Pub Date : 2007-09-01DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2007.4544151
Isaac S. Freitas, Hamid A. Toliyat, C. Jacobina, S. Ozturk
The problem of bearing currents in ac motor drive systems can be mitigated by proper selection of the PWM strategy. In this paper, a modulation strategy to reduce the bearing currents in five-phase electric machines is studied.
{"title":"A PWM Strategy with Reduced Bearing Currents for Five-Phase Motors","authors":"Isaac S. Freitas, Hamid A. Toliyat, C. Jacobina, S. Ozturk","doi":"10.1109/VPPC.2007.4544151","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2007.4544151","url":null,"abstract":"The problem of bearing currents in ac motor drive systems can be mitigated by proper selection of the PWM strategy. In this paper, a modulation strategy to reduce the bearing currents in five-phase electric machines is studied.","PeriodicalId":345424,"journal":{"name":"2007 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126094997","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-09-01DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2007.4544214
Jing-Fu Liu, Jui-Hung Wu, Yi-Feng Su
The objective of this study is to develop a vision-based driver assistance system for lane detection and active keeping control based on the design of cooperative driving. This lane keeping system (LKS) can alert the driver beforehand to the danger of unintentional departure from the lane and then actively control the vehicle steering to help the driver keep the car within the lane more easily. A charge-coupled-device (CCD) camera is used as the front-end sensing for this system to detect the lane marks and instantaneously calculate the lateral deviation. In order to enhance the image recognition precision, an adaptive lane detection algorithm with dynamic calibration was developed. The lane keeping control strategy was designed in accordance with the vehicle dynamics to figure out the appropriate assisted steering torque and further control the column-type electric power steering (EPS) of vehicle. In this work, the electronic control unit (ECU) of LKS has been implemented with an embedded hardware for the consideration of access to flexible adjustment and volume production.
{"title":"Development of an Interactive Lane Keeping Control System for Vehicle","authors":"Jing-Fu Liu, Jui-Hung Wu, Yi-Feng Su","doi":"10.1109/VPPC.2007.4544214","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2007.4544214","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this study is to develop a vision-based driver assistance system for lane detection and active keeping control based on the design of cooperative driving. This lane keeping system (LKS) can alert the driver beforehand to the danger of unintentional departure from the lane and then actively control the vehicle steering to help the driver keep the car within the lane more easily. A charge-coupled-device (CCD) camera is used as the front-end sensing for this system to detect the lane marks and instantaneously calculate the lateral deviation. In order to enhance the image recognition precision, an adaptive lane detection algorithm with dynamic calibration was developed. The lane keeping control strategy was designed in accordance with the vehicle dynamics to figure out the appropriate assisted steering torque and further control the column-type electric power steering (EPS) of vehicle. In this work, the electronic control unit (ECU) of LKS has been implemented with an embedded hardware for the consideration of access to flexible adjustment and volume production.","PeriodicalId":345424,"journal":{"name":"2007 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127431848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-09-01DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2007.4544231
Sang-Il Kim, Jung-Pyo Hong, Jin Hur
The torque ripple of interior PM synchronous motor (IPMSM) operated in wide speed range through flux weakening variously varies according to operating point. That is mainly generated because of the difference of magnetic saturation in each point. Moreover, from the torque performance point of view, the IPMSM with concentrated winding is relatively disadvantage compared with that with distributed winding and surface PM synchronous motor. Therefore, in this paper, each optimal model minimizing torque ripple at the base and maximum speed and cogging torque is investigated by an optimization method. In addition, the characteristics of each model are compared by finite element analysis and characteristic equation. In the end, the final results show the optimal shape according to the operating point of IPMSM must be changed to satisfy torque performance.
{"title":"Investigation on Characteristics and Optimal Shapes of Interior PM Synchronous Motor for Electric Vehicle Application","authors":"Sang-Il Kim, Jung-Pyo Hong, Jin Hur","doi":"10.1109/VPPC.2007.4544231","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2007.4544231","url":null,"abstract":"The torque ripple of interior PM synchronous motor (IPMSM) operated in wide speed range through flux weakening variously varies according to operating point. That is mainly generated because of the difference of magnetic saturation in each point. Moreover, from the torque performance point of view, the IPMSM with concentrated winding is relatively disadvantage compared with that with distributed winding and surface PM synchronous motor. Therefore, in this paper, each optimal model minimizing torque ripple at the base and maximum speed and cogging torque is investigated by an optimization method. In addition, the characteristics of each model are compared by finite element analysis and characteristic equation. In the end, the final results show the optimal shape according to the operating point of IPMSM must be changed to satisfy torque performance.","PeriodicalId":345424,"journal":{"name":"2007 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128440254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-09-01DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2007.4544183
Ijiang Lu Jiang, B. Arnet
This paper analyzes the procedure of charging a supercapacitor bank from low voltage with an induction machine and inverter. Specifically, the voltage drop on the supercapacitor at the beginning of this procedure, which could be a critical issue in application, was studied. The effect of inverter, supercapacitor and induction machine parameters was considered. Simulation and experimental results are presented to support the analysis.
