Fundamental Research最新文献

英文中文

A high-efficiency transformer-in-package isolated DC-DC converter using glass-based fan-out wafer-level packaging 采用玻璃基扇出晶圆级封装的高效变压器封装隔离DC-DC转换器

IF 6.2 3区综合性期刊 Q1 Multidisciplinary

Fundamental Research

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.fmre.2023.05.003

Lin Cheng , Zuohuan Chen , Daquan Yu , Dongfang Pan

A transformer-in-package (TiP) isolated direct current–direct current (DC-DC) converter using glass-based fan-out wafer-level packaging (FOWLP) is proposed. By using 3-layer redistribution layers (RDLs), both the transformer and interconnections are built without an additional transformer chip, and the converter only has 2 dies: a transmitter (TX) chip and a receiver (RX) chip. The proposed solution results in a significant reduction in the cost and makes major improvements in the form factor and power density. Moreover, the transformer built by the RDLs achieves a high quality factor (Q) and high coupling factor (k), and the efficiency of the converter is thus improved. The TX and RX chips were implemented in a 0.18 µm Biopolar CMOS DMOS (BCD) process and embedded in a compact package with a size of 5 mm × 5 mm. With an output capacitance of 10 µF, the converter achieves a peak efficiency of 46.5% at 0.3 W output power and a maximum delivery power of 1.25 W, achieving a maximum power density of 50 mW/mm².

提出了一种基于玻璃基扇出晶圆级封装（FOWLP）的封装变压器（TiP）隔离直流-直流（DC-DC）变换器。通过使用3层再分配层（RDLs），变压器和互连都不需要额外的变压器芯片，转换器只有2个芯片：一个发送（TX）芯片和一个接收（RX）芯片。提出的解决方案显著降低了成本，并在外形尺寸和功率密度方面取得了重大改进。此外，rdl构建的变压器实现了高质量因子Q和高耦合因子k，从而提高了变换器的效率。TX和RX芯片采用0.18 μ m bi极CMOS DMOS （BCD）工艺实现，并嵌入尺寸为5mm × 5mm的紧凑封装中。该变换器的输出电容为10µF，在0.3 W输出功率和1.25 W最大输出功率下实现46.5%的峰值效率，最大功率密度为50 mW/mm2。

引用次数: 0

Ice sheet expansion in the Cretaceous greenhouse world 白垩纪温室世界的冰盖扩张

IF 6.2 3区综合性期刊 Q1 Multidisciplinary

Fundamental Research

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.fmre.2023.05.005

Tianyang Wang , Songlin He , Qinghai Zhang , Lin Ding , Alexander Farnsworth , Fulong Cai , Chao Wang , Jing Xie , Guobiao Li , Jiani Sheng , Yahui Yue

Globally elevated temperatures during the Cretaceous extreme greenhouse climate interval were punctuated by the Valanginian cooling event, which was characterized by a positive carbon isotope excursion, global cooling, and a glacial event approximately at 135 Ma. Disentangling ocean temperature and continental ice volume trends enables us to better understand climate fluctuations over deep time. We investigated the ocean temperature–ice sheet dynamics of glaciation events that occurred in the Cretaceous greenhouse world. New clumped isotope and δ¹⁸O data from sites in the Tethyan Ocean show that seawater temperatures decreased by 5–6 °C, consistent with the development of glacial periods, and maximum ice volumes about half the size of present-day Antarctica. This cooling event provides a counter-example to other Mesozoic climate transitions driven by changes in atmospheric greenhouse gas contents. Our results emphasize the importance of quantitatively reconstructing continental ice volume, providing further support for exploring deep-time Earth climate dynamics.

