Epub Date: 2025-10-28DOI: 10.1016/j.jcomc.2025.100674
Ebrahim Rogha , Milad Bazli , Milad Shakiba , Caleb O. Ojo , Ali Rajabipour , Reza Hassanli , Mehrdad Arashpour , Hamish A Campbell
This study investigates the interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) of 3D-printed continuous carbon, glass, and Kevlar fibre-reinforced polymer (CFRP, GFRP, and AFRP) composites with an Onyx matrix exposed to elevated temperatures up to 200 °C. ILSS of CFRP and AFRP increased steadily up to 170 °C, peaking at 196 % and 203 % of baseline, respectively. This is driven by annealing and enhanced fibre–matrix reconsolidation. Both materials maintained high ILSS retention at 200 °C, with CFRP at 183 % and AFRP at 173 %. In contrast, GFRP exhibited a weaker response, with variable retention and a decrease in ILSS to 84 % of its baseline at 200 °C. These findings highlight the superior performance of CFRP and AFRP, which is attributed to enhanced interlaminar bonding and the thermal stability of their matrices, while GFRP’s performance was hindered by thermal cracking. The results show the importance of fibre selection for high-temperature applications, with CFRP demonstrating the best overall performance.
{"title":"Thermomechanical behaviour of 3D-printed carbon, glass, and aramid fibre-reinforced composites under heat exposure: Interlaminar failure perspective","authors":"Ebrahim Rogha , Milad Bazli , Milad Shakiba , Caleb O. Ojo , Ali Rajabipour , Reza Hassanli , Mehrdad Arashpour , Hamish A Campbell","doi":"10.1016/j.jcomc.2025.100674","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcomc.2025.100674","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) of 3D-printed continuous carbon, glass, and Kevlar fibre-reinforced polymer (CFRP, GFRP, and AFRP) composites with an Onyx matrix exposed to elevated temperatures up to 200 °C. ILSS of CFRP and AFRP increased steadily up to 170 °C, peaking at 196 % and 203 % of baseline, respectively. This is driven by annealing and enhanced fibre–matrix reconsolidation. Both materials maintained high ILSS retention at 200 °C, with CFRP at 183 % and AFRP at 173 %. In contrast, GFRP exhibited a weaker response, with variable retention and a decrease in ILSS to 84 % of its baseline at 200 °C. These findings highlight the superior performance of CFRP and AFRP, which is attributed to enhanced interlaminar bonding and the thermal stability of their matrices, while GFRP’s performance was hindered by thermal cracking. The results show the importance of fibre selection for high-temperature applications, with CFRP demonstrating the best overall performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34525,"journal":{"name":"Composites Part C Open Access","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100674"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145465565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Interfacial adhesion is a pivotal factor in determining the overall strength and durability of composite structures across aerospace and automotive industries. Therefore, understanding the failure modes and crack propagation paths in interface-based composites underpins the service life of bulk structure. This study employs deep learning and information fusion techniques to automate structure-property analysis in adhesive joints. First, response surface methodology (RSM) is used to design experimental matrix for anodizing adherend surfaces (aluminium sheets); the control parameters are concentration, current and time. Surface topography is characterized by surface roughness and contact angle along with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images. Interfacial strength of anodized aluminium-polyurethane (Al-PU) adhesive joints is measured, and fracture analysis is performed via SEM. Experimental results demonstrated that anodizing conditions – concentration 0.5 M H2SO4 concentration, 1.5 A current and 45 min anodizing duration– enhanced the interfacial shear strength by up to 920% compared to untreated joints. Second, a novel information fusion approach is employed; the model integrates features extracted from SEM images using ResNet with numerical data from the RSM’s matrix. The combined representation is fed into an XGBoost model which enables robust material property analysis and regression. Feature-importance analysis via XGBoost and Integrated Gradients provide valuable insights into how anodizing parameters and surface features affect joint strength. Through the combination of numerical data (anodizing conditions and surface topographical features) and surface and fracture image analysis, the model significantly reduced the mean absolute percentage error from 18.8% to 10.7%. The findings highlight the pivotal role of integrating quantitative and qualitative information of structural materials to develop a robust and an accurate machine learning model.
