Pub Date : 2026-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.fmre.2024.03.029
Lei Du , Yan Zhang , Xin Wang , Yong Li , Yu-xi Liu
Simulating photonic lattices remains to be an interesting and important goal for quantum technologies. Here, we propose several simulation schemes of one- and quasi-one-dimensional photonic lattices based on arrays of diverse three-level giant-atom dimers. The resulting models, including diamond, Su-Schrieffer-Heeger, and ladder lattices, exhibit protected nearest-neighbor and greatly inhibited next-nearest-neighbor interactions, which are challenging with most state-of-the-art experimental platforms. Our proposals based on circuit quantum electrodynamics are tunable, scalable, and reconfigurable, thus providing opportunities for simulating more advanced photonic lattices and exploring unprecedented phenomena with no counterparts in conventional condensed matter physics.
{"title":"Synthetic photonic lattices based on three-level giant-atom arrays","authors":"Lei Du , Yan Zhang , Xin Wang , Yong Li , Yu-xi Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.fmre.2024.03.029","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fmre.2024.03.029","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Simulating photonic lattices remains to be an interesting and important goal for quantum technologies. Here, we propose several simulation schemes of one- and quasi-one-dimensional photonic lattices based on arrays of diverse three-level giant-atom dimers. The resulting models, including diamond, Su-Schrieffer-Heeger, and ladder lattices, exhibit protected nearest-neighbor and greatly inhibited next-nearest-neighbor interactions, which are challenging with most state-of-the-art experimental platforms. Our proposals based on circuit quantum electrodynamics are tunable, scalable, and reconfigurable, thus providing opportunities for simulating more advanced photonic lattices and exploring unprecedented phenomena with no counterparts in conventional condensed matter physics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34602,"journal":{"name":"Fundamental Research","volume":"6 1","pages":"Pages 162-169"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141047132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.fmre.2024.11.017
Xiaolei Sun , Yingjie Sheng , Guoqiang Li , Qiang Ji
The significance of strategic critical minerals in the global transition toward green and low-carbon energy has attracted considerable attention from many countries. Understanding the evolution of the strategic critical minerals policy system is crucial for identifying key issues in policymaking. This study examines 984 Chinese policy texts from 2011 to 2023 within the framework of “policy theme-policy synergy” and elucidates the evolutionary trajectory of China's strategic critical mineral policy system. The results indicate that China's strategic critical minerals policy has consistently centered around technology and enterprises in terms of policy themes, with a growing emphasis on green and low-carbon initiatives. Policies mainly focus on coal, oil, natural gas, and rare earth, while paying less attention to the significance of strategic critical minerals in energy transition. China has established a tighter policy synergy network for jointly formulating strategic critical minerals. However, as a key government department, the Ministry of Natural Resources has yet to demonstrate its central position and requires stronger synergies with other sectors. These findings provide a decision-making reference for China's strategic minerals policy development, design, and optimization.
{"title":"Policy synergy and thematic evolution of strategic mineral policies in China","authors":"Xiaolei Sun , Yingjie Sheng , Guoqiang Li , Qiang Ji","doi":"10.1016/j.fmre.2024.11.017","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fmre.2024.11.017","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The significance of strategic critical minerals in the global transition toward green and low-carbon energy has attracted considerable attention from many countries. Understanding the evolution of the strategic critical minerals policy system is crucial for identifying key issues in policymaking. This study examines 984 Chinese policy texts from 2011 to 2023 within the framework of “policy theme-policy synergy” and elucidates the evolutionary trajectory of China's strategic critical mineral policy system. The results indicate that China's strategic critical minerals policy has consistently centered around technology and enterprises in terms of policy themes, with a growing emphasis on green and low-carbon initiatives. Policies mainly focus on coal, oil, natural gas, and rare earth, while paying less attention to the significance of strategic critical minerals in energy transition. China has established a tighter policy synergy network for jointly formulating strategic critical minerals. However, as a key government department, the Ministry of Natural Resources has yet to demonstrate its central position and requires stronger synergies with other sectors. These findings provide a decision-making reference for China's strategic minerals policy development, design, and optimization.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34602,"journal":{"name":"Fundamental Research","volume":"6 1","pages":"Pages 441-454"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146057377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.fmre.2024.06.005
