Fundamental Research最新文献

英文中文

Towards sustainable use of acidic soils: Deciphering aluminum-resistant mechanisms in plants 迈向酸性土壤的可持续利用:解读植物的抗铝机制

IF 6.2 3区综合性期刊 Q1 Multidisciplinary

Fundamental Research

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.fmre.2023.03.004

Xiao Fang Zhu , Ren Fang Shen

The widespread occurrence of acidic soils presents a major challenge for agriculture, as it hampers productivity via a combination of mineral toxicity, nutrient deficiency, and poor water uptake. Conventional remediation methods, such as amending the soil with lime, magnesium, or calcium, are expensive and not environmentally friendly. The most effective method to mitigate soil acidity is the cultivation of acid-tolerant cultivars. The ability of plants to tolerate acidic soils varies significantly, and a key factor influencing this tolerance is aluminum (Al) toxicity. Therefore, understanding the physiological, molecular, and genetic underpinnings of Al tolerance is essential for the successful breeding of acid-tolerant crops. Different tolerance mechanisms are regulated by various genes and quantitative trait loci in various plant species, and molecular markers have been developed to facilitate gene cloning and to support marker-assisted selection for breeding Al-tolerant cultivars. This study provides a comprehensive review of the current developments in understanding the physiological and molecular mechanisms underlying Al resistance. Through the application of genome-wide association methods, it is expected that new Al-resistant genes can be identified and utilized to cultivate Al-resistant varieties through intercrossing, backcrossing, and molecular marker-assisted selection, promoting the sustainable use of acidic soils.

酸性土壤的广泛存在给农业带来了重大挑战，因为它通过矿物毒性、营养缺乏和水分吸收不良的组合阻碍了生产力。传统的修复方法，如用石灰、镁或钙来修复土壤，既昂贵又不环保。缓解土壤酸性的最有效方法是培育耐酸品种。植物对酸性土壤的耐受性差异很大，影响其耐受性的关键因素是铝毒性。因此，了解铝耐受性的生理、分子和遗传基础对成功选育耐酸作物至关重要。不同植物品种的耐铝机制受不同基因和数量性状位点的调控，分子标记的开发为耐铝品种的克隆和标记辅助选择提供了便利。本研究全面综述了铝抗性的生理和分子机制的最新进展。应用全基因组关联方法，通过杂交、回交、分子标记辅助选择等方法，鉴定出新的抗铝基因，培育抗铝品种，促进酸性土壤的可持续利用。

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引用次数: 0

The role of pentacoordinate Al3+ sites of Pt/Al2O3 catalysts in propane dehydrogenation Pt/Al2O3催化剂五配位Al3+在丙烷脱氢中的作用

IF 6.2 3区综合性期刊 Q1 Multidisciplinary

Fundamental Research

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.fmre.2022.08.020

Yan Wang , Chunlei Pei , Xianhui Wang , Guodong Sun , Zhi-Jian Zhao , Jinlong Gong

Pentacoordinate Al³⁺ (Al³⁺_penta) sites on alumina (Al₂O₃) could anchor and stabilize the active site over the catalyst surface. The paper describes the specific effect of Al³⁺_penta sites on the structure and the catalytic performance of Al₂O₃ supported Pt catalysts by modulating the quantity of Al³⁺_penta sites. The Al³⁺_penta site content of Al₂O₃ exhibits a volcano-type profile as a function of calcination temperature due to the structural rearrangement. The loading of Pt and subsequent calcination can consume a significant portion of Al³⁺_penta sites over the Al₂O₃ support. We further find that, when the calcination temperature of the impregnated Al₂O₃ is higher than the calcination temperature of Al₂O₃ precursor, the structural rearrangement of Al³⁺_penta sites could make Pt partially buried in Al₂O₃. Consequently, this partially buried structure leads to relatively low conversion but high stability for propane dehydrogenation. This work further elucidates the stabilization mechanism of the Al³⁺_penta site over Al₂O₃ support.

