Fundamental Research最新文献_第6页

The coordinated impact of forest internal structural complexity and tree species diversity on forest productivity across forest biomes 森林内部结构复杂性和树种多样性对森林生产力的协调影响

IF 6.2 3区综合性期刊 Q1 Multidisciplinary

Fundamental Research

Pub Date : 2024-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.fmre.2022.10.005

Forest structural complexity can mediate the light and water distribution within forest canopies, and has a direct impact on forest biodiversity and carbon storage capability. It is believed that increases in forest structural complexity can enhance tree species diversity and forest productivity, but inconsistent relationships among them have been reported. Here, we quantified forest structural complexity in three aspects (i.e., horizontal, vertical, and internal structural complexity) from unmanned aerial vehicle light detection and ranging data, and investigated their correlations with tree species diversity and forest productivity by incorporating field measurements in three forest biomes with large latitude gradients in China. Our results show that internal structural complexity had a stronger correlation (correlation coefficient = 0.85) with tree species richness than horizontal structural complexity (correlation coefficient = -0.16) and vertical structural complexity (correlation coefficient = 0.61), and it was the only forest structural complexity attribute having significant correlations with both tree species richness and tree species evenness. A strong scale effect was observed in the correlations among forest structural complexity, tree species diversity, and forest productivity. Moreover, forest internal structural complexity had a tight positive coordinated contribution with tree species diversity to forest productivity through structure equation model analysis, while horizontal and vertical structural complexity attributes have insignificant or weaker coordinated effects than internal structural complexity, which indicated that the neglect of forest internal structural complexity might partially lead to the current inconsistent observations among forest structural complexity, tree species diversity, and forest productivity. The results of this study can provide a new angle to understand the observed inconsistent correlations among forest structural complexity, tree species diversity, and forest productivity.

森林结构的复杂性可以调节林冠内的光照和水分分布，并对森林生物多样性和碳储存能力产生直接影响。一般认为，森林结构复杂性的增加可提高树种多样性和森林生产力，但两者之间的关系报道并不一致。在此，我们利用无人机光探测和测距数据从三个方面（即水平、垂直和内部结构复杂性）量化了森林结构复杂性，并结合在中国纬度梯度较大的三个森林生物群落的实地测量结果，研究了它们与树种多样性和森林生产力的相关性。结果表明，内部结构复杂性与树种丰富度的相关性（相关系数=0.85）强于水平结构复杂性（相关系数=-0.16）和垂直结构复杂性（相关系数=0.61），是唯一与树种丰富度和树种均匀度均有显著相关性的森林结构复杂性属性。在森林结构复杂性、树种多样性和森林生产力之间的相关性中观察到了强烈的尺度效应。此外，通过结构方程模型分析，森林内部结构复杂性与树种多样性对森林生产力具有紧密的正向协调贡献，而水平和垂直结构复杂性属性的协调效应不明显或弱于内部结构复杂性，这表明对森林内部结构复杂性的忽视可能会部分导致目前森林结构复杂性、树种多样性和森林生产力之间观测结果的不一致。本研究的结果为理解森林结构复杂性、树种多样性和森林生产力之间不一致的相关性提供了一个新的视角。

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引用次数: 0

The role of intelligent technology in the development of urban air mobility systems: A technical perspective 智能技术在城市空中交通系统发展中的作用：技术视角

IF 6.2 3区综合性期刊 Q1 Multidisciplinary

Fundamental Research

Pub Date : 2024-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.fmre.2023.08.006

Urban Air Mobility (UAM) is an emerging transportation system that aims at revolutionizing urban mobility through the deployment of small electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) aircraft. The development of UAM is largely driven by advances in Intelligent Technology (IT). This review article provides an overview of the UAM system and discusses the application of IT in UAM. Major challenges facing UAM are also identified, and an outlook on the future of this promising transportation system is presented. Our main conclusions suggest that IT is a fundamental driver of UAM, enabling a range of applications such as air traffic management and autonomous drone control. However, the UAM system is facing a number of challenges, including eVTOL technology, system integration issues, and noise pollution. Despite these challenges, the future of UAM appears promising; as a disruptive transportation mode, UAM is expected to play an important role in addressing the growing demand of urban transportation in the coming decades.

