Pub Date : 2025-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.fmre.2022.07.002
Fei Wang , Qianhui Li , Tingting Xu , Zhu Li , Yongxin Jiang , Yan Ma , Xiaohu Li , Wanni Wang , Haisheng Qian
Oxidative stress that is induced by excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) is considered to be a key pathophysiological mechanism of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and restoring redox homeostasis in the inflammatory region by eliminating ROS is an effective way to treat IBD. Herein, ultrasmall Au25 nanoclusters (Au25 NCs) were synthesized using a simple improved protocol, which has good physiological stability and biosafety and can be noninvasively monitored by clinical computed tomography (CT) after oral administration. Au25 NCs can eliminate ROS such as ABTS radicals, superoxide free radicals (•O2−), and hydroxyl free radicals (•OH), upregulate the expression level of antioxidant enzymes, inhibit the expression of proinflammatory cytokines, and finally interrupt the inflammatory circuit of IBD to achieve the effective prevention and delayed treatment of IBD. This work will demonstrate the protective effect of Au25 NCs on IBD in living animals, which suggests a new nanomedicine strategy for IBD treatment.
{"title":"An orally administered gold nanocluster with ROS scavenging for inflammatory bowel disease treatment","authors":"Fei Wang , Qianhui Li , Tingting Xu , Zhu Li , Yongxin Jiang , Yan Ma , Xiaohu Li , Wanni Wang , Haisheng Qian","doi":"10.1016/j.fmre.2022.07.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fmre.2022.07.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Oxidative stress that is induced by excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) is considered to be a key pathophysiological mechanism of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and restoring redox homeostasis in the inflammatory region by eliminating ROS is an effective way to treat IBD. Herein, ultrasmall Au<sub>25</sub> nanoclusters (Au<sub>25</sub> NCs) were synthesized using a simple improved protocol, which has good physiological stability and biosafety and can be noninvasively monitored by clinical computed tomography (CT) after oral administration. Au<sub>25</sub> NCs can eliminate ROS such as ABTS radicals, superoxide free radicals (•O<sub>2</sub><sup>−</sup>), and hydroxyl free radicals (•OH), upregulate the expression level of antioxidant enzymes, inhibit the expression of proinflammatory cytokines, and finally interrupt the inflammatory circuit of IBD to achieve the effective prevention and delayed treatment of IBD. This work will demonstrate the protective effect of Au<sub>25</sub> NCs on IBD in living animals, which suggests a new nanomedicine strategy for IBD treatment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34602,"journal":{"name":"Fundamental Research","volume":"5 1","pages":"Pages 381-390"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47705765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Epigenetic regulation is critical to multiple physiological and pathological processes. However, little is known regarding the epigenetic changes during neonatal skin development and skin aging, and in response to ultraviolet (UV) exposure. The transcriptomes of human skin samples from different ages or irradiated with different types and doses of UV light were analyzed using R (version 4.0.3) software. The epigenetic landscape of the skin, including histone modifications, genetic imprinting and m6A modification, which are mainly involved in collagen formation, extracellular matrix organization, immune function and keratinization, underwent significant changes during neonatal to adult development. Epigenetic effectors such as IGF2BP2, GATA2, GATA3, CPA4 and CDK1 were significantly correlated with extracellular matrix organization, and VEGFA, CDK1 and PRKCB with skin immune function. The m6A readers such as IGF2BP2, IGF2BP3, HNRNPA2B1 and EIF3G showed significant correlation with extracellular matrix organization, metabolism, or antigen processing and presentation. Small doses of UV exposure only induced changes in the expression levels of some epigenetic effectors, without any significant effect on the overall epigenetic landscape. However, the minimal erythema dose of UV exposure altered multiple epigenetic effectors regulating extracellular matrix organization, cell-matrix adhesion, innate immune response, mitochondrial function and mRNA processing. In addition, epigenetic changes following UV exposure were more pronounced in the elderly skin compared to the younger skin. In conclusion, histone modifications, genetic imprinting and m6A modification play critical roles during skin development, and a large dose of UV exposure can significantly change the expression of multiple epigenetic effectors.