{"title":"Charging Supercapacitors from Low Voltage with an Induction Machine","authors":"Ijiang Lu Jiang, B. Arnet","doi":"10.1109/VPPC.2007.4544183","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2007.4544183","url":null,"abstract":"This paper analyzes the procedure of charging a supercapacitor bank from low voltage with an induction machine and inverter. Specifically, the voltage drop on the supercapacitor at the beginning of this procedure, which could be a critical issue in application, was studied. The effect of inverter, supercapacitor and induction machine parameters was considered. Simulation and experimental results are presented to support the analysis.","PeriodicalId":345424,"journal":{"name":"2007 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference","volume":"2016 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127351979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-09-01DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2007.4544195
S. Lukic, P. Mulhall, Gilsu Choi, M. Naviwala, S. Nimmagadda, A. Emadi
Autorickshaws are one of the chief modes of transport in many Asian countries. In India, these vehicles are mainly used as taxis. Since there is heavy congestion on the roads of India, the small size and narrow body of this three wheeled vehicle is perfectly suited to navigate the roads. These vehicles are usually powered by a two or four stroke gasoline engine. Due to this design and other factors, rickshaws are typically highly polluting. In recent years, alternative models such as compressed natural gas (CNG) and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) models have been introduced to deal with the pollution problem. Electric powered rickshaws were also considered, but there are no successful commercial products available yet. Illinois Institute of Technology has set out to solve the pollution problem caused by existing rickshaws by developing an electric auto rickshaw. Auto rickshaws are an ideal candidate for electrification due to the low speeds of the vehicle and relatively low distance covered in a day. With this idea, the team set out to develop a driving cycle of the auto rickshaw in a typical large Indian city - in this case, Delhi. This paper will describe the process by which the driving cycle was made for auto rickshaws in India. First, the existing cycles used in India are considered as candidates. Since these data are not applicable, GPS data collected at various times of the day were applied to the analysis. The new driving cycle was derived from information gathered via GPS data as well as surveys of auto rickshaw drivers in India, which helped to get the entire picture for the driving cycle.
{"title":"Usage Pattern Development for Three-Wheel Auto Rickshaw Taxis in India","authors":"S. Lukic, P. Mulhall, Gilsu Choi, M. Naviwala, S. Nimmagadda, A. Emadi","doi":"10.1109/VPPC.2007.4544195","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2007.4544195","url":null,"abstract":"Autorickshaws are one of the chief modes of transport in many Asian countries. In India, these vehicles are mainly used as taxis. Since there is heavy congestion on the roads of India, the small size and narrow body of this three wheeled vehicle is perfectly suited to navigate the roads. These vehicles are usually powered by a two or four stroke gasoline engine. Due to this design and other factors, rickshaws are typically highly polluting. In recent years, alternative models such as compressed natural gas (CNG) and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) models have been introduced to deal with the pollution problem. Electric powered rickshaws were also considered, but there are no successful commercial products available yet. Illinois Institute of Technology has set out to solve the pollution problem caused by existing rickshaws by developing an electric auto rickshaw. Auto rickshaws are an ideal candidate for electrification due to the low speeds of the vehicle and relatively low distance covered in a day. With this idea, the team set out to develop a driving cycle of the auto rickshaw in a typical large Indian city - in this case, Delhi. This paper will describe the process by which the driving cycle was made for auto rickshaws in India. First, the existing cycles used in India are considered as candidates. Since these data are not applicable, GPS data collected at various times of the day were applied to the analysis. The new driving cycle was derived from information gathered via GPS data as well as surveys of auto rickshaw drivers in India, which helped to get the entire picture for the driving cycle.","PeriodicalId":345424,"journal":{"name":"2007 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131303027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-09-01DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2007.4544153
C. Edrington, S. P. Minor
Switched reluctance machines (SRMs) are leading candidates for propulsion applications. This paper presents a design in the context of application for a new class of SRM entitled DSRM (discrete switched reluctance machine). Unlike the conventional single stator/single rotor SRM, the DSRM is composed of several magnetically separated dual stator/single rotor reluctance machines. The mechanical structure/arrangement of the machine is ideal for in-wheel and other volumetrically limited spaces. This paper will detail the design and analysis of a 5-phase DSRM.