Kaixian Ba, Chunhao Chen, Guoliang Ma, Yanhe Song, Yuan Wang, Bin Yu, Xiangdong Kong
It is crucial for serial robots with redundant degrees-of-freedom to accomplish complex tasks with high pose precision of the end-effector. However, due to the cumulative errors in each joint actuator, it is always challenging to guarantee high pose precision of the end-effector. To address this issue, this study proposes a virtual-constraints-based end-effector pose compensator. The actual angles of specific joints are treated as known variables, which are called virtual constraints. The virtual constraints, combined with the expected pose of the end-effector, yield compensation angles for the other joints. The compensation angles are applied to the expected angles of other joints, eliminating the end-effector pose errors caused by the joints treated as virtual constraints. Finally, a typical planar 3-degree-of-freedom serial robot (the leg hydraulic drive system for legged robots) is utilized for experimental validation. The experimental results demonstrate that, with the application of the compensator, the maximum reduction in position error of the foot end exceeds 75%. The compensation strategy further improves the end-effector pose precision based on various high-precision position control methods for the joint actuators. In addition, this study introduces a novel idea and provides experimental evidence for compensating the end-effector pose error of redundant serial robots.
{"title":"A compensation strategy of end-effector pose precision based on the virtual constraints for serial robots with RDOFs","authors":"Kaixian Ba, Chunhao Chen, Guoliang Ma, Yanhe Song, Yuan Wang, Bin Yu, Xiangdong Kong","doi":"10.1016/j.fmre.2024.06.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fmre.2024.06.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>It is crucial for serial robots with redundant degrees-of-freedom to accomplish complex tasks with high pose precision of the end-effector. However, due to the cumulative errors in each joint actuator, it is always challenging to guarantee high pose precision of the end-effector. To address this issue, this study proposes a virtual-constraints-based end-effector pose compensator. The actual angles of specific joints are treated as known variables, which are called virtual constraints. The virtual constraints, combined with the expected pose of the end-effector, yield compensation angles for the other joints. The compensation angles are applied to the expected angles of other joints, eliminating the end-effector pose errors caused by the joints treated as virtual constraints. Finally, a typical planar 3-degree-of-freedom serial robot (the leg hydraulic drive system for legged robots) is utilized for experimental validation. The experimental results demonstrate that, with the application of the compensator, the maximum reduction in position error of the foot end exceeds 75%. The compensation strategy further improves the end-effector pose precision based on various high-precision position control methods for the joint actuators. In addition, this study introduces a novel idea and provides experimental evidence for compensating the end-effector pose error of redundant serial robots.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34602,"journal":{"name":"Fundamental Research","volume":"6 1","pages":"Pages 358-368"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146057356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.fmre.2024.04.019
Jianfei Ji , Nan Zhang , Chongbin Hu , Dongdong Fan , Xiao Huang , Aifu Lin , Ye Chen , Lixin Xiang , Jianzhong Shao
The discovery of IgZ, or its counterpart IgT, represents a novel immunoglobulin isotype (named ζ or τ) found in teleosts, introducing a new member to the existing Ig classes (µ, δ, γ, α, and ε) among vertebrates. The distinctive intrachromosomal organization of ighz and ighm loci implies the necessity of a distinct, mutually exclusive recombination process for the independent generation of IgZ and IgM isotypes. However, the molecular mechanisms governing this process remain elusive. In this study, we unveil the regulatory function of myocyte enhancer factor 2D (Mef2d) in the assembly of ighz genes through epigenetic modulation in a zebrafish model. Mechanistically, Mef2d selectively hinders the recombination of ighm locus in IgZ+ B cells by binding to the 3′Eµ site of the ighm locus and helping establish a repressive modification pattern of H3K4me0/H3K9me2/H3K27me2 in Dµ/Jµ regions through recruiting the co-repressive Sin3/Hdac1 complex with the assistance of cohesin complex and Setdb1/Ezh2 methyltransferases. Consequently, this renders the Dµ/Jµ regions inaccessible to Rag1/2, thus preventing ighm rearrangement. As a pivotal regulator for IgZ isotype production, Mef2d exhibits differential expression in committed IgZ+ B cells, a process regulated by the Il-7/Il-7r-mediated p38 Mapk signaling pathway. These results indicate the existence of a unique isotypic exclusion mechanism underlying recombination between ighz and ighm locus in teleosts. This mechanism highlights an unrecognized strategy for generating diverse isotypes in vertebrates, distinct from the well-established class switch recombination process. This study significantly contributes to our understanding of paradigms, diversifications, and the evolutionary history of vertebrate adaptive immunity.