{"title":"The comprehensive assessment of epigenetics changes during skin development","authors":"Li Lei, Ling Jiang, Yibo Hu, Menglu Chen, Jinhua Huang, Jing Chen, Qinghai Zeng","doi":"10.1016/j.fmre.2022.08.021","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fmre.2022.08.021","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Epigenetic regulation is critical to multiple physiological and pathological processes. However, little is known regarding the epigenetic changes during neonatal skin development and skin aging, and in response to ultraviolet (UV) exposure. The transcriptomes of human skin samples from different ages or irradiated with different types and doses of UV light were analyzed using R (version 4.0.3) software. The epigenetic landscape of the skin, including histone modifications, genetic imprinting and m<sup>6</sup>A modification, which are mainly involved in collagen formation, extracellular matrix organization, immune function and keratinization, underwent significant changes during neonatal to adult development. Epigenetic effectors such as IGF2BP2, GATA2, GATA3, CPA4 and CDK1 were significantly correlated with extracellular matrix organization, and VEGFA, CDK1 and PRKCB with skin immune function. The m<sup>6</sup>A readers such as IGF2BP2, IGF2BP3, HNRNPA2B1 and EIF3G showed significant correlation with extracellular matrix organization, metabolism, or antigen processing and presentation. Small doses of UV exposure only induced changes in the expression levels of some epigenetic effectors, without any significant effect on the overall epigenetic landscape. However, the minimal erythema dose of UV exposure altered multiple epigenetic effectors regulating extracellular matrix organization, cell-matrix adhesion, innate immune response, mitochondrial function and mRNA processing. In addition, epigenetic changes following UV exposure were more pronounced in the elderly skin compared to the younger skin. In conclusion, histone modifications, genetic imprinting and m<sup>6</sup>A modification play critical roles during skin development, and a large dose of UV exposure can significantly change the expression of multiple epigenetic effectors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34602,"journal":{"name":"Fundamental Research","volume":"5 1","pages":"Pages 228-240"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45042914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.fmre.2024.04.010
Yifei Pan , Cong Pan , Lanqun Mao , Ping Yu
Chemicals play a crucial role in neurophysiological and neuropathological processes. By regulating the concentration of specific chemicals, receptors on the neuron cell membrane can be modulated to activate or inhibit, thereby influencing specific ion channels and facilitating neuromodulation. This review introduces several chemical modulation techniques, such as microinjection, electrode/nanoparticle-based chemical delivery methods, in situ electrochemical synthesis and chemogenetics. While these techniques show promise in expanding the application of chemical neuromodulation, they currently exhibit different degrees of shortcomings and room for improvement. This review summarizes the opportunities and challenges for chemical neuromodulation methods and provide an outlook for their prospects in the future.