氧化铝（Al2O3）上的五配位Al3+ (Al3+penta)位点可以锚定和稳定催化剂表面的活性位点。通过调节Al3+五价位的数量，研究了Al3+五价位对Al2O3负载Pt催化剂结构和催化性能的具体影响。由于结构重排，Al2O3的Al3+五羧基含量随煅烧温度的变化呈火山型分布。Pt的加载和随后的煅烧可以在Al2O3载体上消耗相当一部分Al3+penta位点。进一步发现，当浸渍Al2O3的煅烧温度高于Al2O3前驱体的煅烧温度时，Al3+五价位的结构重排可以使Pt部分埋埋在Al2O3中。因此，这种部分埋藏的结构导致丙烷脱氢的转化率相对较低，但稳定性较高。这项工作进一步阐明了Al3+五羧基在Al2O3载体上的稳定机制。

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引用次数: 0

Challenges and prospects for advanced packaging 先进包装的挑战和前景

IF 6.2 3区综合性期刊 Q1 Multidisciplinary

Fundamental Research

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.fmre.2023.04.014

Zhiwen Chen , Jiaju Zhang , Shizhao Wang , Ching-Ping Wong

In the post-Moore era, advanced packaging is becoming more critical to meet the everlasting demands of electronic products with smaller size, more powerful performance and lower cost. In this paper, developments in advanced packaging have been discussed, such as 3D IC packaging, fan-out packaging, and chiplet packaging. Insights on the major advantages and challenges have also been briefly introduced. Our prospects about the solutions to some fundamental issues in sustainable development of advanced packaging have also been elucidated. The critical aspects and opportunities lie in standardization, co-design tools, new handling technologies, as well as multi-scale modeling and simulation.

在后摩尔时代，为了满足电子产品尺寸更小、性能更强大、成本更低的永恒需求，先进的封装变得越来越重要。本文讨论了先进封装的发展，如3D集成电路封装、扇形封装和小片封装。本文还简要介绍了其主要优势和挑战。并对先进包装可持续发展中一些基本问题的解决方法进行了展望。关键的方面和机会在于标准化，协同设计工具，新的处理技术，以及多尺度建模和仿真。

引用次数: 0

Integrated chips: An interdisciplinary evolution in the Post-Moore Era 集成芯片：后摩尔时代的跨学科进化

IF 6.2 3区综合性期刊 Q1 Multidisciplinary

Fundamental Research

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.fmre.2024.09.009

Ninghui Sun , Ming Liu

引用次数: 0

Spatiotemporal information conversion machine for time-series forecasting 时序预测的时空信息转换机

IF 6.2 3区综合性期刊 Q1 Multidisciplinary

Fundamental Research

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.fmre.2022.12.009

Hao Peng , Pei Chen , Rui Liu , Luonan Chen

Making time-series forecasting in a robust way is a difficult task only based on the observed data of a nonlinear system. In this work, a neural network computing framework, the spatiotemporal information conversion machine (STICM), was developed to efficiently and accurately render a forecasting of a time series by employing a spatial-temporal information (STI) transformation. STICM combines the advantages of both the STI equation and the temporal convolutional network, which maps the high-dimensional/spatial data to the future temporal values of a target variable, thus naturally providing the forecasting of the target variable. From the observed variables, the STICM also infers the causal factors of the target variable in the sense of Granger causality, which are in turn selected as effective spatial information to improve the robustness of time-series forecasting. The STICM was successfully applied to both benchmark systems and real-world datasets, all of which show superior and robust performance in time-series forecasting, even when the data were perturbed by noise. From both theoretical and computational viewpoints, the STICM has great potential in practical applications in artificial intelligence or as a model-free method based only on the observed data, and also opens a new way to explore the observed high-dimensional data in a dynamical manner for machine learning.