IgZ或其对应IgT的发现代表了在硬骨鱼中发现的一种新的免疫球蛋白同型（命名为ζ或τ），为脊椎动物中现有的Ig类（µ，δ, γ， α和ε）引入了一个新成员。IgZ和IgM基因座在染色体内的独特组织意味着IgZ和IgM同型的独立产生需要一个独特的、互斥的重组过程。然而，控制这一过程的分子机制仍然难以捉摸。在这项研究中，我们在斑马鱼模型中揭示了肌细胞增强因子2D （Mef2d）通过表观遗传调控在ighz基因组装中的调节作用。在机制上，Mef2d通过结合ighm位点的3eµ位点，选择性地阻碍IgZ+ B细胞中ighm位点的重组，并通过内聚复合物和Setdb1/Ezh2甲基转移酶的辅助下，募集共抑制Sin3/Hdac1复合物，帮助在Dµ/Jµ区域建立H3K4me0/H3K9me2/H3K27me2的抑制修饰模式。因此，这使得Dµ/Jµ区域无法进入Rag1/2，从而防止了ighm重排。作为IgZ同型产生的关键调节因子，Mef2d在承诺的IgZ+ B细胞中表现出差异表达，这一过程由Il-7/ il -7r介导的p38 Mapk信号通路调节。这些结果表明，在硬骨鱼中存在一种独特的同型排斥机制，可能导致ighz位点和ighm位点之间的重组。这一机制突出了一种在脊椎动物中产生不同同种型的未被认识的策略，不同于已建立的类转换重组过程。这项研究有助于我们对脊椎动物适应性免疫的范式、多样性和进化史的理解。
{"title":"Mef2d regulates mutually exclusive expression of IgZ and IgM isotypes through epigenetic modulation in a zebrafish model","authors":"Jianfei Ji , Nan Zhang , Chongbin Hu , Dongdong Fan , Xiao Huang , Aifu Lin , Ye Chen , Lixin Xiang , Jianzhong Shao","doi":"10.1016/j.fmre.2024.04.019","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fmre.2024.04.019","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The discovery of IgZ, or its counterpart IgT, represents a novel immunoglobulin isotype (named ζ or τ) found in teleosts, introducing a new member to the existing Ig classes (µ, δ, γ, α, and ε) among vertebrates. The distinctive intrachromosomal organization of <em>ighz</em> and <em>ighm</em> loci implies the necessity of a distinct, mutually exclusive recombination process for the independent generation of IgZ and IgM isotypes. However, the molecular mechanisms governing this process remain elusive. In this study, we unveil the regulatory function of myocyte enhancer factor 2D (Mef2d) in the assembly of <em>ighz</em> genes through epigenetic modulation in a zebrafish model. Mechanistically, Mef2d selectively hinders the recombination of <em>ighm</em> locus in IgZ<sup>+</sup> B cells by binding to the 3′Eµ site of the <em>ighm</em> locus and helping establish a repressive modification pattern of H3K4me0/H3K9me2/H3K27me2 in Dµ/Jµ regions through recruiting the co-repressive Sin3/Hdac1 complex with the assistance of cohesin complex and Setdb1/Ezh2 methyltransferases. Consequently, this renders the Dµ/Jµ regions inaccessible to Rag1/2, thus preventing <em>ighm</em> rearrangement. As a pivotal regulator for IgZ isotype production, Mef2d exhibits differential expression in committed IgZ<sup>+</sup> B cells, a process regulated by the Il-7/Il-7r-mediated p38 Mapk signaling pathway. These results indicate the existence of a unique isotypic exclusion mechanism underlying recombination between <em>ighz</em> and <em>ighm</em> locus in teleosts. This mechanism highlights an unrecognized strategy for generating diverse isotypes in vertebrates, distinct from the well-established class switch recombination process. This study significantly contributes to our understanding of paradigms, diversifications, and the evolutionary history of vertebrate adaptive immunity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34602,"journal":{"name":"Fundamental Research","volume":"6 1","pages":"Pages 246-259"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141040434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.fmre.2024.06.002
Yuqin Huang , Liping Zhi , Ran Bi , Zhizhang Yuan , Xianfeng Li
Zinc-based flow battery technologies are regarded as a promising solution for distributed energy storage. Nevertheless, their upscaling for practical applications is still confronted with challenges, e.g., dendritic zinc and limited areal capacity in anodes, relatively low power density, and reliability. In this perspective, we first review the development of battery components, cell stacks, and demonstration systems for zinc-based flow battery technologies from the perspectives of both fundamental research and engineering applications. The remaining challenges as well as the perspective for zinc-based flow battery technologies are also briefly discussed. We hope this perspective can help researchers and the community to recognize and understand the status of currently developed zinc-based flow batteries and their limitations as well as advancements in different perspectives, further directing future efforts to enhance their performance effectively.