{"title":"Neuromodulation with chemicals: Opportunities and challenges","authors":"Yifei Pan , Cong Pan , Lanqun Mao , Ping Yu","doi":"10.1016/j.fmre.2024.04.010","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fmre.2024.04.010","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Chemicals play a crucial role in neurophysiological and neuropathological processes. By regulating the concentration of specific chemicals, receptors on the neuron cell membrane can be modulated to activate or inhibit, thereby influencing specific ion channels and facilitating neuromodulation. This review introduces several chemical modulation techniques, such as microinjection, electrode/nanoparticle-based chemical delivery methods, <em>in situ</em> electrochemical synthesis and chemogenetics. While these techniques show promise in expanding the application of chemical neuromodulation, they currently exhibit different degrees of shortcomings and room for improvement. This review summarizes the opportunities and challenges for chemical neuromodulation methods and provide an outlook for their prospects in the future.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34602,"journal":{"name":"Fundamental Research","volume":"5 1","pages":"Pages 55-62"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140796394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.fmre.2022.12.012
Zizhen Zhou , Xiaolong Yang , Honghui Wang , Guang Han , Xu Lu , Guoyu Wang , Rui Wang , Xiaoyuan Zhou
The band topology has been revealed to bring a wide array of novel electronic transport phenomena, but its interaction with phonon properties remains largely unexplored. Here we propose that continuous topological singularities with variable Fermi wave vectors can lead to giant effects on phonon transport in nodal-line semimetals. Using first-principles calculations, we show that such an exotic feature is present in a well-known topological semimetal ZrSiSe, in which the unique nodal-line can guarantee considerable momentum-continuous phonons to satisfy the stringent condition of Kohn anomaly and thereby dramatically strengthen the electron-phonon coupling. Moreover, the momentum-continuous anomaly phonons with eight arms of vertical Fermi surface drive intense phonon-electron scattering that is even comparable with intrinsic phonon-phonon scattering, giving rise to a reduction of ∼45% on room temperature lattice thermal conductivity. Our findings not only uncover giant phonon anomaly in topological nodal-line semimetals but also provide guidance for exploring the vital influence of electronic band topology on thermal transport bridged by the electron-phonon coupling.
{"title":"Giant phonon anomaly in topological nodal-line semimetals","authors":"Zizhen Zhou , Xiaolong Yang , Honghui Wang , Guang Han , Xu Lu , Guoyu Wang , Rui Wang , Xiaoyuan Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.fmre.2022.12.012","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fmre.2022.12.012","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The band topology has been revealed to bring a wide array of novel electronic transport phenomena, but its interaction with phonon properties remains largely unexplored. Here we propose that continuous topological singularities with variable Fermi wave vectors can lead to giant effects on phonon transport in nodal-line semimetals. Using first-principles calculations, we show that such an exotic feature is present in a well-known topological semimetal ZrSiSe, in which the unique nodal-line can guarantee considerable momentum-continuous phonons to satisfy the stringent condition of Kohn anomaly and thereby dramatically strengthen the electron-phonon coupling. Moreover, the momentum-continuous anomaly phonons with eight arms of vertical Fermi surface drive intense phonon-electron scattering that is even comparable with intrinsic phonon-phonon scattering, giving rise to a reduction of ∼45% on room temperature lattice thermal conductivity. Our findings not only uncover giant phonon anomaly in topological nodal-line semimetals but also provide guidance for exploring the vital influence of electronic band topology on thermal transport bridged by the electron-phonon coupling.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34602,"journal":{"name":"Fundamental Research","volume":"5 1","pages":"Pages 145-150"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45322168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.fmre.2023.05.015
Ruilin Hu , Penghui Fan , Yiding Wang , Jin Shan , Luyi Jing , Wei Xu , Fan Mo , Mixia Wang , Yan Luo , Ying Wang , Xinxia Cai , Jinping Luo
Timely monitoring of anesthesia status during surgery is important to prevent an overdose of isoflurane anesthesia. Therefore, in-depth studies of the neural mechanisms of anesthetics are warranted. Hippocampal CA1 plays an important role during anesthesia. Currently, a high spatiotemporal resolution microdevice technology for the accurate detection of deep brain nuclei is lacking. In this research, four-shank 32-channel implantable microelectrode arrays (MEAs) were developed for the real-time recording of single-cell level neural information in rat hippocampal CA1. Platinum nanoparticles were modified onto the microelectrodes to substantially enhance the electrical properties of the microelectrode arrays. The modified MEAs exhibited low impedance (11.5 ± 1 kΩ) and small phase delay (-18.5° ± 2.54°), which enabled the MEAs to record single-cell level neural information with a high signal-to-noise ratio. The MEAs were implanted into the CA1 nuclei of the anesthetized rats, and the electrophysiological signals were recorded under different degrees of anesthesia mediated by low-dose concentrations of isoflurane. The recorded signals were analyzed in depth. Isoflurane caused an inhibition of spike firing rate in hippocampal CA1 neurons, while inducing low-frequency oscillations in CA1, thus enhancing the low-frequency power of local field potentials. In this manner, the spike firing rate and the power of local field potentials in CA1 could characterize the degree of isoflurane anesthesia. The present study provides a technical tool to study the neural mechanisms of isoflurane anesthesia and a research method for monitoring the depth of isoflurane anesthesia in clinical practice.