城市空中交通（UAM）是一种新兴的交通系统，旨在通过部署小型电动垂直起降飞机（eVTOL）彻底改变城市交通。城市空中交通系统的发展在很大程度上是由智能技术（IT）的进步推动的。这篇综述文章概述了无人机系统，并讨论了信息技术在无人机系统中的应用。文章还指出了无人机空中作业系统面临的主要挑战，并对这一前景广阔的运输系统的未来进行了展望。我们的主要结论表明，信息技术是无人机空中交通管理的基本驱动力，可实现空中交通管理和无人机自主控制等一系列应用。然而，无人机空中交通管理系统正面临着一系列挑战，包括 eVTOL 技术、系统集成问题和噪声污染。尽管存在这些挑战，无人机空中交通系统的未来仍大有可为；作为一种颠覆性的交通模式，无人机空中交通系统有望在满足未来几十年日益增长的城市交通需求方面发挥重要作用。

引用次数: 0

Can software-defined vehicles never roll over: A perspective of active structural transformation 软件定义的车辆能否永不翻车：主动结构转型的视角

IF 6.2 3区综合性期刊 Q1 Multidisciplinary

Fundamental Research

Pub Date : 2024-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.fmre.2023.12.024

Bowei Zhang , Jin Huang , Jianping Wang , Yanzhao Su , Jiaxing Li , Xiangyu Wang , Ye-Hwa Chen , Yuhai Wang , Zhihua Zhong

The revolution of physical structure is highly significant for future software defined vehicles (SDV). Active structural transformation is a promising feature of the next generation of vehicle physical structure. It can enhance the dynamic performance of vehicles, thus providing safer and more comfortable ride experiences, such as the ability to avoid rollover in critical situations. Based on the active structural transformation technology, this study proposes a novel approach to improve the dynamic performance of a vehicle. The first analytical motion model of a vehicle with active structural transformation capability is established. Then, a multi-objective optimization problem with the adjustable parameters as design variables is abstracted and solved with an innovative scenario specific optimization method. Simulation results under different driving scenarios revealed that the active transformable vehicle applying the proposed method could significantly improve the handling stability without sacrificing the ride comfort, compared with a conventional vehicle with a fixed structure. The proposed method pipeline is defined by the software and supported by the hardware. It fully embodies the characteristics of SDV, and inspires the improvement of multiple types of vehicle performance based on the concept of “being defined by software” and the revolution of the physical structure.

物理结构的变革对未来的软件定义车辆（SDV）意义重大。主动结构转换是下一代汽车物理结构的一个有前途的特征。它可以增强车辆的动态性能，从而提供更安全、更舒适的驾乘体验，例如在危急情况下避免侧翻的能力。基于主动结构转换技术，本研究提出了一种改善车辆动态性能的新方法。首先建立了具有主动结构转换能力的车辆分析运动模型。然后，以可调参数为设计变量，抽象出一个多目标优化问题，并采用创新的特定场景优化方法进行求解。不同驾驶场景下的仿真结果表明，与采用固定结构的传统汽车相比，采用所提方法的主动变形汽车能在不牺牲乘坐舒适性的前提下显著提高操控稳定性。所提出的方法管道由软件定义，硬件支持。它充分体现了 SDV 的特点，并在 "由软件定义 "的理念和物理结构革命的基础上激发了多种类型车辆性能的改善。

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引用次数: 0

Allergenic risk assessment of porcine myoglobin expressed by engineered Komagataella Phaffii 猪肌红蛋白的过敏风险评估

IF 6.2 3区综合性期刊 Q1 Multidisciplinary

Fundamental Research

Pub Date : 2024-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.fmre.2023.11.017

Myoglobin produced by fermentation using engineered Komagataella phaffii is an important color additive in meat analogue products, but its allergenicity is poorly understood. Here, we initially searched the Allergen Online database and did not find any allergic or cross-reactive proteins in porcine myoglobin (PM). In vitro simulated digestion demonstrated that PM did not exhibit notable acid-base resistance or anti-digestion capabilities. However, sensitization was observed in BALB/c mice, including a significant increase in specific antibodies and biomarkers for allergic reactions, as well as alterations in gut microbiome and serum metabolome. Interestingly, the intensity of sensitization exhibited a negative correlation with the purity of PM. 60% and 88% purities showed weaker sensitization compared to the ovalbumin control group. These allergic reactions were likely due to the non-myoglobin protein portion, highlighting the importance of purification processes and the urgent need to assess the allergenicity of this portion.