{"title":"Perspectives on zinc-based flow batteries","authors":"Yuqin Huang , Liping Zhi , Ran Bi , Zhizhang Yuan , Xianfeng Li","doi":"10.1016/j.fmre.2024.06.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fmre.2024.06.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Zinc-based flow battery technologies are regarded as a promising solution for distributed energy storage. Nevertheless, their upscaling for practical applications is still confronted with challenges, e.g., dendritic zinc and limited areal capacity in anodes, relatively low power density, and reliability. In this perspective, we first review the development of battery components, cell stacks, and demonstration systems for zinc-based flow battery technologies from the perspectives of both fundamental research and engineering applications. The remaining challenges as well as the perspective for zinc-based flow battery technologies are also briefly discussed. We hope this perspective can help researchers and the community to recognize and understand the status of currently developed zinc-based flow batteries and their limitations as well as advancements in different perspectives, further directing future efforts to enhance their performance effectively.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34602,"journal":{"name":"Fundamental Research","volume":"6 1","pages":"Pages 173-177"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146057283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.fmre.2023.10.011
Gao-Lei Hou , Ewald Janssens
Hydrogen is a clean, convenient, renewable, and versatile energy carrier that could replace fossil fuels. It could be transformed into the desired energy form without releasing greenhouse gases like CO2 or other harmful species, playing promising roles in combating the global energy crisis and realizing carbon neutrality. The so-called hydrogen economy consists of three parts: hydrogen generation, storage, and re-electrification. Reactivity studies of metal atoms and atomically precise metal clusters, either in isolation or on supports, contribute to the understanding of basic physical principles and chemical processes underlying the hydrogen economy. In this review, we discuss the state-of-the-art laser vaporization and gas aggregation technique in precisely synthesizing the desired metal atoms and clusters. Their performance for catalytic hydrogen generation and hydrogen adsorption was studied through mass spectrometry and infrared spectroscopy. We focus on our novel approach to investigate the structural and reactive properties of fullerene-metal clusters towards water splitting and hydrogen storage, aiming to provide a fundamental understanding of the involved active sites, reaction pathways, and metal-support interactions. The ultimate goal is to obtain atomic-level reaction mechanisms for hydrogen generation and storage of carbon-metal-based materials.