{"title":"Multi-channel microelectrode arrays for detection of single-cell level neural information in the hippocampus CA1 under general anesthesia induced by low-dose isoflurane","authors":"Ruilin Hu , Penghui Fan , Yiding Wang , Jin Shan , Luyi Jing , Wei Xu , Fan Mo , Mixia Wang , Yan Luo , Ying Wang , Xinxia Cai , Jinping Luo","doi":"10.1016/j.fmre.2023.05.015","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fmre.2023.05.015","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Timely monitoring of anesthesia status during surgery is important to prevent an overdose of isoflurane anesthesia. Therefore, in-depth studies of the neural mechanisms of anesthetics are warranted. Hippocampal CA1 plays an important role during anesthesia. Currently, a high spatiotemporal resolution microdevice technology for the accurate detection of deep brain nuclei is lacking. In this research, four-shank 32-channel implantable microelectrode arrays (MEAs) were developed for the real-time recording of single-cell level neural information in rat hippocampal CA1. Platinum nanoparticles were modified onto the microelectrodes to substantially enhance the electrical properties of the microelectrode arrays. The modified MEAs exhibited low impedance (11.5 ± 1 kΩ) and small phase delay (-18.5° ± 2.54°), which enabled the MEAs to record single-cell level neural information with a high signal-to-noise ratio. The MEAs were implanted into the CA1 nuclei of the anesthetized rats, and the electrophysiological signals were recorded under different degrees of anesthesia mediated by low-dose concentrations of isoflurane. The recorded signals were analyzed in depth. Isoflurane caused an inhibition of spike firing rate in hippocampal CA1 neurons, while inducing low-frequency oscillations in CA1, thus enhancing the low-frequency power of local field potentials. In this manner, the spike firing rate and the power of local field potentials in CA1 could characterize the degree of isoflurane anesthesia. The present study provides a technical tool to study the neural mechanisms of isoflurane anesthesia and a research method for monitoring the depth of isoflurane anesthesia in clinical practice.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34602,"journal":{"name":"Fundamental Research","volume":"5 1","pages":"Pages 72-81"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45745325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.fmre.2022.09.032
Binhua Dong , Huifeng Xue , Ye Li , Ping Li , Jiancui Chen , Tao Zhang , Lihua Chen , Diling Pan , Peizhong Liu , Pengming Sun
Colposcopy is an important technique in the diagnosis of cervical cancer. The development of computer-aided diagnosis methods can mitigate the shortage of colposcopists and improve the accuracy and efficiency of colposcopy examinations in China. This study proposes the Dense-U-Net model for colposcopy image recognition. This was a man–machine comparison cohort study. It presents a novel artificial intelligence (AI) model for the diagnosis of cervical lesions through colposcopy images using a Dense-U-Net image semantic segmentation algorithm. The Dense-U-Net model was created by applying the methods of “deepening the network structure,” “applying dropout” and “max pooling.” Moreover, image-based and population-based diagnostic performances of the AI algorithm and physicians with different levels of specialist experience were compared. In total, 2,475 participants were recruited, and 13,084 colposcopy images were included in this study. The diagnostic accuracy of the Dense-U-Net model increased significantly with increasing colposcopy images per patient. As the number of images in the training set increased, the diagnostic accuracy of the Dense-U-Net model for cervical intraepithelial neoplasm 3 or worse (CIN3+) diagnosis increased (P = 0.035). The rate of diagnostic accuracy (0.89 vs 0.85, P < 0.001) of CIN3+ lesions using the Dense-U-Net model was higher than that of expert colposcopists, and the missed diagnosis (0.06 vs 0.07, P = 0.002) and false positive (0.05 vs 0.08, P < 0.001) were lower. Moreover, Dense-U-Net is more accurate in diagnosing the type III cervical transformation zone, which is difficult to diagnose by experts (P < 0.001). The Dense-U-Net model also showed higher diagnostic accuracy for CIN3+ in an independent test set (P < 0.001). To diagnose the same 870 test images, the Dense-U-Net system took 1.76 ± 0.09 min, while the expert, senior, and junior colposcopists took 716.3 ± 49.76, 892.1 ± 92.30, and 3034.7 ± 259.51 min, respectively. The study successfully built a reliable, quick, and effective Dense-U-Net model to assist with colposcopy examinations.