通过使用工程化的 Komagataella phaffii 发酵产生的肌红蛋白是肉类类似产品中的一种重要色素添加剂，但对其过敏性却知之甚少。在此，我们初步搜索了过敏原在线数据库，没有在猪肌红蛋白（PM）中发现任何过敏或交叉反应蛋白。体外模拟消化表明，猪肌红蛋白没有表现出明显的耐酸碱性或抗消化能力。然而，在 BALB/c 小鼠体内观察到了致敏现象，包括特异性抗体和过敏反应生物标志物的显著增加，以及肠道微生物组和血清代谢组的改变。有趣的是，过敏的强度与 PM 的纯度呈负相关。与卵清蛋白对照组相比，纯度为60%和88%的可吸入颗粒物的致敏程度较弱。这些过敏反应很可能是由非肌红蛋白部分引起的，这凸显了纯化过程的重要性以及评估这部分蛋白质过敏性的迫切需要。

引用次数: 0

Double safety guarantees: Food-grade photothermal complex with a pH-triggered NIR absorption from zero to one 双重安全保证：食品级光热复合物，pH值触发近红外吸收从零到一

IF 6.2 3区综合性期刊 Q1 Multidisciplinary

Fundamental Research

Pub Date : 2024-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.fmre.2022.06.004

Photothermal therapy has aroused great attention and showed promising potential in minimally invasive tumor ablation, but the clinical translation is still stifled by the concerns of unwanted injury to normal tissues. The safety concerns might be completely solved only when the two security obstacles of “material-toxicity” and “photo-toxicity” were overcome simultaneously. Herein, a completely non-toxic food-grade photothermal transduction agent (PTA) with double safety guarantees was invented, which shows an absolute transformation of the photothermal effect from “0” to “1” after being triggered by an acidic tumor microenvironment. Inspired by the classical starch-iodine test, a preprogrammed [starch-KI-KIO₃] complex was prepared in large quantities through a modified wet-milling procedure. It's demonstrated that a macroscopic consecutive reaction could be triggered by low pH to produce the starch-iodine complex which can generate lethal temperature under the near-infrared light irradiation. Meanwhile, the PTA shows excellent biocompatibility with no “material-toxicity” owing to the raw materials drawn from our daily food. Animal experiments reveal that the tumor microenvironment can activate the switch of photothermal effect from “0” to “1” successfully, which is thus responsible for the discriminative photo-damage to the tumor region while no “photo-toxicity” to normal tissue. The good treatment efficacy confirms the feasibility of such photothermal transduction agents with double safety guarantees in clinical applications.

光热疗法在微创肿瘤消融方面引起了极大的关注，并显示出良好的潜力，但临床应用仍因担心对正常组织造成不必要的伤害而受阻。只有同时克服 "材料毒性 "和 "光毒性 "这两个安全障碍，才能彻底解决安全问题。在此，我们发明了一种完全无毒、具有双重安全保障的食品级光热传导剂（PTA），它在酸性肿瘤微环境的触发下，光热效应从 "0 "到 "1 "的绝对转化。受经典的淀粉-碘试验启发，通过改进的湿法研磨程序，大量制备了预编程的[淀粉-KI-KIO3]复合物。实验证明，低 pH 值可引发宏观连续反应，产生淀粉-碘复合物，该复合物在近红外光照射下可产生致命温度。同时，由于原材料取自我们的日常食物，PTA 具有良好的生物相容性，没有 "材料毒性"。动物实验表明，肿瘤微环境能成功激活光热效应从 "0 "到 "1 "的开关，从而对肿瘤区域产生辨别性光损伤，而对正常组织无 "光毒性"。良好的治疗效果证实了这种具有双重安全保障的光热传导制剂在临床应用中的可行性。

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引用次数: 0

Event-triggered neuroadaptive predefined practical finite-time control for dynamic positioning vessels: A time-based generator approach 动态定位血管的事件触发神经自适应预定义实用有限时间控制：一种基于时间的生成器方法

