Pub Date : 2026-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.fmre.2025.07.007
Shao-Zhen Jiang , Liu-Bing Yu , Beilei Shen , Jie Pan , Xiao-Wei Li , Rong-Bo Luo , Ling-Jun Fan , Bing-Shuo Qian , Yunkai Zhu , Ziqiao Wang , Yu Liu , Tingting Li , Xin-Ran Zhang , Yu Yu , Wen Xue , Tian Xia , Hong Cai , Qiu-Ying Han , Kai Wang , Xin Xu , Tao Li
The formation of liquid condensates by nucleocapsid (N) protein and viral RNA is a critical and highly conserved event in the life cycle of numerous viruses. Targeting this process emerges as a possible strategy to combat viral infections. Here, we discover that punicalagin, a natural compound derived from Punica granatum, exhibits potent pan-antiviral activity. Through a screening of 2799 compounds, we identified that punicalagin inhibits the formation of N-RNA condensations at nanomolar concentrations, resulting in significant inhibition of viral replication. The oral administration of punicalagin effectively dampens the viral load in tissues of mice infected with various viruses, such as SARS-CoV-2, vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) and influenza A virus (IAV). Moreover, we show that punicalagin also blocks the virus-stimulated inflammation by targeting mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS), thereby alleviating tissue damage and lethality in the infected animals. Thus, by reporting that punicalagin targets the conserved process across different viruses, our work suggests a new paradigm for developing antiviral therapies against both current and future viral threats.
{"title":"Disruption of the nucleocapsid-RNA condensation by punicalagin is a broad-spectrum antiviral approach","authors":"Shao-Zhen Jiang , Liu-Bing Yu , Beilei Shen , Jie Pan , Xiao-Wei Li , Rong-Bo Luo , Ling-Jun Fan , Bing-Shuo Qian , Yunkai Zhu , Ziqiao Wang , Yu Liu , Tingting Li , Xin-Ran Zhang , Yu Yu , Wen Xue , Tian Xia , Hong Cai , Qiu-Ying Han , Kai Wang , Xin Xu , Tao Li","doi":"10.1016/j.fmre.2025.07.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fmre.2025.07.007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The formation of liquid condensates by nucleocapsid (N) protein and viral RNA is a critical and highly conserved event in the life cycle of numerous viruses. Targeting this process emerges as a possible strategy to combat viral infections. Here, we discover that punicalagin, a natural compound derived from Punica granatum, exhibits potent pan-antiviral activity. Through a screening of 2799 compounds, we identified that punicalagin inhibits the formation of N-RNA condensations at nanomolar concentrations, resulting in significant inhibition of viral replication. The oral administration of punicalagin effectively dampens the viral load in tissues of mice infected with various viruses, such as SARS-CoV-2, vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) and influenza A virus (IAV). Moreover, we show that punicalagin also blocks the virus-stimulated inflammation by targeting mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS), thereby alleviating tissue damage and lethality in the infected animals. Thus, by reporting that punicalagin targets the conserved process across different viruses, our work suggests a new paradigm for developing antiviral therapies against both current and future viral threats.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34602,"journal":{"name":"Fundamental Research","volume":"6 1","pages":"Pages 535-547"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146057381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.fmre.2025.08.009
Shiwei Cao , Junwei Liu , Yixue Li
Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapies have revolutionized cancer treatment, showing success across various cancer types. However, there is variability in response rates among different cancers and individual patients. This highlights the critical need for precise patient stratification. Machine Learning and Deep Learning models are increasingly utilized to predict ICB responses by integrating multi-omics data, such as clinical, genomic, radiomic, and transcriptomic information. This review outlines the key methodologies of these predictive models. It underscores their role in enhancing response prediction. We delve into the advanced mechanisms of ICB response and discuss the biological foundations that inform these models. This demonstrates how basic research informs clinical application. We aim to offer comprehensive insights into how artificial intelligence can optimize patient stratification for ICB therapy.