{"title":"Deep learning and information fusion for structure property analysis in adhesive joints","authors":"Umut Bakhbergen , Ahmed Maged , Fethi Abbassi , Reza Montazami , Sherif Araby","doi":"10.1016/j.jcomc.2025.100645","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcomc.2025.100645","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Interfacial adhesion is a pivotal factor in determining the overall strength and durability of composite structures across aerospace and automotive industries. Therefore, understanding the failure modes and crack propagation paths in interface-based composites underpins the service life of bulk structure. This study employs deep learning and information fusion techniques to automate structure-property analysis in adhesive joints. First, response surface methodology (RSM) is used to design experimental matrix for anodizing adherend surfaces (aluminium sheets); the control parameters are concentration, current and time. Surface topography is characterized by surface roughness and contact angle along with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images. Interfacial strength of anodized aluminium-polyurethane (Al-PU) adhesive joints is measured, and fracture analysis is performed <em>via</em> SEM. Experimental results demonstrated that anodizing conditions – concentration 0.5 M H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> concentration, 1.5 A current and 45 min anodizing duration– enhanced the interfacial shear strength by up to 920% compared to untreated joints. Second, a novel information fusion approach is employed; the model integrates features extracted from SEM images using ResNet with numerical data from the RSM’s matrix. The combined representation is fed into an XGBoost model which enables robust material property analysis and regression. Feature-importance analysis <em>via</em> XGBoost and Integrated Gradients provide valuable insights into how anodizing parameters and surface features affect joint strength. Through the combination of numerical data (anodizing conditions and surface topographical features) and surface and fracture image analysis, the model significantly reduced the mean absolute percentage error from 18.8% to 10.7%. The findings highlight the pivotal role of integrating quantitative and qualitative information of structural materials to develop a robust and an accurate machine learning model.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34525,"journal":{"name":"Composites Part C Open Access","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100645"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145044681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-01Epub Date: 2025-08-13DOI: 10.1016/j.jcomc.2025.100638
Ahmed Ashteyat , Ala T. Obaidat , Tarik Kharabsheh , Ahmed Fayez , Ahmad Al-Khreisat , Mu'tasim Abdel-Jaber
This research investigates the effect of using basalt fiber with different ratios on the impact resistance of heated and unheated two-way slab. Twelve heated and unheated two-way slab specimens of (1.05 m x 1.05 m x 0.07 m) were cast with different basalt fiber ratios of (0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1.00, and 1.25) % by weight of cement and two fiber lengths of 12 and 24 mm have been exposed to ambient temperature and elevated temperature of (600 °C). This experiment investigates the effect of basalt fiber on the behavior of two-way slab in terms of compressive strength of concrete, punching shear failure, deflection, stiffness, and induced strain. The results showed that adding basalt fibers with different ratios experienced minor improvements in the concrete compressive strength for all specimens. The application of the impact load resulted in the formation of radial and conic cracks originating at the center of the specimen. These cracks indicated that the primary mode of failure is punching shear. Additionally, in this study, it was observed that a gradual increase in the proportion of basalt fibers led to a reduction in both the length and number of cracks. Moreover, for the pattern of the cracks due to static load, it was observed that the development of conical cracks was a result of overloading. The specimen incorporating a 24 mm basalt fiber at a 1 % ratio under unheated conditions demonstrated the significant improvement in performance regarding cracking compared to control. The stiffness and deflection of the specimens were improved by increasing the proportion of basalt fiber. Additionally, employing 24 mm fibers resulted in reduced deflection and increased stiffness compared to using 12 mm fibers.