{"title":"Supported and isolated metal atoms and clusters as models for understanding the hydrogen economy","authors":"Gao-Lei Hou , Ewald Janssens","doi":"10.1016/j.fmre.2023.10.011","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fmre.2023.10.011","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hydrogen is a clean, convenient, renewable, and versatile energy carrier that could replace fossil fuels. It could be transformed into the desired energy form without releasing greenhouse gases like CO<sub>2</sub> or other harmful species, playing promising roles in combating the global energy crisis and realizing carbon neutrality. The so-called hydrogen economy consists of three parts: hydrogen generation, storage, and re-electrification. Reactivity studies of metal atoms and atomically precise metal clusters, either in isolation or on supports, contribute to the understanding of basic physical principles and chemical processes underlying the hydrogen economy. In this review, we discuss the state-of-the-art laser vaporization and gas aggregation technique in precisely synthesizing the desired metal atoms and clusters. Their performance for catalytic hydrogen generation and hydrogen adsorption was studied through mass spectrometry and infrared spectroscopy. We focus on our novel approach to investigate the structural and reactive properties of fullerene-metal clusters towards water splitting and hydrogen storage, aiming to provide a fundamental understanding of the involved active sites, reaction pathways, and metal-support interactions. The ultimate goal is to obtain atomic-level reaction mechanisms for hydrogen generation and storage of carbon-metal-based materials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34602,"journal":{"name":"Fundamental Research","volume":"6 1","pages":"Pages 201-211"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138617030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.fmre.2024.11.025
Haiwei Zhang , Zihao Wang , Yuli Yan , Zihua Shi , Yu Jiang , Yanfeng Ding , Songhan Wang
Rice is the staple food for more than half of the population in China. Therefore, enhancing the grain yield of rice is the core of ensuring food security. In recent decades, the increase of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration generally increases the photosynthetic rate of rice and then the rice yield. This phenomenon is generally termed the CO2 fertilization effect (CFE), which plays a pivotal role in sustaining global rice yield in the context of climate change. In order to accurately understand the impact of elevated CO2 on rice productivity and yield, this study first presents the mechanisms of CFE impacts on rice yield at the foliar and canopy levels. Elevated CO2 will promote the net photosynthetic rate, reduce the stomatal conductance, and thus increase the water use efficiency. Currently, at foliar, canopy, regional and global scales, controlled experiments, process-based models and statistical attribution models are the main approaches to estimate CFE. Based on these methods, at the leaf and canopy scales, elevated CO2 will lead to an increase in the number of panicles per unit area and the spikelet number per panicle of rice, finally resulting in the enhancement of grain yield. State-of-the-art crop models suggested that the global averaged CFE on rice yield is about 24% per 100 ppm increase in CO2, albeit with large differences between different models. Rice varieties, nutrient management, water regimes, planting density and temperature are the main factors that affect the CFE. Finally, based on the existing research basis and existing problems, we proposed several future research directions including the understanding of the mechanism of CFE from the perspective of rice roots, soil microbes, key genes and rice breeding, and also the upscaling of the results from site-level to regional- and global-level through the integration between experiments and models. By systematically reviewing the response of rice physiology and yield to elevated CO2 using multiple methods at various scales, this study will be beneficial for the formulation of adaptive cultivation strategies to enhance the rice yield and thus to sustain global food security in the context of climate change.
{"title":"Response of rice production to rising CO2 and its adaptive cultivation strategies","authors":"Haiwei Zhang , Zihao Wang , Yuli Yan , Zihua Shi , Yu Jiang , Yanfeng Ding , Songhan Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.fmre.2024.11.025","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fmre.2024.11.025","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Rice is the staple food for more than half of the population in China. Therefore, enhancing the grain yield of rice is the core of ensuring food security. In recent decades, the increase of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) concentration generally increases the photosynthetic rate of rice and then the rice yield. This phenomenon is generally termed the CO<sub>2</sub> fertilization effect (CFE), which plays a pivotal role in sustaining global rice yield in the context of climate change. In order to accurately understand the impact of elevated CO<sub>2</sub> on rice productivity and yield, this study first presents the mechanisms of CFE impacts on rice yield at the foliar and canopy levels. Elevated CO<sub>2</sub> will promote the net photosynthetic rate, reduce the stomatal conductance, and thus increase the water use efficiency. Currently, at foliar, canopy, regional and global scales, controlled experiments, process-based models and statistical attribution models are the main approaches to estimate CFE. Based on these methods, at the leaf and canopy scales, elevated CO<sub>2</sub> will lead to an increase in the number of panicles per unit area and the spikelet number per panicle of rice, finally resulting in the enhancement of grain yield. State-of-the-art crop models suggested that the global averaged CFE on rice yield is about 24% per 100 ppm increase in CO<sub>2</sub>, albeit with large differences between different models. Rice varieties, nutrient management, water regimes, planting density and temperature are the main factors that affect the CFE. Finally, based on the existing research basis and existing problems, we proposed several future research directions including the understanding of the mechanism of CFE from the perspective of rice roots, soil microbes, key genes and rice breeding, and also the upscaling of the results from site-level to regional- and global-level through the integration between experiments and models. By systematically reviewing the response of rice physiology and yield to elevated CO<sub>2</sub> using multiple methods at various scales, this study will be beneficial for the formulation of adaptive cultivation strategies to enhance the rice yield and thus to sustain global food security in the context of climate change.