{"title":"Harnessing multi-omics and machine learning for predicting immune checkpoint blockade responses: Advances, challenges, and future directions","authors":"Shiwei Cao , Junwei Liu , Yixue Li","doi":"10.1016/j.fmre.2025.08.009","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fmre.2025.08.009","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapies have revolutionized cancer treatment, showing success across various cancer types. However, there is variability in response rates among different cancers and individual patients. This highlights the critical need for precise patient stratification. Machine Learning and Deep Learning models are increasingly utilized to predict ICB responses by integrating multi-omics data, such as clinical, genomic, radiomic, and transcriptomic information. This review outlines the key methodologies of these predictive models. It underscores their role in enhancing response prediction. We delve into the advanced mechanisms of ICB response and discuss the biological foundations that inform these models. This demonstrates how basic research informs clinical application. We aim to offer comprehensive insights into how artificial intelligence can optimize patient stratification for ICB therapy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34602,"journal":{"name":"Fundamental Research","volume":"6 1","pages":"Pages 62-76"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146057569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Multi-omics cancer data provides complementary views of tumorigenesis and progression. Technical challenges exist in integrating these heterogeneous data into deep learning models to better understand tumorigenesis and predict cancer recurrence. We herein propose a novel end-to-end deep learning method (MULGONET) for cancer recurrence prediction and biomarker discovery. First, MULGONET can effectively solve the curse of dimensionality and the lack of model interpretability in multi-omics data integration. Second, it explores interactions and regulatory relationships between genes and GO terms, thus providing biological insights. Benchmark results show that MULGONET outperforms other contemporary classification methods. It achieves AUPRs of 0.774 ± 0.015, 0.873 ± 0.003 and 0.702 ± 0.011 on the bladder, pancreatic and stomach cancer datasets, respectively. We also show that MULGONET can effectively identify prognostic genes and GO terms associated with cancer recurrence.
{"title":"MULGONET: An interpretable neural network framework to integrate multi-omics data for cancer recurrence prediction and biomarker discovery","authors":"Wei Lan , Zhentao Tang , Haibo Liao , Qingfeng Chen , Yi-Ping Phoebe Chen , Zhaolei Zhang , Jianxin Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.fmre.2025.01.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fmre.2025.01.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Multi-omics cancer data provides complementary views of tumorigenesis and progression. Technical challenges exist in integrating these heterogeneous data into deep learning models to better understand tumorigenesis and predict cancer recurrence. We herein propose a novel end-to-end deep learning method (MULGONET) for cancer recurrence prediction and biomarker discovery. First, MULGONET can effectively solve the curse of dimensionality and the lack of model interpretability in multi-omics data integration. Second, it explores interactions and regulatory relationships between genes and GO terms, thus providing biological insights. Benchmark results show that MULGONET outperforms other contemporary classification methods. It achieves AUPRs of 0.774 ± 0.015, 0.873 ± 0.003 and 0.702 ± 0.011 on the bladder, pancreatic and stomach cancer datasets, respectively. We also show that MULGONET can effectively identify prognostic genes and GO terms associated with cancer recurrence.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34602,"journal":{"name":"Fundamental Research","volume":"6 1","pages":"Pages 99-110"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146057572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.fmre.2024.03.028
Hongchang Tao , Shengrui Xu , Yachao Zhang , Huake Su , Yuan Gao , Xu Liu , Ruixue Ding , Lei Xie , Haitao Wang , Jincheng Zhang , Yue Hao
In this work, we propose a novel structure for nonpolar (10–10)-plane InGaN-based light-emitting diode (LED) using a lateral p-type Al0.2Ga0.8N/GaN superlattice structure as the hole injection layer. The main objective is to increase the hole concentration and facilitate vertical hole injection. The nonpolar InGaN-based LED lacks polarization along the growth plane (10–10), but the lateral direction along [0001] exhibits strong polarization. Therefore, the Al0.2Ga0.8N/GaN superlattice structure, which is periodic along the [0001] direction, induces net polarization charges at the GaN/Al0.2Ga0.8N interface, resulting in increased ionization rates of the acceptors. Additionally, the high-density two-dimensional hole gases formed at the Al0.2Ga0.8N/GaN interfaces along the [0001] direction can efficiently inject vertically into the quantum wells. Based on the numerical simulation results, the proposed LED structure offers improved electrical characteristics, effective hole injection, and enhanced optical performance compared to the nonpolar LED with conventional p-type doping structure.
