Pub Date : 2007-09-01DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2007.4544194
F.J. Perez-Pina, C. Nuñez, R. Alvarez, U. Cervantes
The development of power and energy management policies in vehicular applications has become an attractive area of research in the last decade. Due to the fact that no single power source fuel cell, batteries or supercapacitor can give the best option in terms of power density during a normal driving of an electric vehicle. In this paper are proposed three novel methods to manage the power in a fuel cell powered electric vehicle by using the vehicle speed, the state of charge of supercapacitor and the dc-link voltage variation. Main result shows that in terms of an average high velocity variation, the voltage control gives a good performance compared with the current control topology. In contrast, during an average slow velocity changes, the current control gives a good performance mainly due to its natural slow response; and the hybrid configuration is suggested when high velocity changes are requested in the driving journey.
{"title":"Power Management Strategies for a Fuel Cell/Supercapacitor Electric Vehicle","authors":"F.J. Perez-Pina, C. Nuñez, R. Alvarez, U. Cervantes","doi":"10.1109/VPPC.2007.4544194","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2007.4544194","url":null,"abstract":"The development of power and energy management policies in vehicular applications has become an attractive area of research in the last decade. Due to the fact that no single power source fuel cell, batteries or supercapacitor can give the best option in terms of power density during a normal driving of an electric vehicle. In this paper are proposed three novel methods to manage the power in a fuel cell powered electric vehicle by using the vehicle speed, the state of charge of supercapacitor and the dc-link voltage variation. Main result shows that in terms of an average high velocity variation, the voltage control gives a good performance compared with the current control topology. In contrast, during an average slow velocity changes, the current control gives a good performance mainly due to its natural slow response; and the hybrid configuration is suggested when high velocity changes are requested in the driving journey.","PeriodicalId":345424,"journal":{"name":"2007 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference","volume":"102 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117279434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-09-01DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2007.4544136
A. Turner, K. Ramsay, R. Clark, D. Howe
A direct-drive electromechanical actuation system has been developed which acts directly on the shift rails of either an automated manual transmission (AMT) or a dual clutch transmission (DCT) to facilitate gear selection. Direct-drive electromechanical actuation schemes offer a number of advantages over electric motor and gearbox systems in that they have reduced mechanical hysteresis, backlash and compliance, have fewer components, are more robust, and exhibit a better dynamic response. A high-force, moving-magnet linear actuator is combined with a moving-magnet rotary actuator to enable multi-axis control and, hence, enable the selection of all transmission ratios. The measured and predicted static performance of the rotary actuator, and the dynamic performance of the combined rotary- linear actuator, mounted on a gearbox test rig, are presented.
{"title":"Direct-Drive Rotary-Linear Electromechanical Actuation System for Control of Gearshifts in Automated Transmissions","authors":"A. Turner, K. Ramsay, R. Clark, D. Howe","doi":"10.1109/VPPC.2007.4544136","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2007.4544136","url":null,"abstract":"A direct-drive electromechanical actuation system has been developed which acts directly on the shift rails of either an automated manual transmission (AMT) or a dual clutch transmission (DCT) to facilitate gear selection. Direct-drive electromechanical actuation schemes offer a number of advantages over electric motor and gearbox systems in that they have reduced mechanical hysteresis, backlash and compliance, have fewer components, are more robust, and exhibit a better dynamic response. A high-force, moving-magnet linear actuator is combined with a moving-magnet rotary actuator to enable multi-axis control and, hence, enable the selection of all transmission ratios. The measured and predicted static performance of the rotary actuator, and the dynamic performance of the combined rotary- linear actuator, mounted on a gearbox test rig, are presented.","PeriodicalId":345424,"journal":{"name":"2007 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference","volume":"75 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127216970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-09-01DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2007.4544154
R. S. Miranda, H. Toliyat, C. Jacobina, Antonio M. N. Lima
This paper investigates a fault tolerant six phase induction machine drive. The analysis despite the presence of a short-circuit fault of a single inverter switch is presented. Performance of the motor under fault is investigated by mathematical analysis and simulations. Fault tolerant schemes that can mitigate the fault effects are presented. It is shown that the control strategy based on the inherent redundancy of voltage vectors allows for continuous and disturbance free-operation of the drive without additional hardware connections. Also, influence of the leakage inductance to limit the magnitude of circulating currents associated with the fault tolerance strategy is shown.