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34602,"journal":{"name":"Fundamental Research","volume":"6 1","pages":"Pages 232-241"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146057288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.fmre.2023.08.009
Sheng Chen , Wenbo Yang , Mingjue Chen , Sheng Liu , Zengwu Shao , Guozhi Xiao
Regulated cell death (RCD) is a fundamental biological process that plays critical roles in regulating organogenesis and maintaining homeostasis under physiological conditions, and when cells are exposed to detrimental microenvironment, it contributes to the initiation and progression of pathological changes. Musculoskeletal disorders and diseases, such as osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, and intervertebral disk degeneration, have become public health problems worldwide, owing to their high prevalence and heavy economic burden. RCD is closely associated with the pathogenesis of skeletal disorders and diseases. Given the dedicated but controllable molecular machinery involved in RCD, studying the signal pathways and molecular mechanisms of RCD holds promise for the development of preventative and therapeutic targets. Over the last two decades, distinct modes and concepts of RCD have been proposed, including mitochondrial permeability transition-driven necrosis, lysosome-dependent cell death, pyroptosis, NETotic cell death, immunogenic cell death, necroptosis, entotic cell death, parthanatos, ferroptosis, autophagy-dependent cell death, alkaliptosis, oxeiptosis, PANoptosis, and cuproptosis. In this review, we aim to provide an up-to-date understanding of the roles of different RCD subroutines in maintaining the health and function of bones, cartilage and intervertebral discs. We will highlight their specific molecular mechanisms and cross-talks, hence offering valuable insights into further research directions.
{"title":"Regulated cell death in musculoskeletal development, homeostasis, and diseases","authors":"Sheng Chen , Wenbo Yang , Mingjue Chen , Sheng Liu , Zengwu Shao , Guozhi Xiao","doi":"10.1016/j.fmre.2023.08.009","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fmre.2023.08.009","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Regulated cell death (RCD) is a fundamental biological process that plays critical roles in regulating organogenesis and maintaining homeostasis under physiological conditions, and when cells are exposed to detrimental microenvironment, it contributes to the initiation and progression of pathological changes. Musculoskeletal disorders and diseases, such as osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, and intervertebral disk degeneration, have become public health problems worldwide, owing to their high prevalence and heavy economic burden. RCD is closely associated with the pathogenesis of skeletal disorders and diseases. Given the dedicated but controllable molecular machinery involved in RCD, studying the signal pathways and molecular mechanisms of RCD holds promise for the development of preventative and therapeutic targets. Over the last two decades, distinct modes and concepts of RCD have been proposed, including mitochondrial permeability transition-driven necrosis, lysosome-dependent cell death, pyroptosis, NETotic cell death, immunogenic cell death, necroptosis, entotic cell death, parthanatos, ferroptosis, autophagy-dependent cell death, alkaliptosis, oxeiptosis, PANoptosis, and cuproptosis. In this review, we aim to provide an up-to-date understanding of the roles of different RCD subroutines in maintaining the health and function of bones, cartilage and intervertebral discs. We will highlight their specific molecular mechanisms and cross-talks, hence offering valuable insights into further research directions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34602,"journal":{"name":"Fundamental Research","volume":"6 1","pages":"Pages 465-476"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135762394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.fmre.2025.09.015
Xiaoning Liu , Boying Li , Liang Qiu , Dong Gao , Ran Zhang , Junjie Qi , Honggui Lv , Chengfen Xing
In complex biological systems, physical factors such as light and thermal energy affect normal physiological processes. When exposed to light stimulation, organic semiconducting polymers (OSPs) alter their physical/chemical properties through unique energy conversion capabilities, thereby regulating interfacial interactions with cells or microorganisms. In cellular interfacial interactions, ion channels act as key response elements to exogenous physical stimuli, precisely regulating physiological processes by mediating ion transmembrane transport; in microbial interfacial interactions, exogenous physical factors also significantly impact bacterial functional expression, drug resistance formation, and other aspects. In recent years, leveraging exogenous physical factors to achieve non-invasive or precise regulation of cellular/bacterial signaling pathways, molecular interactions, and metabolic processes has emerged as a frontier in physical biomedicine. Here, the latest research achievements of OSPs are summarized: under the action of external physical factors, they can regulate disease-related signaling pathways by modulating interfacial interactions with cells. Meanwhile, their regulation of microbial interfacial interactions can further affect the interactions between pathogens.