{"title":"Enhanced hole transport of nonpolar InGaN-based light-emitting diodes with lateral p-type superlattice doping structure","authors":"Hongchang Tao , Shengrui Xu , Yachao Zhang , Huake Su , Yuan Gao , Xu Liu , Ruixue Ding , Lei Xie , Haitao Wang , Jincheng Zhang , Yue Hao","doi":"10.1016/j.fmre.2024.03.028","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fmre.2024.03.028","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this work, we propose a novel structure for nonpolar (10–10)-plane InGaN-based light-emitting diode (LED) using a lateral p-type Al<sub>0.2</sub>Ga<sub>0.</sub><sub>8</sub>N/GaN superlattice structure as the hole injection layer. The main objective is to increase the hole concentration and facilitate vertical hole injection. The nonpolar InGaN-based LED lacks polarization along the growth plane (10–10), but the lateral direction along [0001] exhibits strong polarization. Therefore, the Al<sub>0.2</sub>Ga<sub>0.</sub><sub>8</sub>N/GaN superlattice structure, which is periodic along the [0001] direction, induces net polarization charges at the GaN/Al<sub>0.2</sub>Ga<sub>0.</sub><sub>8</sub>N interface, resulting in increased ionization rates of the acceptors. Additionally, the high-density two-dimensional hole gases formed at the Al<sub>0.2</sub>Ga<sub>0.</sub><sub>8</sub>N/GaN interfaces along the [0001] direction can efficiently inject vertically into the quantum wells. Based on the numerical simulation results, the proposed LED structure offers improved electrical characteristics, effective hole injection, and enhanced optical performance compared to the nonpolar LED with conventional p-type doping structure.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34602,"journal":{"name":"Fundamental Research","volume":"6 1","pages":"Pages 155-161"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146057573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Decentralized solutions for the low-cost and sustainable treatment of large-scale natural water bodies contaminated with organic pollutants are urgently needed. This study introduces a self-powered clean boat using a photovoltaic (PV)-driven electrochemical Fenton system, featuring a gas diffusion electrode (GDE) and a quasi-solid hydrogel electrolyte. This setup enables in-situ oxygen reduction in low-conductivity lake water, achieving a high H2O2 production rate of 290 ± 10 mg L−1 h−1. The hydrogel, containing Fe2+/Fe3+ pairs, enriches ion concentration, enhances conductivity, and triggers the Fenton reaction to convert H2O2 into •OH radicals for efficient antibiotic degradation. The boat achieved a 99.4% removal rate for tetracycline (TC) at 1 mg L−1 in contaminated water within 3 h, demonstrating over 98% removal efficiency for other common antibiotics. This system integrates clean energy use, H2O2 production, Fenton reaction activation, and pollutant degradation, addressing the limitations of conventional electrochemical methods in low-conductivity waters. It offers a sustainable solution for decentralized water treatment in pilot-scale experiments with low unique energy consumption (0.43 kWh mg−1) by solar energy.
{"title":"Self-powered decentralized water treatment clean boat with electrochemical fenton system for antibiotic remediation in natural water bodies","authors":"Zhongxin Chen, Xiaosong Gu, Xiang-Yang Lou, Huiling Zhou, Jiaxin Liang, Yangzi Shangguan, Hong Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.fmre.2025.02.015","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fmre.2025.02.015","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Decentralized solutions for the low-cost and sustainable treatment of large-scale natural water bodies contaminated with organic pollutants are urgently needed. This study introduces a self-powered clean boat using a photovoltaic (PV)-driven electrochemical Fenton system, featuring a gas diffusion electrode (GDE) and a quasi-solid hydrogel electrolyte. This setup enables in-situ oxygen reduction in low-conductivity lake water, achieving a high H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> production rate of 290 ± 10 mg L<sup>−</sup><sup>1</sup> h<sup>−1</sup>. The hydrogel, containing Fe<sup>2+</sup>/Fe<sup>3+</sup> pairs, enriches ion concentration, enhances conductivity, and triggers the Fenton reaction to convert H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> into •OH radicals for efficient antibiotic degradation. The boat achieved a 99.4% removal rate for tetracycline (TC) at 1 mg L<sup>−1</sup> in contaminated water within 3 h, demonstrating over 98% removal efficiency for other common antibiotics. This system integrates clean energy use, H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> production, Fenton reaction activation, and pollutant degradation, addressing the limitations of conventional electrochemical methods in low-conductivity waters. It offers a sustainable solution for decentralized water treatment in pilot-scale experiments with low unique energy consumption (0.43 kWh mg−<sup>1</sup>) by solar energy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34602,"journal":{"name":"Fundamental Research","volume":"6 1","pages":"Pages 223-231"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146057286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.fmre.2024.11.019
Zhang Zhang
Bioinformatics is an interdisciplinary, fast-developing, and broad-ranging field, coevolving with and empowered by advanced technologies across multiple related disciplines. Given the ever-growing volume of biological data generated at multiple levels and scales, bioinformatics represents a holistic approach to decipher the complexity of biological systems and thus holds significant potential to realize a paradigm shift by transforming data to theory. Here I articulate a vision of expanding bioinformatics from data to theory that paves the way for the paradigm shift in biology, which can consolidate fragmented research findings within a theoretical framework, drive theory-guided AI modelling and experimentation with enhanced explainability and reduced parameter space, drive biological research from a holistic perspective, and further strengthen the identity and coherence of bioinformatics as a discipline.