研究了玄武岩纤维不同配比对加热和未加热双向板抗冲击性能的影响。12个加热和未加热的双向板试件（1.05 m x 1.05 m x 0.07 m）浇铸了不同的玄武岩纤维比（0.25、0.50、0.75、1.00和1.25）%的水泥重量，两种纤维长度分别为12和24 mm，暴露在环境温度和高温（600°C）下。本试验从混凝土抗压强度、冲剪破坏、挠度、刚度和诱导应变等方面考察了玄武岩纤维对双向板性能的影响。结果表明，添加不同比例的玄武岩纤维对各试件的抗压强度均有较小的改善。冲击载荷的作用导致试样中心形成径向裂纹和锥形裂纹。这些裂缝表明，主要破坏方式为冲剪破坏。此外，在本研究中还观察到，随着玄武岩纤维比例的逐渐增加，裂缝的长度和数量都会减少。此外，对于静荷载引起的裂纹模式，观察到锥形裂纹的发展是超载的结果。在不加热的条件下，以1%的比例加入24毫米玄武岩纤维的试样与对照组相比，在开裂方面表现出显著的改善。增加玄武岩纤维的掺量可以改善试件的刚度和挠度。此外，与使用12毫米纤维相比，使用24毫米纤维减少了挠度，增加了刚度。
{"title":"Impact resistance of heated and unheated two-way slab reinforced with basalt fiber","authors":"Ahmed Ashteyat , Ala T. Obaidat , Tarik Kharabsheh , Ahmed Fayez , Ahmad Al-Khreisat , Mu'tasim Abdel-Jaber","doi":"10.1016/j.jcomc.2025.100638","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcomc.2025.100638","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This research investigates the effect of using basalt fiber with different ratios on the impact resistance of heated and unheated two-way slab. Twelve heated and unheated two-way slab specimens of (1.05 m x 1.05 m x 0.07 m) were cast with different basalt fiber ratios of (0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1.00, and 1.25) % by weight of cement and two fiber lengths of 12 and 24 mm have been exposed to ambient temperature and elevated temperature of (600 °C). This experiment investigates the effect of basalt fiber on the behavior of two-way slab in terms of compressive strength of concrete, punching shear failure, deflection, stiffness, and induced strain. The results showed that adding basalt fibers with different ratios experienced minor improvements in the concrete compressive strength for all specimens. The application of the impact load resulted in the formation of radial and conic cracks originating at the center of the specimen. These cracks indicated that the primary mode of failure is punching shear. Additionally, in this study, it was observed that a gradual increase in the proportion of basalt fibers led to a reduction in both the length and number of cracks. Moreover, for the pattern of the cracks due to static load, it was observed that the development of conical cracks was a result of overloading. The specimen incorporating a 24 mm basalt fiber at a 1 % ratio under unheated conditions demonstrated the significant improvement in performance regarding cracking compared to control. The stiffness and deflection of the specimens were improved by increasing the proportion of basalt fiber. Additionally, employing 24 mm fibers resulted in reduced deflection and increased stiffness compared to using 12 mm fibers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34525,"journal":{"name":"Composites Part C Open Access","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100638"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144865506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The objective of the present work is to investigate the thermo-mechanical behavior of open-hole hybrid carbon/glass fiber reinforced PolyEther Ether Ketone (CG/PEEK) thermoplastic laminate subjected to the kerosene flame exposure (1100 °C and 116 kW/m2 heat flux) in combination with tensile loading. A specialized flame testing bench has been developed, integrating a tensile mechanical loading and a kerosene burner, to induce in-situ fire-mechanical test conditions. The novel prototype has been employed to monitor the temporal evolution of several physical quantities in the range of fire exposure times up to 900 s, including back surface and through thickness temperature, open-hole deformation and swelling ratio of thickness. The mechanisms of fire- and mechanically-induced damage are examined through the fractographic analysis using tomography and microscopy. One-sided burn-through flame exposure causes the in-plane (4.0 K/mm) and through-thickness (40.1 K/mm) temperature gradients after 300 s. Compared to the virgin state, there is a considerable reduction in the equivalent stiffness (-67%) and axial strength (-55%) following a 900 s of flame exposure, indicating the severely damaged structural integrity. The modeling of the in-situ mechanical properties over multiple phase transition temperatures of the PEEK matrix is applied to characterize and ultimately predict the thermo-mechanical response of laminate under tensile loading in fire. The approach is based on the experimental measurement of mechanical properties over a wide temperature range (isothermal heating from the glass transition temperature to the PEEK matrix pyrolysis). The model shows a high degree of effectiveness in representing the in-situ open-hole tensile behavior of TP-based laminates under fire conditions as a function of flame exposure time.