{"title":"Short-Circuit Fault Mitigation in Six-Phase Induction Machine Drives","authors":"R. S. Miranda, H. Toliyat, C. Jacobina, Antonio M. N. Lima","doi":"10.1109/VPPC.2007.4544154","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2007.4544154","url":null,"abstract":"This paper investigates a fault tolerant six phase induction machine drive. The analysis despite the presence of a short-circuit fault of a single inverter switch is presented. Performance of the motor under fault is investigated by mathematical analysis and simulations. Fault tolerant schemes that can mitigate the fault effects are presented. It is shown that the control strategy based on the inherent redundancy of voltage vectors allows for continuous and disturbance free-operation of the drive without additional hardware connections. Also, influence of the leakage inductance to limit the magnitude of circulating currents associated with the fault tolerance strategy is shown.","PeriodicalId":345424,"journal":{"name":"2007 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126810658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-09-01DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2007.4544240
B. Meersman, S. Thielemans, K. De Gusseme, A. van den Bossche
Transportation plays a big part in our society and to keep our environment sustainable, an environmental solution is needed. Unlike the car which accounts for a substantial percentage of worldwide greenhouse gas emissions, the electrical bicycle provides a healthy environmental-friendly alternative. The proposed electrical bicycle uses a universal series motor which has a low cost and weight but needs a high supply voltage. Standard batteries have a 24 V supply voltage which is far too low for universal series motor so a DC-DC converter with a high conversion ratio is needed. This paper proposes a soft-switch DC-DC converter with a high conversion ratio with an efficiency of 92%.
{"title":"Soft-Switch DC-DC Converter with a High Conversion Ratio for an Electrical Bicycle","authors":"B. Meersman, S. Thielemans, K. De Gusseme, A. van den Bossche","doi":"10.1109/VPPC.2007.4544240","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2007.4544240","url":null,"abstract":"Transportation plays a big part in our society and to keep our environment sustainable, an environmental solution is needed. Unlike the car which accounts for a substantial percentage of worldwide greenhouse gas emissions, the electrical bicycle provides a healthy environmental-friendly alternative. The proposed electrical bicycle uses a universal series motor which has a low cost and weight but needs a high supply voltage. Standard batteries have a 24 V supply voltage which is far too low for universal series motor so a DC-DC converter with a high conversion ratio is needed. This paper proposes a soft-switch DC-DC converter with a high conversion ratio with an efficiency of 92%.","PeriodicalId":345424,"journal":{"name":"2007 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114567612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-09-01DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2007.4544108
C. Mi, Ben Q. Li, D. Buck, N. Ota
The successful implementation and commercialization of hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) rely largely on energy storage systems. Lithium-ion batteries offer potential advantages in energy density, power density, and cost for this purpose. One of the challenges imposed by lithium-ion battery is the thermal management. The best operating temperature of lithium-ion battery is from -10degC to 50degC. An effective thermal management system is critical to maintain the health and life span of the battery. A good thermal management system starts with accurate prediction of the thermal conditions of the battery. This paper is aimed to evaluate the thermal management system of a lithium-ion battery pack designed for HEV applications, including estimating the thermal loss of the battery pack based on electric characteristics and experiments; predicting the temperature rise of the battery pack based on the test results of a single cell, and modeling the temperature gradients of the battery pack under different operating conditions.