仅根据非线性系统的观测数据对时间序列进行鲁棒预测是一项困难的任务。在这项工作中，开发了一个神经网络计算框架，即时空信息转换机（STICM），通过使用时空信息（STI）转换来高效准确地呈现时间序列的预测。STICM结合了STI方程和时间卷积网络的优点，将高维/空间数据映射到目标变量的未来时间值，从而自然地提供了目标变量的预测。从观测变量中推断出目标变量在格兰杰因果关系意义上的因果因素，进而选择这些因果因素作为有效的空间信息，提高时间序列预测的稳健性。该方法已成功应用于基准系统和实际数据集，即使数据受到噪声干扰，在时间序列预测中也表现出优异的鲁棒性。从理论和计算的角度来看，STICM在人工智能的实际应用中或作为一种仅基于观测数据的无模型方法具有很大的潜力，也为机器学习以动态的方式探索观测到的高维数据开辟了新的途径。

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引用次数: 0

Biodegradable nanoparticles-mediated targeted drug delivery achieves trans-spatial immunotherapy 可生物降解纳米颗粒介导的靶向药物递送实现跨空间免疫治疗

IF 6.2 3区综合性期刊 Q1 Multidisciplinary

Fundamental Research

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.fmre.2022.11.003

Yi Wang , Min Qian , Yibo Xie , Xiaoyi Zhang , Yanhui Qin , Rongqin Huang

Immunotherapy has been seriously retarded due to inadequate antigen presentation and a tumor cell-dominated immunosuppressive microenvironment (TME). Herein, biodegradable multifunctional mesoporous silica nanoparticles, with dispersed carbon nanodots incorporated into the frameworks, active TKD peptide modification on the surfaces and hydrophobic drug loading in the pores, were prepared for targeted chemotherapy synergized with trans-spatial immunotherapy. The nanoparticles were biodegradable due to nanodot-induced framework swelling, which would (1) kill the in situ tumor cells and promote antigen release by targeted chemotherapy and (2) trigger biodegraded debris involving TKD and CDs to largely adsorb the tumor antigens via π-π conjugation synergized hydrophobic interactions and then massively transport these antigens from the tumor cell-dominated TME to the immune cell-dominated spleen via TKD-mediated small size effects. Thereafter, these antigens can be processed into antigen peptides via TKD-mediated lysosome endocytosis and then activate T cells in the spleen via MHC complex construction and dendritic cell cytomembrane presentation. Therefore, improved immunotherapy with trans-spatial antigen presentation avoided TME immunosuppression, which when synergized with targeted chemotherapy, markedly enhanced the therapeutic outcomes of triple-negative breast cancer.

由于抗原呈递不足和肿瘤细胞主导的免疫抑制微环境（TME），免疫治疗已经严重滞后。本文制备了可生物降解的多功能介孔二氧化硅纳米颗粒，将分散的碳纳米点纳入框架，表面进行活性TKD肽修饰，并在孔隙中装载疏水药物，用于靶向化疗和跨空间免疫治疗协同。由于纳米点诱导的框架肿胀，纳米颗粒是可生物降解的，这将(1)通过靶向化疗杀死原位肿瘤细胞并促进抗原释放；(2)触发涉及TKD和cd的生物降解碎片通过π-π偶联协同疏水相互作用大量吸附肿瘤抗原，然后通过TKD介导的小尺寸效应将这些抗原从肿瘤细胞主导的TME大量运输到免疫细胞主导的脾脏。然后，这些抗原可以通过tkd介导的溶酶体内吞作用加工成抗原肽，然后通过MHC复合物的构建和树突状细胞细胞膜的呈递激活脾脏的T细胞。因此，改进的跨空间抗原呈递免疫疗法避免了TME免疫抑制，当与靶向化疗协同时，显著提高了三阴性乳腺癌的治疗效果。

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引用次数: 0

Non-small-molecule therapeutics for drug addiction: From pharmaco-kinetics modulating to synthetic biology 药物成瘾的非小分子疗法:从药代动力学调节到合成生物学