{"title":"In-situ open-hole tensile testing and modeling of hybrid PEEK thermoplastic laminates under burn-through kerosene flame exposure","authors":"Lanhui Lin , Benoit Vieille , Christophe Bouvet , Tanguy Davin","doi":"10.1016/j.jcomc.2025.100657","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcomc.2025.100657","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The objective of the present work is to investigate the thermo-mechanical behavior of open-hole hybrid carbon/glass fiber reinforced PolyEther Ether Ketone (CG/PEEK) thermoplastic laminate subjected to the kerosene flame exposure (1100 °C and 116 kW/m<sup>2</sup> heat flux) in combination with tensile loading. A specialized flame testing bench has been developed, integrating a tensile mechanical loading and a kerosene burner, to induce in-situ fire-mechanical test conditions. The novel prototype has been employed to monitor the temporal evolution of several physical quantities in the range of fire exposure times up to 900 s, including back surface and through thickness temperature, open-hole deformation and swelling ratio of thickness. The mechanisms of fire- and mechanically-induced damage are examined through the fractographic analysis using tomography and microscopy. One-sided burn-through flame exposure causes the in-plane (4.0 K/mm) and through-thickness (40.1 K/mm) temperature gradients after 300 s. Compared to the virgin state, there is a considerable reduction in the equivalent stiffness (-67%) and axial strength (-55%) following a 900 s of flame exposure, indicating the severely damaged structural integrity. The modeling of the in-situ mechanical properties over multiple phase transition temperatures of the PEEK matrix is applied to characterize and ultimately predict the thermo-mechanical response of laminate under tensile loading in fire. The approach is based on the experimental measurement of mechanical properties over a wide temperature range (isothermal heating from the glass transition temperature to the PEEK matrix pyrolysis). The model shows a high degree of effectiveness in representing the in-situ open-hole tensile behavior of TP-based laminates under fire conditions as a function of flame exposure time.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34525,"journal":{"name":"Composites Part C Open Access","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100657"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145323692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study conducted a finite-element analysis simulation of explosive tests on carbon fiber-reinforced concrete (CFRC) slabs. The Johnson-Holmquist Concrete (JHC) constitutive model was used to simulate the mechanical behavior and failure modes of CFRC under explosive loads. The stress-strain relationships at different strain rates were obtained from quasi-static and dynamic split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) tests. Regression analysis was performed to determine the material parameters for the JHC constitutive model. Using LS-DYNA software, the mechanical behavior and failure modes of carbon fiber-reinforced concrete slabs, made with and without the addition of 1 % by volume of 24 mm carbon fibers, were simulated under the impact of C4 explosive blast waves. The simulation results were compared and validated against the experimental explosive test results. The findings demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed model in accurately predicting the response of carbon fiber-reinforced concrete slabs under explosive loads. This study provided valuable insights into the behavior and performance of carbon fiber-reinforced concrete slabs, contributing to the design and optimization of blast-resistant protective structures.