{"title":"Expanding bioinformatics: Toward a paradigm shift from data to theory","authors":"Zhang Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.fmre.2024.11.019","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fmre.2024.11.019","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Bioinformatics is an interdisciplinary, fast-developing, and broad-ranging field, coevolving with and empowered by advanced technologies across multiple related disciplines. Given the ever-growing volume of biological data generated at multiple levels and scales, bioinformatics represents a holistic approach to decipher the complexity of biological systems and thus holds significant potential to realize a paradigm shift by transforming data to theory. Here I articulate a vision of expanding bioinformatics from data to theory that paves the way for the paradigm shift in biology, which can consolidate fragmented research findings within a theoretical framework, drive theory-guided AI modelling and experimentation with enhanced explainability and reduced parameter space, drive biological research from a holistic perspective, and further strengthen the identity and coherence of bioinformatics as a discipline.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34602,"journal":{"name":"Fundamental Research","volume":"6 1","pages":"Pages 3-5"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146057285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.fmre.2025.09.024
Yu’ang Liu , Linzi Liu , Zijing Deng , Yifang Zhou , Li Xiao , Yanqing Tang
The treatment of mental disorders faces significant challenges due to their complex etiology and the limitations of existing therapies. Neuromodulation has emerged as a promising approach for managing these conditions. Among the various neuromodulatory strategies, stellate ganglion modulation (SGM) specifically targets the sympathetic nervous system by inhibiting neural activity at the cervical stellate ganglion (SG). Stellate ganglion block (SGB), a chemical form of SGM achieved through local anesthetic injection into the SG, suppresses sympathetic nerve impulses to the head, neck, and upper limbs. Evidence suggests that SGB offers a favorable safety profile and demonstrates notable efficacy in treating post-traumatic stress disorder. Moreover, preliminary findings indicate its potential in managing depression and sleep disorders. Current hypotheses propose that SGB alleviates psychological symptoms via two pathways: ascending regulation, which modulates neuroendocrine activity and neuroinflammation, and descending regulation, which influences cardiovascular and digestive functions, thereby engaging the heart–brain and gut–brain axes. Recently, physical energy-based modalities for SGM, including electrical, magnetic, optical, thermal, and ultrasonic stimulation, have been explored as alternatives to conventional chemical modulation. Invasive physical methods such as electroacupuncture and radiofrequency ablation show preliminary efficacy and safety, while noninvasive approaches provide simpler and safer options, with some evidence of benefit in conditions such as arrhythmia. However, clinical validation in psychiatric populations remains limited. Despite the therapeutic promise of physical SGM, key questions persist regarding its mechanisms, efficacy, and safety in mental disorders. Future research should aim to expand preclinical studies, verify these techniques in psychiatric populations, standardize stimulation parameters, develop closed-loop feedback systems, and assess long-term outcomes.