{"title":"Classification and diagnosis of cervical lesions based on colposcopy images using deep fully convolutional networks: A man-machine comparison cohort study","authors":"Binhua Dong , Huifeng Xue , Ye Li , Ping Li , Jiancui Chen , Tao Zhang , Lihua Chen , Diling Pan , Peizhong Liu , Pengming Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.fmre.2022.09.032","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fmre.2022.09.032","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Colposcopy is an important technique in the diagnosis of cervical cancer. The development of computer-aided diagnosis methods can mitigate the shortage of colposcopists and improve the accuracy and efficiency of colposcopy examinations in China. This study proposes the Dense-U-Net model for colposcopy image recognition. This was a man–machine comparison cohort study. It presents a novel artificial intelligence (AI) model for the diagnosis of cervical lesions through colposcopy images using a Dense-U-Net image semantic segmentation algorithm. The Dense-U-Net model was created by applying the methods of “deepening the network structure,” “applying dropout” and “max pooling.” Moreover, image-based and population-based diagnostic performances of the AI algorithm and physicians with different levels of specialist experience were compared. In total, 2,475 participants were recruited, and 13,084 colposcopy images were included in this study. The diagnostic accuracy of the Dense-U-Net model increased significantly with increasing colposcopy images per patient. As the number of images in the training set increased, the diagnostic accuracy of the Dense-U-Net model for cervical intraepithelial neoplasm 3 or worse (CIN3+) diagnosis increased (<em>P</em> = 0.035). The rate of diagnostic accuracy (0.89 vs 0.85, <em>P</em> < 0.001) of CIN3+ lesions using the Dense-U-Net model was higher than that of expert colposcopists, and the missed diagnosis (0.06 vs 0.07, <em>P</em> = 0.002) and false positive (0.05 vs 0.08, <em>P</em> < 0.001) were lower. Moreover, Dense-U-Net is more accurate in diagnosing the type III cervical transformation zone, which is difficult to diagnose by experts (<em>P</em> < 0.001). The Dense-U-Net model also showed higher diagnostic accuracy for CIN3+ in an independent test set (<em>P</em> < 0.001). To diagnose the same 870 test images, the Dense-U-Net system took 1.76 ± 0.09 min, while the expert, senior, and junior colposcopists took 716.3 ± 49.76, 892.1 ± 92.30, and 3034.7 ± 259.51 min, respectively. The study successfully built a reliable, quick, and effective Dense-U-Net model to assist with colposcopy examinations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34602,"journal":{"name":"Fundamental Research","volume":"5 1","pages":"Pages 419-428"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143176718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.fmre.2023.11.012
Shulin Chen , Tzu-Li Liu , Yizhen Jia , Jinghua Li
Detecting and diagnosing neurological diseases in modern healthcare presents substantial challenges that directly impact patient outcomes. The complex nature of these conditions demands precise and quantitative monitoring of disease-associated biomarkers in a continuous, real-time manner. Current chemical sensing strategies exhibit restricted clinical effectiveness due to labor-intensive laboratory analysis prerequisites, dependence on clinician expertise, and prolonged and recurrent interventions. Bio-integrated electronics for chemical sensing is an emerging, multidisciplinary field enabled by rapid advances in electrical engineering, biosensing, materials science, analytical chemistry, and biomedical engineering. This review presents an overview of recent progress in bio-integrated electrochemical sensors, with an emphasis on their relevance to neuroengineering and neuromodulation. It traverses vital neurological biomarkers and explores bio-recognition elements, sensing strategies, transducer designs, and wireless signal transmission methods. The integration of in vivo biochemical sensors is showcased through applications. The review concludes by outlining future trends and advancements in in vivo electrochemical sensing, and highlighting ongoing research and technological innovation, which aims to provide inspiring and practical instructions for future research.