{"title":"A study on explosive test and its finite-element analysis for the carbon fiber-reinforced concrete slab","authors":"Yeou-Fong Li , Shi-Huan Hou , Jin-Yuan Syu , Pei-Yao Hsu , Chih-Hong Huang , Ying-Kuan Tsai","doi":"10.1016/j.jcomc.2025.100661","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcomc.2025.100661","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study conducted a finite-element analysis simulation of explosive tests on carbon fiber-reinforced concrete (CFRC) slabs. The Johnson-Holmquist Concrete (JHC) constitutive model was used to simulate the mechanical behavior and failure modes of CFRC under explosive loads. The stress-strain relationships at different strain rates were obtained from quasi-static and dynamic split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) tests. Regression analysis was performed to determine the material parameters for the JHC constitutive model. Using LS-DYNA software, the mechanical behavior and failure modes of carbon fiber-reinforced concrete slabs, made with and without the addition of 1 % by volume of 24 mm carbon fibers, were simulated under the impact of C4 explosive blast waves. The simulation results were compared and validated against the experimental explosive test results. The findings demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed model in accurately predicting the response of carbon fiber-reinforced concrete slabs under explosive loads. This study provided valuable insights into the behavior and performance of carbon fiber-reinforced concrete slabs, contributing to the design and optimization of blast-resistant protective structures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34525,"journal":{"name":"Composites Part C Open Access","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100661"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145323693","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-01Epub Date: 2025-09-27DOI: 10.1016/j.jcomc.2025.100652
Mu’tasim Abdel-Jaber , Rawand Al-Nsour , Sondos AlManaseer , Nasim Shatarat , Ahmed Ashteyat , Ahmad Al-Khreisat
This research explores the performance of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) and Basalt Fiber Reinforced Polymer (BFRP) systems in enhancing the structural integrity of reinforced concrete (RC) T-beams exposed to elevated temperatures. A total of eight T-beams were assessed, including both unstrengthened specimens and those retrofitted using Near-Surface Mounted (NSM) and Externally Bonded (EB) strengthening approaches, employing various arrangements of CFRP and BFRP ropes and sheets. The specimens were subjected to heating at 650°C for three hours to replicate severe thermal effects. Test results showed a 20.49% average decline in flexural strength for the heat-damaged beams. Nonetheless, all strengthened specimens regained and surpassed their pre-heating load-bearing capacity, with recovery values ranging from 127.03% to 237.92%. Among the tested BFRP systems, the double-layer, low-dense sheet configuration achieved the highest strength increase (160.44%), closely aligning with the gains observed in CFRP-strengthened beams (up to 199%). Using two layers of BFRP sheets notably enhanced flexural performance compared to single-layer applications. The BFRP rope also delivered strong results, showing a 180.95% strength recovery along with improved ductility and toughness, rivaling CFRP in some cases. Analytical outcomes based on ACI 440.2R-08 corresponded well with the experimental data, though they tended to slightly underestimate ultimate strength, with deviations ranging between 1.71% and 10.54%. Overall, the results support the effective use of both CFRP and BFRP systems for restoring the strength of heat-damaged RC beams. BFRP, in particular, presents a cost-efficient solution for moderate-strengthening applications, making it suitable for projects with budgetary limitations.
{"title":"Investigation of flexural repairing techniques for heat-damaged reinforced concrete T-beams using BFRP and CFRP composites: Experimental and numerical approach","authors":"Mu’tasim Abdel-Jaber , Rawand Al-Nsour , Sondos AlManaseer , Nasim Shatarat , Ahmed Ashteyat , Ahmad Al-Khreisat","doi":"10.1016/j.jcomc.2025.100652","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcomc.2025.100652","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This research explores the performance of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) and Basalt Fiber Reinforced Polymer (BFRP) systems in enhancing the structural integrity of reinforced concrete (RC) T-beams exposed to elevated temperatures. A total of eight T-beams were assessed, including both unstrengthened specimens and those retrofitted using Near-Surface Mounted (NSM) and Externally Bonded (EB) strengthening approaches, employing various arrangements of CFRP and BFRP ropes and sheets. The