IF 6.2 3区综合性期刊 Q1 Multidisciplinary

Fundamental Research

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.fmre.2022.09.027

Yuanpeng Li , Yibo Wang , Lin Lu , Jie Shi , Xiaohui Wang

Drug addiction is a pervasive problem worldwide. It not only affects the abuser's life, but also poses a serious threat to public health. Accordingly, there is a strong demand for the development of novel and effective therapies for drug addiction. Considering that small-molecule drugs have only had limited success, there is great interest in developing alternative strategies that extend the reach of small-molecule-based therapies. The antibody-based trapping approach and the enzyme catalytic strategy have been considered as promising ways to reduce the euphoria of drug users by altering drug pharmacokinetics and decreasing drug concentrations in the central nervous system. However, these biological macromolecules are generally unstable and their in vivo half-lives are short. With the rapid development of gene editing technologies, it is possible to perform ex vivo gene therapy for the long-term and stable delivery of enzymes and other effector proteins, which could free abusers from frequent injections of therapeutics. By constructing programmed gene switches that regulate spatiotemporal gene expression in response to illicit drugs, this perspective proposed the concept of preventing drug addiction by the drug itself. This strategy enables the controlled release of therapeutic proteins in vivo and is expected to improve patient safety and compliance. This will open up new opportunities for next-generation medicine and hold great promise for expanding our ability to treat drug addiction.

吸毒成瘾是全世界普遍存在的问题。它不仅影响施虐者的生活，而且对公众健康构成严重威胁。因此，迫切需要开发新型有效的药物成瘾治疗方法。考虑到小分子药物只有有限的成功，有很大的兴趣开发替代策略，扩大小分子为基础的治疗范围。基于抗体的诱捕方法和酶催化策略被认为是通过改变药物药代动力学和降低中枢神经系统药物浓度来降低吸毒者欣快感的有希望的方法。然而，这些生物大分子通常是不稳定的，它们的体内半衰期很短。随着基因编辑技术的快速发展，可以进行体外基因治疗，长期稳定地递送酶和其他效应蛋白，这可以使滥用者免于频繁注射治疗药物。通过构建程序化的基因开关，调节对非法药物的时空基因表达，这一观点提出了药物本身预防药物成瘾的概念。该策略使治疗性蛋白在体内的控制释放成为可能，并有望提高患者的安全性和依从性。这将为下一代医学开辟新的机会，并为扩大我们治疗药物成瘾的能力带来巨大的希望。

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引用次数: 0

The dead lithium formation under mechano-electrochemical coupling in lithium metal batteries 金属锂电池力学-电化学耦合作用下死锂的形成

IF 6.2 3区综合性期刊 Q1 Multidisciplinary

Fundamental Research

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.fmre.2022.11.005

Xin Shen , Rui Zhang , Peng Shi , Xue-Qiang Zhang , Xiang Chen , Chen-Zi Zhao , Peng Wu , Yi-Ming Guo , Jia-Qi Huang , Qiang Zhang

Lithium metal is one of the most promising anode materials for next-generation high-energy-density rechargeable batteries. A fundamental mechanism understanding of the dead lithium formation under the interplay of electrochemistry and mechanics in lithium metal batteries is strongly considered. Herein, we proposed a mechano-electrochemical phase-field model to describe the lithium stripping process and quantify the dead lithium formation under stress. In particular, the rupture of solid electrolyte interphase and the shift of equilibrium potential caused by stress are coupled into stripping kinetics. The impact of external pressure on dead lithium formation with various electrolyte properties and initial electrodeposited morphologies is revealed. The overlooked detrimental effect of external pressure on Li stripping affords fresh insights into cell configuration and pressure management, which is critical for practical applications of lithium metal batteries.