{"title":"Recent advances in bio-integrated electrochemical sensors for neuroengineering","authors":"Shulin Chen , Tzu-Li Liu , Yizhen Jia , Jinghua Li","doi":"10.1016/j.fmre.2023.11.012","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fmre.2023.11.012","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Detecting and diagnosing neurological diseases in modern healthcare presents substantial challenges that directly impact patient outcomes. The complex nature of these conditions demands precise and quantitative monitoring of disease-associated biomarkers in a continuous, real-time manner. Current chemical sensing strategies exhibit restricted clinical effectiveness due to labor-intensive laboratory analysis prerequisites, dependence on clinician expertise, and prolonged and recurrent interventions. Bio-integrated electronics for chemical sensing is an emerging, multidisciplinary field enabled by rapid advances in electrical engineering, biosensing, materials science, analytical chemistry, and biomedical engineering. This review presents an overview of recent progress in bio-integrated electrochemical sensors, with an emphasis on their relevance to neuroengineering and neuromodulation. It traverses vital neurological biomarkers and explores bio-recognition elements, sensing strategies, transducer designs, and wireless signal transmission methods. The integration of <em>in vivo</em> biochemical sensors is showcased through applications. The review concludes by outlining future trends and advancements in <em>in vivo</em> electrochemical sensing, and highlighting ongoing research and technological innovation, which aims to provide inspiring and practical instructions for future research.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34602,"journal":{"name":"Fundamental Research","volume":"5 1","pages":"Pages 29-47"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139025126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.fmre.2023.09.005
Xin Bing , Chengcheng Liu , Xue Cao , Chengzhilin Li , Xiaochen Gao , Fangyuan Zhu , Xinhao Wu , Na Guo , Houyang Hu , Ming Xia , Miaoqing Zhao
Hearing loss, as a sensory disorder, is the most common occurrence among humans, which has received increasing attention from society. It is mainly caused by the damage of inner ear hair cells (HCs) or the degeneration of spiral ganglion neurons. In mammals, cochlear HCs cannot regenerate naturally after injury, leading to irreversible hearing loss. Therefore, HCs are essential for hearing protection. In recent years, the protection of drug-related ototoxicity, inner ear stem cells, gene therapy, new materials, and signal regulation have become important ways to develop regeneration strategies of HCs. An in-depth study of the causes of the occurrence and development of hearing impairment and the regeneration of hearing loss for effective prevention, discovery, and treatment of deafness has great significance. This review aimed to analyze the development of the inner ear and summarize the related factors leading to HCs injury and the research progress of regeneration after injury.