IF 6.2 3区综合性期刊 Q1 Multidisciplinary

Fundamental Research

Pub Date : 2024-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.fmre.2022.09.013

This paper discusses the predefined practical finite-time (PPFT) dynamic positioning (DP) control problem for DP vessels subject to internal/external uncertainties. Those heterogeneity uncertainties are handled by a separate-type treatment approach. The finite-time (FT) DP control is fulfilled by a predefined FT function on the basis of a time-based generator (TBG). Under the dynamic surface control together with the TBG design framework, the convergence time and control accuracy of the DP system can be determined by the designer offline. Meanwhile, the virtual derivation and computational burden problems are dissolved by using a first-order filter and virtual parameter learning technique. To reduce mechanical wear, an event-triggering protocol between the control law and the actuator is built to reduce the operating frequency of the actuator. An event-triggered neuroadaptive PPFT control scheme is presented for DP vessels. The stability of the closed-loop DP control systems is validated via the Lyapunov theorem. Approach efficiency is confirmed by numerical examples.

本文讨论了受内部/外部不确定性影响的 DP 船舶的预定义实用有限时间（PPFT）动态定位（DP）控制问题。这些异质性不确定性通过单独类型的处理方法进行处理。有限时间（FT）DP 控制由基于时间发生器（TBG）的预定义 FT 函数实现。在动态表面控制和 TBG 设计框架下，设计人员可离线确定 DP 系统的收敛时间和控制精度。同时，利用一阶滤波器和虚拟参数学习技术解决了虚拟推导和计算负担问题。为减少机械磨损，在控制法则和执行器之间建立了事件触发协议，以降低执行器的工作频率。针对 DP 船舶提出了一种事件触发神经自适应 PPFT 控制方案。闭环 DP 控制系统的稳定性通过 Lyapunov 定理得到了验证。通过数值示例证实了该方法的效率。

引用次数: 0

Are more charging piles imperative to future electrified transportation system? 未来的电气化交通系统是否需要更多的充电桩？

IF 6.2 3区综合性期刊 Q1 Multidisciplinary

Fundamental Research

Pub Date : 2024-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.fmre.2022.12.006

Scholars and practitioners believe that the large-scale deployment of charging piles is imperative to our future electric transportation systems. Major economies ambitiously install charging pile networks, with massive construction spending, maintenance costs, and urban space occupation. However, recent developments in technology may significantly reduce the necessary charging capacity required by the system. This paper develops a linear programming model to characterize the effects of likely scenarios where vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) charging is available via vehicle modularization or wireless charging. Specifically, we consider scenarios in which vehicles can transmit energy to each other (coordinated by a central platform) while traveling closely on the same road. We first estimate the number of charging piles needed for completing the travel plan of 73 cars from data, assuming a battery capacity of 400 km’s range and no V2V charging. Our results show that once V2V charging technologies with an efficiency of 50% are available, more than 2/3 of the charging piles investment would be wasted. Additionally, if the efficiency of V2V charging increases to 75%, we can easily reduce the battery capacity of vehicles to 200 km, which will reduce production costs and improve energy efficiency. These results may reveal us an alternative pathway towards transportation electrification.

学者和从业人员认为，大规模部署充电桩是未来电动交通系统的当务之急。各主要经济体都雄心勃勃地安装充电桩网络，并投入大量建设资金、维护成本和城市空间占用。然而，最近的技术发展可能会大大降低系统所需的充电容量。本文建立了一个线性规划模型，以描述通过车辆模块化或无线充电实现车对车（V2V）充电的可能情景的影响。具体来说，我们考虑了车辆在同一条道路上紧密行驶时可以相互传输能量（由中央平台协调）的情景。我们首先从数据中估算出完成 73 辆汽车的出行计划所需的充电桩数量，假设电池容量为 400 公里续航里程，且没有 V2V 充电。我们的结果表明，一旦出现效率为 50%的 V2V 充电技术，超过 2/3 的充电桩投资将被浪费。此外，如果 V2V 充电效率提高到 75%，我们就可以轻松将汽车电池容量降至 200 公里，从而降低生产成本，提高能源效率。这些结果或许能为我们揭示一条通往交通电气化的另一条道路。