{"title":"Design and Analysis of a 5-phase DSRM Drive","authors":"C. Edrington, S. P. Minor","doi":"10.1109/VPPC.2007.4544153","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2007.4544153","url":null,"abstract":"Switched reluctance machines (SRMs) are leading candidates for propulsion applications. This paper presents a design in the context of application for a new class of SRM entitled DSRM (discrete switched reluctance machine). Unlike the conventional single stator/single rotor SRM, the DSRM is composed of several magnetically separated dual stator/single rotor reluctance machines. The mechanical structure/arrangement of the machine is ideal for in-wheel and other volumetrically limited spaces. This paper will detail the design and analysis of a 5-phase DSRM.","PeriodicalId":345424,"journal":{"name":"2007 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133657000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-09-01DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2007.4544160
B. Asaei, Maisam Amiri
So many shunting locomotives are used all around the world. In order to save fuel and reduce pollution, they can be converted to Hybrid Electric Locomotives (HELs). In this paper, the selection and use of the induction electric machines for energy conversion in a plug in Hybrid Electric Locomotive is introduced. An old G12 locomotive is renovated and converted to a hybrid electric locomotive. To drive the locomotive, two induction motors are placed in two of the four axles of the locomotive. Due to the funding limits of the project, a prototype with two small motors was built. The G12 locomotive has four axles. Therefore, if the locomotive is mass produced, up to four motors with higher power ratings may be used that will give up to five times more torque and power. Instead of a 750 kVA diesel generator, a 80 kW diesel engine and a 50 kVA generator is used. Two 1200 volt, 300 ampere inverters with IGBT modules are used to drive each motor of the locomotive. The inverters are supplied by 480 volt, traction lead acid batteries. There are three ECUs for the motor and locomotive control. One is a master controller and to drive the LCD panels and the two others are for the inverter controllers. During the day, a shunting locomotive has around 60% idle time. In this condition, the locomotive consumes fuel and as its engine works at no load, the efficiency is zero and pollution is very high. A diesel engine in a hybrid technology either will be off or run at its rated torque and power. Therefore, its efficiency is high and at the same time the pollution and the fuel consumption are reduced a lot. The engine will be off unless the battery state of charge (SOC) reduced to a certain level. Moreover, instead of a 750 kVA diesel engine a 50 kVA diesel generator is used.
{"title":"High Efficient Intelligent Motor Control for a Hybrid Shunting Locomotive","authors":"B. Asaei, Maisam Amiri","doi":"10.1109/VPPC.2007.4544160","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2007.4544160","url":null,"abstract":"So many shunting locomotives are used all around the world. In order to save fuel and reduce pollution, they can be converted to Hybrid Electric Locomotives (HELs). In this paper, the selection and use of the induction electric machines for energy conversion in a plug in Hybrid Electric Locomotive is introduced. An old G12 locomotive is renovated and converted to a hybrid electric locomotive. To drive the locomotive, two induction motors are placed in two of the four axles of the locomotive. Due to the funding limits of the project, a prototype with two small motors was built. The G12 locomotive has four axles. Therefore, if the locomotive is mass produced, up to four motors with higher power ratings may be used that will give up to five times more torque and power. Instead of a 750 kVA diesel generator, a 80 kW diesel engine and a 50 kVA generator is used. Two 1200 volt, 300 ampere inverters with IGBT modules are used to drive each motor of the locomotive. The inverters are supplied by 480 volt, traction lead acid batteries. There are three ECUs for the motor and locomotive control. One is a master controller and to drive the LCD panels and the two others are for the inverter controllers. During the day, a shunting locomotive has around 60% idle time. In this condition, the locomotive consumes fuel and as its engine works at no load, the efficiency is zero and pollution is very high. A diesel engine in a hybrid technology either will be off or run at its rated torque and power. Therefore, its efficiency is high and at the same time the pollution and the fuel consumption are reduced a lot. The engine will be off unless the battery state of charge (SOC) reduced to a certain level. Moreover, instead of a 750 kVA diesel engine a 50 kVA diesel generator is used.","PeriodicalId":345424,"journal":{"name":"2007 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference","volume":"156 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133039002","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-09-01DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2007.4544219
A. Davoudi, A. Khaligh, M. Amrhein, P. Chapman, J. Jatskevich
Physics-based modeling of laminated magnetic devices accurately represents underlying dynamic characteristics. However, these models are hard to formulate, oversimplified with crude approximations, and computationally intensive. In this paper, a high-fidelity magnetic equivalent circuit of steel lamination is set forth based on geometrical and material data. The nonlinearity imposed by saturation is also considered. Automated linear and nonlinear order-reduction techniques are introduced to mathematically extract the essential system dynamics in the desired bandwidth, thus preserving both accuracy and computational efficiency. The resulting reduced-order system is validated with hardware measurements and full-order simulation in both time and frequency domains.