specimens were subjected to heating at 650°C for three hours to replicate severe thermal effects. Test results showed a 20.49% average decline in flexural strength for the heat-damaged beams. Nonetheless, all strengthened specimens regained and surpassed their pre-heating load-bearing capacity, with recovery values ranging from 127.03% to 237.92%. Among the tested BFRP systems, the double-layer, low-dense sheet configuration achieved the highest strength increase (160.44%), closely aligning with the gains observed in CFRP-strengthened beams (up to 199%). Using two layers of BFRP sheets notably enhanced flexural performance compared to single-layer applications. The BFRP rope also delivered strong results, showing a 180.95% strength recovery along with improved ductility and toughness, rivaling CFRP in some cases. Analytical outcomes based on ACI 440.2R-08 corresponded well with the experimental data, though they tended to slightly underestimate ultimate strength, with deviations ranging between 1.71% and 10.54%. Overall, the results support the effective use of both CFRP and BFRP systems for restoring the strength of heat-damaged RC beams. BFRP, in particular, presents a cost-efficient solution for moderate-strengthening applications, making it suitable for projects with budgetary limitations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34525,"journal":{"name":"Composites Part C Open Access","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100652"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145323694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-01Epub Date: 2025-10-09DOI: 10.1016/j.jcomc.2025.100659
Sunil Bhandari , Prabhat Khanal , Roberto A. Lopez-Anido
Large-format additive manufacturing (LFAM) of polymer composites enables rapid production of large-scale components for infrastructure, transportation, and defense. As these components see increased outdoor use, understanding their durability under moisture exposure is critical. This study evaluates the effects of water immersion on the durability of LFAM composites using three material systems: carbon fiber reinforced acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (CF-ABS), glass fiber reinforced polyethylene terephthalate glycol (GF-PETG), and wood flour reinforced amorphous polylactic acid (WF-aPLA). Specimens were fabricated using a pellet-fed extrusion-based LFAM process and immersed in water for 30, 60, and 90 days at three temperatures. Moisture uptake and mechanical degradation were assessed in both longitudinal and through-thickness orientations to capture the influence of interlayer interfaces. Results show that bio-based WF-aPLA absorbed significantly more moisture than petroleum-based CF-ABS and GF-PETG and exhibited ongoing degradation that prevented saturation. The most severe mechanical losses occurred in the through-thickness direction, where more interbead interfaces and voids were present. Longitudinal specimens showed better retention of strength and stiffness. Mechanical property degradation progressed in two stages: an initial rapid phase following an Arrhenius relationship with inverse temperature, and a slower secondary phase that deviated from this behavior. The findings demonstrate that both material selection and build orientation significantly affect moisture durability. While petroleum-based composites performed better overall, their durability remains influenced by LFAM-induced anisotropy. These results support material selection and predictive modeling for reliable LFAM structures in outdoor environments.
{"title":"Durability of large-format additively manufactured polymer composite structures with environmental exposure–accelerated water immersion","authors":"Sunil Bhandari , Prabhat Khanal , Roberto A. Lopez-Anido","doi":"10.1016/j.jcomc.2025.100659","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcomc.2025.100659","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Large-format additive manufacturing (LFAM) of polymer composites enables rapid production of large-scale components for infrastructure, transportation, and defense. As these components see increased outdoor use, understanding their durability under moisture exposure is critical. This study evaluates the effects of water immersion on the durability of LFAM composites using three material systems: carbon fiber reinforced acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (CF-ABS), glass fiber reinforced polyethylene terephthalate glycol (GF-PETG), and wood flour reinforced amorphous polylactic acid (WF-aPLA). Specimens were fabricated using a pellet-fed extrusion-based LFAM process and immersed in water for 30, 60, and 90 days at three temperatures. Moisture uptake and mechanical degradation were assessed in both longitudinal and through-thickness orientations to capture the influence of interlayer interfaces. Results show that bio-based