{"title":"Biointerface interaction regulation based on organic semiconducting polymers","authors":"Xiaoning Liu , Boying Li , Liang Qiu , Dong Gao , Ran Zhang , Junjie Qi , Honggui Lv , Chengfen Xing","doi":"10.1016/j.fmre.2025.09.015","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fmre.2025.09.015","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In complex biological systems, physical factors such as light and thermal energy affect normal physiological processes. When exposed to light stimulation, organic semiconducting polymers (OSPs) alter their physical/chemical properties through unique energy conversion capabilities, thereby regulating interfacial interactions with cells or microorganisms. In cellular interfacial interactions, ion channels act as key response elements to exogenous physical stimuli, precisely regulating physiological processes by mediating ion transmembrane transport; in microbial interfacial interactions, exogenous physical factors also significantly impact bacterial functional expression, drug resistance formation, and other aspects. In recent years, leveraging exogenous physical factors to achieve non-invasive or precise regulation of cellular/bacterial signaling pathways, molecular interactions, and metabolic processes has emerged as a frontier in physical biomedicine. Here, the latest research achievements of OSPs are summarized: under the action of external physical factors, they can regulate disease-related signaling pathways by modulating interfacial interactions with cells. Meanwhile, their regulation of microbial interfacial interactions can further affect the interactions between pathogens.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34602,"journal":{"name":"Fundamental Research","volume":"6 1","pages":"Pages 560-574"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146057382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.fmre.2024.12.007
Hang Wei , Jiangyi Shao , Bin Liu
With continuous developments in biotechnology and information technology, we are entering the era of biological sequence big data. Extracting valuable insights from large-scale data to decipher life activities presents a major challenge. Artificial intelligence, particularly big data analysis and natural language processing technologies, has emerged as a crucial tool in biological sequence analysis. These technologies facilitate pattern detection, offering new perspectives on complex biological processes. Notably, AlphaFold and ESM models have achieved significant strides in protein structure prediction and functional annotation. These breakthroughs not only accelerate fundamental biological research but also provide innovative tools and strategies for disease diagnosis and drug discovery. In this perspective, we discuss the advancements in biological sequence analysis and focus on their extensive medical applications. Additionally, we highlight relevant challenges and propose further directions, emphasizing the need for ongoing innovation in sequence analysis to fully realize its potential in biomedical research.
{"title":"Biological sequence analysis: Advances, medical applications, and challenges","authors":"Hang Wei , Jiangyi Shao , Bin Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.fmre.2024.12.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fmre.2024.12.007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With continuous developments in biotechnology and information technology, we are entering the era of biological sequence big data. Extracting valuable insights from large-scale data to decipher life activities presents a major challenge. Artificial intelligence, particularly big data analysis and natural language processing technologies, has emerged as a crucial tool in biological sequence analysis. These technologies facilitate pattern detection, offering new perspectives on complex biological processes. Notably, AlphaFold and ESM models have achieved significant strides in protein structure prediction and functional annotation. These breakthroughs not only accelerate fundamental biological research but also provide innovative tools and strategies for disease diagnosis and drug discovery. In this perspective, we discuss the advancements in biological sequence analysis and focus on their extensive medical applications. Additionally, we highlight relevant challenges and propose further directions, emphasizing the need for ongoing innovation in sequence analysis to fully realize its potential in biomedical research.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34602,"journal":{"name":"Fundamental Research","volume":"6 1","pages":"Pages 6-10"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146057358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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