{"title":"Low-Order Dynamic Magnetic Equivalent Circuits of Saturated Steel Laminations","authors":"A. Davoudi, A. Khaligh, M. Amrhein, P. Chapman, J. Jatskevich","doi":"10.1109/VPPC.2007.4544219","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2007.4544219","url":null,"abstract":"Physics-based modeling of laminated magnetic devices accurately represents underlying dynamic characteristics. However, these models are hard to formulate, oversimplified with crude approximations, and computationally intensive. In this paper, a high-fidelity magnetic equivalent circuit of steel lamination is set forth based on geometrical and material data. The nonlinearity imposed by saturation is also considered. Automated linear and nonlinear order-reduction techniques are introduced to mathematically extract the essential system dynamics in the desired bandwidth, thus preserving both accuracy and computational efficiency. The resulting reduced-order system is validated with hardware measurements and full-order simulation in both time and frequency domains.","PeriodicalId":345424,"journal":{"name":"2007 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123925534","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-09-01DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2007.4544206
R. Jeong, Y. Yoon, Gie-Soo Park
In this paper, for the propose CBTC application, moving block system based on duplex transmission communication, to trial line so that advanced driverless driving system can be implemented by using radio communication. In order to apply CBTC to the test line, we used TOA as a means to detect train location. We also checked whether perfect communication is performed in every 0.5 second by building bucket brigade radio network between WRS and VRS (vehicle radio set). By doing so, we verified that the range is linearly increasing with increasing the distance between WRS and VRS, and the quality at the range point is also superior. Only measuring results on Route A, multiple running among route A, B, and single running, multiple running.
{"title":"Range Assessment between Vehicle and Wayside Radio Set for Radio Communication System","authors":"R. Jeong, Y. Yoon, Gie-Soo Park","doi":"10.1109/VPPC.2007.4544206","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2007.4544206","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, for the propose CBTC application, moving block system based on duplex transmission communication, to trial line so that advanced driverless driving system can be implemented by using radio communication. In order to apply CBTC to the test line, we used TOA as a means to detect train location. We also checked whether perfect communication is performed in every 0.5 second by building bucket brigade radio network between WRS and VRS (vehicle radio set). By doing so, we verified that the range is linearly increasing with increasing the distance between WRS and VRS, and the quality at the range point is also superior. Only measuring results on Route A, multiple running among route A, B, and single running, multiple running.","PeriodicalId":345424,"journal":{"name":"2007 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference","volume":"206 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116425965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-09-01DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2007.4544215
Z. Du, A. Huang
The hybrid multilevel converter topology was proposed recently to reduce the number of DC sources needed in a cascaded multilevel converter. This paper proposes to use the hybrid multilevel converter topology and the emerging medium voltage ETO (Emitter Turn-Off Thyristor) devices for megawatt AC drives. A case study and thermal analysis show that the proposed AC drive can have higher output power capability, higher output power quality with low device switching frequency when compared to the traditional megawatt AC drives with SPWM method under the same thermal conditions. Therefore, the proposed hybrid megawatt AC drive is an attractive low cost solution to future medium voltage drive applications with output voltage higher than 3300 V.
{"title":"Thermal Analysis of A Novel Hybrid Multilevel Megawatt AC Drive with ETO Devices","authors":"Z. Du, A. Huang","doi":"10.1109/VPPC.2007.4544215","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2007.4544215","url":null,"abstract":"The hybrid multilevel converter topology was proposed recently to reduce the number of DC sources needed in a cascaded multilevel converter. This paper proposes to use the hybrid multilevel converter topology and the emerging medium voltage ETO (Emitter Turn-Off Thyristor) devices for megawatt AC drives. A case study and thermal analysis show that the proposed AC drive can have higher output power capability, higher output power quality with low device switching frequency when compared to the traditional megawatt AC drives with SPWM method under the same thermal conditions. Therefore, the proposed hybrid megawatt AC drive is an attractive low cost solution to future medium voltage drive applications with output voltage higher than 3300 V.","PeriodicalId":345424,"journal":{"name":"2007 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123568378","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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