在白垩纪极端温室气候期间，全球气温升高被Valanginian冷却事件打断，该事件的特征是碳同位素正偏移，全球变冷和大约135 Ma的冰川事件。解开海洋温度和大陆冰量趋势的纠缠，使我们能够更好地了解长期以来的气候波动。我们研究了发生在白垩纪温室世界的冰川事件的海洋温度-冰盖动力学。来自特提斯海洋的新块状同位素和δ18O数据表明，海水温度下降了5-6°C，与冰期的发展相一致，最大冰量约为当今南极洲的一半。这一降温事件为其他由大气温室气体含量变化驱动的中生代气候转变提供了一个反例。我们的研究结果强调了定量重建大陆冰量的重要性，为探索深时间地球气候动力学提供了进一步的支持。

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引用次数: 0

Autophagy mediated tubulobulbar complex components degradation is required for spermiation 自噬介导的小管球复合体成分降解是精子形成所必需的

IF 6.2 3区综合性期刊 Q1 Multidisciplinary

Fundamental Research

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.fmre.2022.10.006

Liying Wang , Ruidan Zhang , Bingbing Wu , Yang Yu , Wei Li , Shiguo Li , Chao Liu

Spermiation is the process that releases mature spermatids from Sertoli cells into the lumen of the seminiferous tubule. Tubulobulbar complexes (TBCs) are elaborate cytoskeleton-related structures that are indispensable for spermiation. Despite well-defined ultrastructural events, the molecular regulation of TBCs during spermiation remains largely unknown. Here, we show that autophagy is active in TBC regions, and impaired autophagy in Sertoli cells affects spermiation. Further studies demonstrated that many TBC components bound to LC3 and could be selectively degraded through the autophagy-lysosome pathway. Perturbed autophagy impaired the degradation of some TBC components in Sertoli cells, such as VCL and CTTN, and led to the accumulation of TBC components surrounding the spermatid head, which may be associated with the sperm-releasing defect. Together, our results reveal that autophagy is essential for the TBC components degradation in mouse Sertoli cells and define a functional role of autophagy during spermiation.

精子化是将成熟精子从支持细胞释放到精小管管腔的过程。管球复合体（tbc）是精细的细胞骨架相关结构，是精子形成不可或缺的。尽管超微结构事件定义明确，但精子受精过程中tbc的分子调控在很大程度上仍然未知。在这里，我们发现自噬在TBC区域是活跃的，支持细胞自噬受损会影响精子受精。进一步研究表明，许多TBC成分与LC3结合，并可通过自噬-溶酶体途径选择性降解。受干扰的自噬损害了支持细胞中一些TBC成分的降解，如VCL和CTTN，并导致TBC成分在精子头周围积聚，这可能与精子释放缺陷有关。总之，我们的研究结果表明，自噬对小鼠支持细胞中TBC成分的降解至关重要，并确定了自噬在精子受精过程中的功能作用。

引用次数: 0

Mechanism properties of a bird-neck bionic rigid-flexible structure 鸟颈仿生刚柔结构的力学特性

IF 6.2 3区综合性期刊 Q1 Multidisciplinary

Fundamental Research

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.fmre.2022.06.023

Xiuting Sun, Jian Xu, Zhifeng Qi

By the biological construction of a bird neck, a bionic bird-neck multilevel rigid-flexible structure is proposed and some biometric properties are explained. The proposed structure can flexibly deform in six directions, which inspires the study of its mechanical properties for flexible deformations. First, the structural configuration and composition are determined based on the study of the anatomical characteristics of the woodpeckers. Since the skeletons and muscles have very different values for the elasticity modulus and the deformation is mostly dependent on the muscle tension, the bionic structure consists of rigid units and bio-syncretic components. For combined deformations, the mechanical model is established by the connectivity matrix to describe the connection of each level. Second, based on the principle of minimum potential energy, an integral form-finding method is proposed for flexible combination deformations. All of the integral forms obtained with the theoretical analysis are compared with the results with Finite Element Analysis. The structural parameters of the bionic structure were then tightly fixed to the actual shape of the bird's neck and the corresponding overall form took on an "S" shape, which perfectly matched the construction of the bird's neck. In addition, for the pre-deformation form, by analyzing the potential energy of the bionic structure, due to the adjustable dynamic stiffness property, an explanation is provided for the significant dynamic stability of the bird neck in bending. This study not only proposes a bionic rigid-flexible structure with high spatial accessibility but also explains biological properties of a bird neck based on the study of its mechanics characteristics. Based on the modeling and the mechanical properties of the bionic structure in flexible spatial combination deformations, the multi-steady state, and the variable dynamic stiffness, the bird-neck bionic rigid-flexible structure has significant applications such as aeronautical deployable systems, manipulator positioning, and dynamic stability fields.