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引用次数: 0

The structural decoration of Ru catalysts by boron for enhanced propane dehydrogenation 硼修饰Ru催化剂的结构用于丙烷脱氢反应

IF 6.2 3区综合性期刊 Q1 Multidisciplinary

Fundamental Research

Pub Date : 2024-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.fmre.2022.04.012

Propane dehydrogenation (PDH) is an efficient technology for the direct production of propylene. Nevertheless, current PDH catalysts mainly rely on precious Pt or toxic Cr and especially undergo severe coke deposition. Herein, we report a Ru catalyst decorated by boron species (Ru-3B/Al₂O₃), which exhibits high catalytic performance for PDH. HAADF-STEM, EELS, and CO-FTIR characterization are used to identify the surface structure of the Ru active component, which shows that the high-energy unsaturated coordination sites, including corners, edges and step atoms for Ru-3B/Al₂O_3, are appropriately modified by BO_x species. The encapsulation of high-energy active sites prone to CC cracking and deep dehydrogenation leads to higher propylene selectivity (> 95%) and strong carbon resistance (k_d 0.0007 min) over Ru-3B/Al₂O₃. The XPS and H₂-TPR results show that the migration of B species is driven by the reduction of B₂O₃ to B₂O₂ and that the coating degree of Ru particles is controlled by the chemical valance of Ru species.

丙烷脱氢（PDH）是一种直接生产丙烯的高效技术。然而，目前的丙烷脱氢催化剂主要依赖于贵重的铂或有毒的铬，尤其是会产生严重的焦炭沉积。在此，我们报告了一种由硼物种装饰的 Ru 催化剂（Ru-3B/Al2O3），它对 PDH 具有很高的催化性能。我们利用 HAADF-STEM、EELS 和 CO-FTIR 表征来确定 Ru 活性组分的表面结构，结果表明 Ru-3B/Al2O3 的高能不饱和配位位点（包括角、边和阶跃原子）被 BOx 物种适当修饰。与 Ru-3B/Al2O3 相比，易发生 CC 裂解和深度脱氢的高能活性位点被封装后，丙烯选择性更高（95%），抗碳性更强（kd 0.0007 min）。XPS 和 H2-TPR 结果表明，B 物种的迁移是由 B2O3 还原成 B2O2 驱动的，而 Ru 粒子的包覆程度则受 Ru 物种化学价的控制。

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引用次数: 0

Uncovering the CO2 emissions of vehicles: A well-to-wheel approach 揭示车辆的二氧化碳排放:从油井到车轮的方法

IF 6.2 3区综合性期刊 Q1 Multidisciplinary

Fundamental Research

Pub Date : 2024-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.fmre.2023.06.009

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) from road traffic is a non-negligible part of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and it is a challenge for the world today to accurately estimate road traffic CO₂ emissions and formulate effective emission reduction policies. Current emission inventories for vehicles have either low-resolution, or limited coverage, and they have not adequately focused on the CO₂ emission produced by new energy vehicles (NEV) considering fuel life cycle. To fill the research gap, this paper proposed a framework of a high-resolution well-to-wheel (WTW) CO₂ emission estimation for a full sample of vehicles and revealed the unique CO₂ emission characteristics of different categories of vehicles combined with vehicle behavior. Based on this, the spatiotemporal characteristics and influencing factors of CO₂ emissions were analyzed with the geographical and temporal weighted regression (GTWR) model. Finally, the CO₂ emissions of vehicles under different scenarios are simulated to support the formulation of emission reduction policies. The results show that the distribution of vehicle CO₂ emissions shows obvious heterogeneity in time, space, and vehicle category. By simply adjusting the existing NEV promotion policy, the emission reduction effect can be improved by 6.5%–13.5% under the same NEV penetration. If combined with changes in power generation structure, it can further release the emission reduction potential of NEVs, which can reduce the current CO₂ emissions by 78.1% in the optimal scenario.