{"title":"Advanced Electro-Thermal Modeling of Lithium-Ion Battery System for Hybrid Electric Vehicle Applications","authors":"C. Mi, Ben Q. Li, D. Buck, N. Ota","doi":"10.1109/VPPC.2007.4544108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2007.4544108","url":null,"abstract":"The successful implementation and commercialization of hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) rely largely on energy storage systems. Lithium-ion batteries offer potential advantages in energy density, power density, and cost for this purpose. One of the challenges imposed by lithium-ion battery is the thermal management. The best operating temperature of lithium-ion battery is from -10degC to 50degC. An effective thermal management system is critical to maintain the health and life span of the battery. A good thermal management system starts with accurate prediction of the thermal conditions of the battery. This paper is aimed to evaluate the thermal management system of a lithium-ion battery pack designed for HEV applications, including estimating the thermal loss of the battery pack based on electric characteristics and experiments; predicting the temperature rise of the battery pack based on the test results of a single cell, and modeling the temperature gradients of the battery pack under different operating conditions.","PeriodicalId":345424,"journal":{"name":"2007 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference","volume":"308 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116622485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-09-01DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2007.4544161
A. Payman, S. Pierfederici, F. Meibody-Tabar
Two different topologies of an electrical hybrid system composed of a fuel cell as main source and an ultracapacitor as auxiliary source are investigated in this paper. To control these hybrid systems, a flatness-based control method which eliminates algorithm commutation in different operating modes is employed and its operation is studied in each structure. After simulating model of the structures, system efficiency in steady states is calculated while all ohmic, switching and conduction losses are considered. The simulation results show well performance of the proposed control method in both topologies and allow comparing operation of the systems in different situations.
{"title":"Performance Investigation and Comparison of Two Different Electrical Hybrid System Structures","authors":"A. Payman, S. Pierfederici, F. Meibody-Tabar","doi":"10.1109/VPPC.2007.4544161","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2007.4544161","url":null,"abstract":"Two different topologies of an electrical hybrid system composed of a fuel cell as main source and an ultracapacitor as auxiliary source are investigated in this paper. To control these hybrid systems, a flatness-based control method which eliminates algorithm commutation in different operating modes is employed and its operation is studied in each structure. After simulating model of the structures, system efficiency in steady states is calculated while all ohmic, switching and conduction losses are considered. The simulation results show well performance of the proposed control method in both topologies and allow comparing operation of the systems in different situations.","PeriodicalId":345424,"journal":{"name":"2007 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115416606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-09-01DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2007.4544149
A. Khaligh
Distributed DC power systems are becoming increasingly common in advanced electric and hybrid electric vehicles. In these systems, secondary energy storage component is connected to the main high voltage DC bus and consequently traction machine as well as other loads through a bi-directional DC/DC converter. In this paper, it has been shown that, during discharging mode of battery, the traction machine, which is being fed through this converter may act as a CPL. Constant power load (CPL) behavior of tightly regulated DC/DC converters, inverters, and motor drives in distributed DC power systems is equivalent to the dynamic negative impedance, destabilizing the DC bus and consequently the system. We investigate the stability of bi-directional converter of the energy storage systems of a Toyota hybrid system II. Stability of converter in presence of loss components is analyzed and design criteria are presented.
{"title":"Stability Criteria for the Energy Storage Bi-directional Dc/Dc Converter in the Toyota Hybrid System II","authors":"A. Khaligh","doi":"10.1109/VPPC.2007.4544149","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2007.4544149","url":null,"abstract":"Distributed DC power systems are becoming increasingly common in advanced electric and hybrid electric vehicles. In these systems, secondary energy storage component is connected to the main high voltage DC bus and consequently traction machine as well as other loads through a bi-directional DC/DC converter. In this paper, it has been shown that, during discharging mode of battery, the traction machine, which is being fed through this converter may act as a CPL. Constant power load (CPL) behavior of tightly regulated DC/DC converters, inverters, and motor drives in distributed DC power systems is equivalent to the dynamic negative impedance, destabilizing the DC bus and consequently the system. We investigate the stability of bi-directional converter of the energy storage systems of a Toyota hybrid system II. Stability of converter in presence of loss components is analyzed and design criteria are presented.","PeriodicalId":345424,"journal":{"name":"2007 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference","volume":"93 21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125018704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-09-01DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2007.4544238
M. Flynn, C. Hearn, M. C. Lewis, R. Thompson, R. Longoria
This paper describes simulation results obtained through modeling the operation of a 6.7 m long hydrogen-powered shuttle bus. The actual shuttle bus and its hydrogen refueling station constitute the first of its kind in the state of Texas. The simulations are used to initially verify the stated performance of the shuttle bus and to validate the modeling approach. The vehicle model is then modified to assess the predicted changes in performance, efficiency, and route following capability while conducting a parametric study involving fuel cell and internal combustion prime movers as well as chemical battery and flywheel energy storage systems. Simulation results show that a fuel cell-powered shuttle bus with a high power density, low mass energy storage system provides the highest vehicle range and lowest energy consumption.