{"title":"Application of stellate ganglion modulation in mental disorders and the future prospects of physical therapies","authors":"Yu’ang Liu , Linzi Liu , Zijing Deng , Yifang Zhou , Li Xiao , Yanqing Tang","doi":"10.1016/j.fmre.2025.09.024","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fmre.2025.09.024","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The treatment of mental disorders faces significant challenges due to their complex etiology and the limitations of existing therapies. Neuromodulation has emerged as a promising approach for managing these conditions. Among the various neuromodulatory strategies, stellate ganglion modulation (SGM) specifically targets the sympathetic nervous system by inhibiting neural activity at the cervical stellate ganglion (SG). Stellate ganglion block (SGB), a chemical form of SGM achieved through local anesthetic injection into the SG, suppresses sympathetic nerve impulses to the head, neck, and upper limbs. Evidence suggests that SGB offers a favorable safety profile and demonstrates notable efficacy in treating post-traumatic stress disorder. Moreover, preliminary findings indicate its potential in managing depression and sleep disorders. Current hypotheses propose that SGB alleviates psychological symptoms via two pathways: ascending regulation, which modulates neuroendocrine activity and neuroinflammation, and descending regulation, which influences cardiovascular and digestive functions, thereby engaging the heart–brain and gut–brain axes. Recently, physical energy-based modalities for SGM, including electrical, magnetic, optical, thermal, and ultrasonic stimulation, have been explored as alternatives to conventional chemical modulation. Invasive physical methods such as electroacupuncture and radiofrequency ablation show preliminary efficacy and safety, while noninvasive approaches provide simpler and safer options, with some evidence of benefit in conditions such as arrhythmia. However, clinical validation in psychiatric populations remains limited. Despite the therapeutic promise of physical SGM, key questions persist regarding its mechanisms, efficacy, and safety in mental disorders. Future research should aim to expand preclinical studies, verify these techniques in psychiatric populations, standardize stimulation parameters, develop closed-loop feedback systems, and assess long-term outcomes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34602,"journal":{"name":"Fundamental Research","volume":"6 1","pages":"Pages 548-559"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146057612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-01DOI: 10.1016/j.fmre.2023.10.003
Jing-Ling Chen , Xing-Yan Fan , Xiang-Ru Xie
The Aharonov-Bohm (AB) effect is an important discovery of quantum theory. It serves as a surprising quantum phenomenon in which an electrically charged particle can be affected by an electromagnetic potential, despite being confined to a region in which both the magnetic field and electric field are zero. This fact gives the electromagnetic potentials greater significance in quantum physics than in classical physics. The original AB effect belongs to an “electromagnetic type”. A certain vector potential is crucial for building a certain type of AB effect. In this work, we focus on the “spin”, which is an intrinsic property of microscopic particles that has been widely accepted nowadays. First, we propose the hypothesis of spin vector potential by considering a particle with a spin operator. Second, to verify the existence of such a spin vector potential, we present a gedanken double-slit interference experiment (i.e., the spin AB effect), which is possible to be observed in the lab. Third, we apply the spin vector potential to naturally explain why there were the Dzyaloshinsky-Moriya-type interaction and the dipole-dipole interaction between spins, and also predict a new type of spin-orbital interaction.
{"title":"Spin vector potential and spin Aharonov-Bohm effect","authors":"Jing-Ling Chen , Xing-Yan Fan , Xiang-Ru Xie","doi":"10.1016/j.fmre.2023.10.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fmre.2023.10.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Aharonov-Bohm (AB) effect is an important discovery of quantum theory. It serves as a surprising quantum phenomenon in which an electrically charged particle can be affected by an electromagnetic potential, despite being confined to a region in which both the magnetic field and electric field are zero. This fact gives the electromagnetic potentials greater significance in quantum physics than in classical physics. The original AB effect belongs to an “electromagnetic type”. A certain vector potential is crucial for building a certain type of AB effect. In this work, we focus on the “spin”, which is an intrinsic property of microscopic particles that has been widely accepted nowadays. First, we propose the hypothesis of <em>spin vector potential</em> by considering a particle with a spin operator. Second, to verify the existence of such a spin vector potential, we present a gedanken double-slit interference experiment (i.e., the spin AB effect), which is possible to be observed in the lab. Third, we apply the spin vector potential to naturally explain why there were the Dzyaloshinsky-Moriya-type interaction and the dipole-dipole interaction between spins, and also predict a new type of spin-orbital interaction.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34602,"journal":{"name":"Fundamental Research","volume":"5 6","pages":"Pages 2500-2504"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136010070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-01DOI: 10.1016/j.fmre.2023.10.006
L. Yang , C.J. Lin , N.R. Ma , P.W. Wen , H.M. Jia , F. Yang
The present work provides a literature survey of breakup reactions induced by weakly bound nuclei at energies around the Coulomb barrier. We review the inclusive and exclusive breakup data of stable weakly bound nuclei Li and Be, as well as light radioactive projectiles reported within the last decade. Several theoretical and data analysis tools used to describe the data are reviewed as well. Similarities and differences in the behavior of breakup reactions involving these weakly bound nuclei are discussed. It is found that, for Li and Be, transfer-triggered breakup is a significant mode, which, however, is not observed in drip-line nuclear systems. Moreover, differences in the breakup dynamics and the contribution of breakup to the total reaction cross section at energies close to the Coulomb barrier seem to emerge between neutron-halo and proton-halo systems. Possible explanations for the observed differences are discussed.