道路交通产生的二氧化碳（CO2）是全球温室气体（GHG）排放中不可忽视的一部分，如何准确估算道路交通产生的二氧化碳排放量并制定有效的减排政策是当今世界面临的一项挑战。目前的汽车排放清单要么分辨率低，要么覆盖范围有限，而且没有充分关注新能源汽车（NEV）在燃料生命周期内产生的二氧化碳排放。为填补这一研究空白，本文提出了一个针对全样本车辆的高分辨率井到轮（WTW）二氧化碳排放估算框架，并结合车辆行为揭示了不同类别车辆的独特二氧化碳排放特征。在此基础上，利用地理和时间加权回归（GTWR）模型分析了二氧化碳排放的时空特征和影响因素。最后，模拟了不同情景下的车辆二氧化碳排放量，为减排政策的制定提供支持。结果表明，车辆二氧化碳排放量的分布在时间、空间和车辆类别上呈现出明显的异质性。通过简单调整现有的新能源汽车推广政策，在相同的新能源汽车渗透率下，减排效果可提高 6.5%-13.5%。如果结合发电结构的变化，则可进一步释放 NEV 的减排潜力，在最优情景下，可使目前的二氧化碳排放量减少 78.1%。

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引用次数: 0

Developing inverse motion planning technique for autonomous vehicles using integral nonlinear constraints 利用积分非线性约束为自动驾驶汽车开发反向运动规划技术

IF 6.2 3区综合性期刊 Q1 Multidisciplinary

Fundamental Research

Pub Date : 2024-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.fmre.2023.10.015

The study considers issues of elaborating and validating a technique of autonomous vehicle motion planning based on sequential trajectory and speed optimization. This method includes components such as representing sought-for functions by finite elements (FE), vehicle kinematic model, sequential quadratic programming for nonlinear constrained optimization, and Gaussian N-point quadrature integration. The primary novelty consists of using the inverse approach for obtaining vehicle trajectory and speed. The curvature and speed are represented by integrated polynomials to reduce the number of unknowns. For this, piecewise functions with two and three degrees of freedom (DOF) are implemented through FE nodal parameters. The technique ensures higher differentiability compared to the needed in the geometric and kinematic equations. Thus, the generated reference curves are characterized by simple and unambiguous forms. The latter fits best the control accuracy and efficiency during the motion tracking phase. Another advantage is replacing the nodal linear equality constraints with integral nonlinear ones. This ensures the non-violation of boundary limits within each FE and not only in nodes. The optimization technique implies that the spatial and time variables must be found separately and staged. The trajectory search is accomplished in the restricted allowable zone composed by superposing an area inside the external and internal boundaries, based on keeping safe distances, excluding areas for moving obstacles. Thus, this study compares two models that use two and three nodal DOF on optimization quality, stability, and rapidity in real-time applications. The simulation example shows numerous graph results of geometric and kinematic parameters with smoothed curves up to the highest derivatives. Finally, the conclusions are made on the efficiency and quality of prognosis, outlining the similarities and differences between the two applied models.

本研究考虑了如何详细阐述和验证基于顺序轨迹和速度优化的自主车辆运动规划技术。该方法包括用有限元（FE）表示所需的函数、车辆运动学模型、用于非线性约束优化的顺序二次编程和高斯 N 点正交积分等组成部分。主要的新颖之处在于使用逆方法获取车辆轨迹和速度。曲率和速度由积分多项式表示，以减少未知数的数量。为此，通过 FE 节点参数实现了具有两个和三个自由度 (DOF) 的分片函数。与几何方程和运动方程所需的可微分性相比，该技术可确保更高的可微分性。因此，生成的参考曲线形式简单明了。后者最适合运动跟踪阶段的控制精度和效率。另一个优点是用积分非线性约束代替了节点线性相等约束。这就确保了在每个 FE 中，而不仅仅是在节点中，边界限制不会受到破坏。优化技术意味着空间和时间变量必须分开并分阶段查找。在保持安全距离的基础上，排除移动障碍物的区域，在外部和内部边界叠加而成的限制允许区域内完成轨迹搜索。因此，本研究比较了使用两个节点和三个节点 DOF 的两种模型在实时应用中的优化质量、稳定性和快速性。模拟示例显示了大量几何参数和运动参数的图表结果，其中包括平滑曲线直至最高导数。最后，就预报的效率和质量得出结论，并概述了两种应用模型之间的异同。

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引用次数: 0