{"title":"Prime Mover and Energy Storage Considerations for a Hydrogen-Powered Series Hybrid Shuttle Bus","authors":"M. Flynn, C. Hearn, M. C. Lewis, R. Thompson, R. Longoria","doi":"10.1109/VPPC.2007.4544238","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2007.4544238","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes simulation results obtained through modeling the operation of a 6.7 m long hydrogen-powered shuttle bus. The actual shuttle bus and its hydrogen refueling station constitute the first of its kind in the state of Texas. The simulations are used to initially verify the stated performance of the shuttle bus and to validate the modeling approach. The vehicle model is then modified to assess the predicted changes in performance, efficiency, and route following capability while conducting a parametric study involving fuel cell and internal combustion prime movers as well as chemical battery and flywheel energy storage systems. Simulation results show that a fuel cell-powered shuttle bus with a high power density, low mass energy storage system provides the highest vehicle range and lowest energy consumption.","PeriodicalId":345424,"journal":{"name":"2007 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129083393","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-09-01DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2007.4544186
J. Miller
Ultracapacitor performance under constant current conditions is well understood and documented. However, constant power testing and performance evaluations in real world applications are less well understood and only sparsely reported on. This paper develops the basics of constant power charging and discharging of the carbon-carbon ultracapacitor, presents the newly developed electronic equivalent circuit model, its validation procedures against IEC62391 with illustrative examples and a demonstration application. A combined electro-mechanical-thermal simulation demonstration model is presented for an ac motor drive example to highlight the electrical and thermal aspects of the ultracapacitor under demanding real world conditions.
{"title":"Electrical and Thermal Performance of the Carbon-carbon Ultracapacitor Under Constant Power Conditions","authors":"J. Miller","doi":"10.1109/VPPC.2007.4544186","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2007.4544186","url":null,"abstract":"Ultracapacitor performance under constant current conditions is well understood and documented. However, constant power testing and performance evaluations in real world applications are less well understood and only sparsely reported on. This paper develops the basics of constant power charging and discharging of the carbon-carbon ultracapacitor, presents the newly developed electronic equivalent circuit model, its validation procedures against IEC62391 with illustrative examples and a demonstration application. A combined electro-mechanical-thermal simulation demonstration model is presented for an ac motor drive example to highlight the electrical and thermal aspects of the ultracapacitor under demanding real world conditions.","PeriodicalId":345424,"journal":{"name":"2007 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference","volume":"237 18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127957162","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-09-01DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2007.4544200
B. Vaseghi, B. Nahid-Mobarakeh, N. Takorabet, F. Meibody-Tabar
In this paper a simple dynamic model for a rotor surface mounted PMSM with inter-turn winding fault is derived using the reference frame theory. Finite element analysis is used for parameter determination and study of pole number influence. The proposed model is validated by time stepping FEM analysis. The dynamic model results exhibit the same trend as predicted by FEM analysis for different fault insulation resistances.
{"title":"Modeling of Non-Salient PM Synchronous Machines under Stator Winding Inter-turn Fault Condition: Dynamic Model - FEM Model","authors":"B. Vaseghi, B. Nahid-Mobarakeh, N. Takorabet, F. Meibody-Tabar","doi":"10.1109/VPPC.2007.4544200","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2007.4544200","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper a simple dynamic model for a rotor surface mounted PMSM with inter-turn winding fault is derived using the reference frame theory. Finite element analysis is used for parameter determination and study of pole number influence. The proposed model is validated by time stepping FEM analysis. The dynamic model results exhibit the same trend as predicted by FEM analysis for different fault insulation resistances.","PeriodicalId":345424,"journal":{"name":"2007 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference","volume":"43 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120908346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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