锂金属是下一代高能量密度可充电电池最有前途的负极材料之一。在电化学和力学的相互作用下，对锂金属电池中死锂形成的基本机制进行了深入的研究。在此，我们提出了一个力学-电化学相场模型来描述锂汽提过程，并量化应力下死锂的形成。特别是固体电解质界面的破裂和应力引起的平衡电位的移动耦合到汽提动力学中。揭示了外部压力对具有不同电解质性质和初始电沉积形态的死锂形成的影响。外界压力对锂剥离的不利影响被忽视，这为电池结构和压力管理提供了新的见解，这对锂金属电池的实际应用至关重要。

引用次数: 0

Accelerating defect analysis of solar cells via machine learning of the modulated transient photovoltage

IF 6.2 3区综合性期刊 Q1 Multidisciplinary

Fundamental Research

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.fmre.2023.02.002

Yusheng Li , Yiming Li , Jiangjian Shi , Licheng Lou , Xiao Xu , Yuqi Cui , Jionghua Wu , Dongmei Li , Yanhong Luo , Huijue Wu , Qing Shen , Qingbo Meng

Fast and non-destructive analysis of material defect is a crucial demand for semiconductor devices. Herein, we are devoted to exploring a solar-cell defect analysis method based on machine learning of the modulated transient photovoltage (m-TPV) measurement. The perturbation photovoltage generation and decay mechanism of the solar cell is firstly clarified for this study. High-throughput electrical transient simulations are further carried out to establish a database containing millions of m-TPV curves. This database is subsequently used to train an artificial neural network to correlate the m-TPV and defect properties of the perovskite solar cell. A Back Propagation neural network has been screened out and applied to provide a multiple parameter defect analysis of the cell. This analysis reveals that in a practical solar cell, compared to the defect density, the charge capturing cross-section plays a more critical role in influencing the charge recombination properties. We believe this defect analysis approach will play a more important and diverse role for solar cell studies.

快速、无损地分析材料缺陷是半导体器件的关键需求。在此，我们致力于探索一种基于机器学习的调制瞬态光电压（m-TPV）测量的太阳能电池缺陷分析方法。本研究首次阐明了太阳能电池的微扰光电压产生和衰减机理。进一步进行了高通量电瞬态仿真，建立了包含数百万m-TPV曲线的数据库。该数据库随后用于训练人工神经网络，以关联钙钛矿太阳能电池的m-TPV和缺陷特性。筛选出一种反向传播神经网络，并将其应用于电池的多参数缺陷分析。分析表明，在实际太阳能电池中，电荷捕获截面对电荷复合性能的影响比缺陷密度更重要。我们相信这种缺陷分析方法将在太阳能电池的研究中发挥更重要和多样化的作用。

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引用次数: 0

Consolidating passenger and freight transportation in an urban–rural transit system 在城乡交通系统中整合客运和货运

IF 6.2 3区综合性期刊 Q1 Multidisciplinary

Fundamental Research

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.fmre.2023.06.008

Tao Wang , Hongzhang Shao , Xiaobo Qu , Jonas Eliasson

Buses are the most critical part of urban–rural transit systems. However, bus transit services in urban–rural areas face a trade-off between the need for better services and the low profitability resulting from low travel demand. In this study, we show that we can improve the utilization and profitability of urban–rural buses by merging freight transportation with passenger transportation. We developed a mixed-integer program to model and analyze the coordination between freight and passenger transportation in an urban–rural transit system. We then conducted a case study to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed approach. The numerical results indicate that the consolidation of passenger and freight transportation significantly reduces the operation cost of logistics companies and improves the profit of bus companies. We finally discuss the consolidation’s positive impacts on logistics companies, bus service providers, and society.

公共汽车是城乡交通系统中最关键的部分。然而，城乡公交服务面临着更好的服务需求和低出行需求导致的低盈利之间的权衡。研究结果表明，通过货运与客运并轨，可以提高城乡公交的利用率和盈利能力。我们开发了一个混合整数程序来模拟和分析城乡交通系统中货运和客运之间的协调。然后，我们进行了一个案例研究来评估所提出方法的有效性。数值计算结果表明，客货并轨大大降低了物流公司的运营成本，提高了公交公司的利润。最后，我们讨论了整合对物流公司、巴士服务供应商和社会的积极影响。

引用次数: 0

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