WF-aPLA absorbed significantly more moisture than petroleum-based CF-ABS and GF-PETG and exhibited ongoing degradation that prevented saturation. The most severe mechanical losses occurred in the through-thickness direction, where more interbead interfaces and voids were present. Longitudinal specimens showed better retention of strength and stiffness. Mechanical property degradation progressed in two stages: an initial rapid phase following an Arrhenius relationship with inverse temperature, and a slower secondary phase that deviated from this behavior. The findings demonstrate that both material selection and build orientation significantly affect moisture durability. While petroleum-based composites performed better overall, their durability remains influenced by LFAM-induced anisotropy. These results support material selection and predictive modeling for reliable LFAM structures in outdoor environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34525,"journal":{"name":"Composites Part C Open Access","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100659"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145323695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-01Epub Date: 2025-10-09DOI: 10.1016/j.jcomc.2025.100656
Hamed Adibi, Ali Akbari Lalaei, Amirali Nakhaei
A critical challenge in the design of lightweight composite structures is the quantitative selection of core architectures for specific loading conditions. This study presents an integrated experimental–numerical investigation into the performance of 3D-printed sandwich composite cores, focusing on honeycomb and auxetic architectures fabricated via fused deposition modeling (FDM) using PLA+. Mechanical performance was characterized under compression, three-point bending, and Charpy impact, following relevant ASTM standards. Finite Element Analysis (FEA) in Abaqus was validated through mesh convergence and energy balance checks, ensuring robust simulation fidelity. Statistical analysis using a two-way ANOVA revealed a significant interaction effect between core geometry and load type (F(2,12) = 15.14, p < 0.001), indicating that auxetic cores exhibit ∼51 % higher specific energy absorption (SEA) than honeycomb cores in compression, while honeycomb cores provide superior flexural stiffness, and performance differences narrow under impact. The proposed methodology, while demonstrated with PLA+, is applicable to other core materials, enabling data-driven selection of composite core designs for application-specific requirements.
轻量化复合材料结构设计的一个关键挑战是针对特定载荷条件定量选择核心结构。本研究对3d打印夹层复合材料芯的性能进行了综合实验和数值研究，重点研究了使用PLA+通过熔融沉积建模（FDM）制造的蜂窝和辅助结构。机械性能在压缩、三点弯曲和夏比冲击下进行了表征，遵循ASTM相关标准。通过网格收敛和能量平衡校验，验证了Abaqus中的有限元分析（FEA），保证了仿真的逼真度。使用双向方差分析的统计分析显示，岩芯几何形状和载荷类型之间存在显著的交互作用（F(2,12) = 15.14, p < 0.001），表明在压缩情况下，增材岩芯比蜂窝岩芯的比能吸收（SEA）高51%，而蜂窝岩芯具有更优越的抗弯刚度，在冲击下性能差异缩小。所提出的方法，虽然与PLA+演示，适用于其他核心材料，使数据驱动选择复合核心设计的特定应用需求。
{"title":"Unified experimental and finite element analysis of the mechanical performance of 3D-printed honeycomb and auxetic sandwich cores","authors":"Hamed Adibi, Ali Akbari Lalaei, Amirali Nakhaei","doi":"10.1016/j.jcomc.2025.100656","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcomc.2025.100656","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A critical challenge in the design of lightweight composite structures is the quantitative selection of core architectures for specific loading conditions. This study presents an integrated experimental–numerical investigation into the performance of 3D-printed sandwich composite cores, focusing on honeycomb and auxetic architectures fabricated via fused deposition modeling (FDM) using PLA+. Mechanical performance was characterized under compression, three-point bending, and Charpy impact, following relevant ASTM <span><span>standards</span><svg><path></path></svg></span>. Finite Element Analysis (FEA) in Abaqus was validated through mesh convergence and energy balance checks, ensuring robust simulation fidelity. Statistical analysis using a two-way ANOVA revealed a significant interaction effect between core geometry and load type (F(2,12) = 15.14, <em>p</em> < 0.001), indicating that auxetic cores exhibit ∼51 % higher specific energy absorption (SEA) than honeycomb cores in compression, while honeycomb cores provide superior flexural stiffness, and performance differences narrow under impact. The proposed methodology, while demonstrated with PLA+, is applicable to other core materials, enabling data-driven selection of composite core designs for application-specific requirements.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34525,"journal":{"name":"Composites Part C Open Access","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100656"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145323696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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