{"title":"Breakup dynamics of weakly bound nuclei at energies around the Coulomb barrier","authors":"L. Yang , C.J. Lin , N.R. Ma , P.W. Wen , H.M. Jia , F. Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.fmre.2023.10.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fmre.2023.10.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The present work provides a literature survey of breakup reactions induced by weakly bound nuclei at energies around the Coulomb barrier. We review the inclusive and exclusive breakup data of stable weakly bound nuclei <span><math><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>6</mn><mo>,</mo><mn>7</mn></mrow></msup></math></span>Li and <span><math><msup><mrow></mrow><mn>9</mn></msup></math></span>Be, as well as light radioactive projectiles reported within the last decade. Several theoretical and data analysis tools used to describe the data are reviewed as well. Similarities and differences in the behavior of breakup reactions involving these weakly bound nuclei are discussed. It is found that, for <span><math><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>6</mn><mo>,</mo><mn>7</mn></mrow></msup></math></span>Li and <span><math><msup><mrow></mrow><mn>9</mn></msup></math></span>Be, transfer-triggered breakup is a significant mode, which, however, is not observed in drip-line nuclear systems. Moreover, differences in the breakup dynamics and the contribution of breakup to the total reaction cross section at energies close to the Coulomb barrier seem to emerge between neutron-halo and proton-halo systems. Possible explanations for the observed differences are discussed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34602,"journal":{"name":"Fundamental Research","volume":"5 6","pages":"Pages 2463-2473"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135515216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-01DOI: 10.1016/j.fmre.2025.01.014
Jiang Wang , Tian-Tian Wang , Robert Conka , Dagmar R. D'hooge , Zheng-Hong Luo , Yin-Ning Zhou
Polymer circularity has received increasing attention due to ecological benefits, by which plastic waste should be reused or converted into high-value products in an economic framework balanced with virgin polymer production. From a chemical engineering point of view, the understanding of reaction kinetics and chemical modifications plays a crucial role in improving the process towards polymer circularity. This reaction kinetics is connected to molecular variations for which (micro)kinetic models are essential. In this perspective, the main kinetic simulation methods are summarized, focusing on their respective characteristics and challenges, besides differentiating between deterministic and stochastic methods. The application of kinetic simulations in polymer circularity processes is clarified in the form of three case studies, including (i) mechanical recycling with deliberate chemical modification by reactive extrusion, (ii) chemical recycling aiming at monomer recovery, and (iii) recycling-by-design aiming at vitrimer molecular design. Attention is also paid to the relevance of benchmarking the methods applied.
{"title":"Pushing forward kinetic modeling tools for polymer circularity design and recycling","authors":"Jiang Wang , Tian-Tian Wang , Robert Conka , Dagmar R. D'hooge , Zheng-Hong Luo , Yin-Ning Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.fmre.2025.01.014","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fmre.2025.01.014","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Polymer circularity has received increasing attention due to ecological benefits, by which plastic waste should be reused or converted into high-value products in an economic framework balanced with virgin polymer production. From a chemical engineering point of view, the understanding of reaction kinetics and chemical modifications plays a crucial role in improving the process towards polymer circularity. This reaction kinetics is connected to molecular variations for which (micro)kinetic models are essential. In this perspective, the main kinetic simulation methods are summarized, focusing on their respective characteristics and challenges, besides differentiating between deterministic and stochastic methods. The application of kinetic simulations in polymer circularity processes is clarified in the form of three case studies, including (i) mechanical recycling with deliberate chemical modification by reactive extrusion, (ii) chemical recycling aiming at monomer recovery, and (iii) recycling-by-design aiming at vitrimer molecular design. Attention is also paid to the relevance of benchmarking the methods applied.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34602,"journal":{"name":"Fundamental Research","volume":"5 6","pages":"Pages 2553-2562"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145665362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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