{"title":"Development of the inner ear and regeneration of hair cells after hearing impairment","authors":"Xin Bing , Chengcheng Liu , Xue Cao , Chengzhilin Li , Xiaochen Gao , Fangyuan Zhu , Xinhao Wu , Na Guo , Houyang Hu , Ming Xia , Miaoqing Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.fmre.2023.09.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fmre.2023.09.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hearing loss, as a sensory disorder, is the most common occurrence among humans, which has received increasing attention from society. It is mainly caused by the damage of inner ear hair cells (HCs) or the degeneration of spiral ganglion neurons. In mammals, cochlear HCs cannot regenerate naturally after injury, leading to irreversible hearing loss. Therefore, HCs are essential for hearing protection. In recent years, the protection of drug-related ototoxicity, inner ear stem cells, gene therapy, new materials, and signal regulation have become important ways to develop regeneration strategies of HCs. An in-depth study of the causes of the occurrence and development of hearing impairment and the regeneration of hearing loss for effective prevention, discovery, and treatment of deafness has great significance. This review aimed to analyze the development of the inner ear and summarize the related factors leading to HCs injury and the research progress of regeneration after injury.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34602,"journal":{"name":"Fundamental Research","volume":"5 1","pages":"Pages 203-214"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139293333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The valence of metal nodes in metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) determines their performance in applications while developing an efficient approach for valence regulation is challenging. Here we present a strategy to make the valence regulation much easier by loosening metal nodes by thermal pretreatment. The typical MOF, HKUST-1, with the tunable valence of Cu nodes, was used as a proof of concept. Thermal pretreatment (producing HK-T) changes the chemical environment and loosens Cu nodes, endowing them with enhanced reducibility. In the subsequent vapor-induced reduction, the yield of Cu+ from Cu2+ conversion in HK-T (producing HK-T-V) reaches 69%, which is higher than that in pristine HKUST-1 (producing HK-V) with a Cu+ yield of 19% as well as the reported yields of target-valence metal nodes in various MOFs (6%–30%). The obtained HK-T-V possessing abundant Cu+ sites can capture 0.809 mmol/g thiophene in adsorptive desulfurization, 2.5 times higher than HK-V and superior to most reported adsorbents.
{"title":"Loosening metal nodes in metal-organic frameworks to facilitate the regulation of valence","authors":"Yu-Xia Li, Jia-Xin Shen, Ze-Jiu Diao, Shi-Chao Qi, Xiao-Qin Liu, Lin-Bing Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.fmre.2022.08.012","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fmre.2022.08.012","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The valence of metal nodes in metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) determines their performance in applications while developing an efficient approach for valence regulation is challenging. Here we present a strategy to make the valence regulation much easier by loosening metal nodes by thermal pretreatment. The typical MOF, HKUST-1, with the tunable valence of Cu nodes, was used as a proof of concept. Thermal pretreatment (producing HK-T) changes the chemical environment and loosens Cu nodes, endowing them with enhanced reducibility. In the subsequent vapor-induced reduction, the yield of Cu<sup>+</sup> from Cu<sup>2+</sup> conversion in HK-T (producing HK-T-V) reaches 69%, which is higher than that in pristine HKUST-1 (producing HK-V) with a Cu<sup>+</sup> yield of 19% as well as the reported yields of target-valence metal nodes in various MOFs (6%–30%). The obtained HK-T-V possessing abundant Cu<sup>+</sup> sites can capture 0.809 mmol/g thiophene in adsorptive desulfurization, 2.5 times higher than HK-V and superior to most reported adsorbents.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34602,"journal":{"name":"Fundamental Research","volume":"5 1","pages":"Pages 158-164"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41874113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.fmre.2022.12.015
Xianfeng Yi , Yao Xiao , Changjiu Xia , Fengqing Liu , Yujia Liu , Yu Hui , Xin Yu , Yucai Qin , Wei Chen , Zhiqiang Liu , Lijuan Song , Anmin Zheng
Elucidating the nature of the active sites in heterogeneous catalysts is fundamental for understanding their reactivity and catalytic performances. Although stannosilicate zeolites have tremendous application potential for catalyzing biomass-related compounds in aqueous media, the detailed local structures and features of the real active sites and their possible structural variations under reaction conditions are poorly understood to date. In this study, a dynamic transformation of framework Sn−O−Si sites to Sn−OH/Si−OH pairs and subsequently a pseudo-Brønsted acid in stannosilicate zeolites upon molecular adsorption, which is analogous to various adsorbates/reactants under working conditions, was identified by solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy for the first time, which challenges the widespread assumption that the active center structures remain rigid/stable during the catalytic process. These results provide new comprehensive insights for the fundamental understanding of the dynamic and flexible active centers and involved reaction mechanisms of novel zeolite catalysts with heterometal atoms, such as Sn, Ti, and Zr.
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