通过对鸟颈的生物构造，提出了一种仿生鸟颈多级刚柔结构，并对其生物特征进行了解释。该结构可以在六个方向上进行柔性变形，从而激发了对其柔性变形力学性能的研究。首先，在研究啄木鸟解剖特征的基础上，确定了啄木鸟的结构形态和组成。由于骨骼和肌肉的弹性模量有很大的不同，而变形主要取决于肌肉的张力，因此仿生结构由刚性单元和生物合成部件组成。对于组合变形，通过连通性矩阵建立力学模型来描述各层的连通性。其次，基于最小势能原理，提出了柔性组合变形的积分寻形方法。将理论分析得到的积分形式与有限元分析结果进行了比较。然后将仿生结构的结构参数与鸟脖子的实际形状紧密固定，相应的整体形状呈“S”形，与鸟脖子的构造完美匹配。此外，对于预变形形式，通过分析仿生结构的势能，由于动态刚度可调的特性，解释了鸟颈弯曲时显著的动态稳定性。本研究不仅提出了一种具有高空间可达性的仿生刚柔结构，而且在研究鸟颈力学特性的基础上解释了鸟颈的生物学特性。基于仿生结构在柔性空间组合变形、多稳态和变动刚度下的建模和力学特性，鸟颈仿生刚柔结构在航空展开系统、机械臂定位和动稳定等领域具有重要的应用价值。

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引用次数: 0

The updated understanding of advanced maternal age 对高龄产妇的最新认识

IF 6.2 3区综合性期刊 Q1 Multidisciplinary

Fundamental Research

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.fmre.2023.09.013

Xuan Ye , Philip N. Baker , Chao Tong

The rising rates of pregnancies associated with advanced maternal age (AMA) have created unique challenges for healthcare systems worldwide. The elevated risk of poor maternal outcomes among AMA pregnancies is only partially understood and hotly debated. Specifically, AMA is associated with reduced fertility and an increased incidence of pregnancy complications. Finding a balance between global fertility policy, socioeconomic development and health care optimization ultimately depends on female fertility. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop technologies and identify effective interventions. Support strategies should include prepregnancy screening, intervention and postpartum maintenance. Although some reviews have considered the relationship between AMA and adverse pregnancy outcomes, no previous work has comprehensively considered the long-term health effects of AMA on mothers. In this review, we will begin by presenting the current knowledge of global health issues associated with AMA and the effects of advanced age on the female reproductive system, endocrine metabolism, and placental function. We will then discuss physiological alterations, pregnancy complications, and long-term health problems caused by AMA.

与高龄产妇（AMA）相关的怀孕率不断上升，为全球医疗保健系统带来了独特的挑战。在AMA怀孕中，不良产妇结局的风险增加只是部分理解和激烈争论。具体来说，AMA与生育能力降低和妊娠并发症发生率增加有关。在全球生育政策、社会经济发展和卫生保健优化之间找到平衡最终取决于女性生育率。因此，迫切需要开发技术并确定有效的干预措施。支持策略应包括孕前筛查、干预和产后维护。虽然一些综述考虑了AMA与不良妊娠结局之间的关系，但以前没有研究全面考虑AMA对母亲的长期健康影响。在这篇综述中，我们将首先介绍与AMA相关的全球健康问题的最新知识以及高龄对女性生殖系统、内分泌代谢和胎盘功能的影响。然后我们将讨论由AMA引起的生理变化、妊娠并发症和长期健康问题。

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引用次数: 0

Gene therapy as an emerging treatment for Scn2a mutation-induced autism spectrum disorders 基因治疗作为Scn2a突变诱导的自闭症谱系障碍的一种新兴治疗方法

IF 6.2 3区综合性期刊 Q1 Multidisciplinary

Fundamental Research

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.fmre.2023.02.004

Arkadeep Ghosh, Nitin Nadella, A Paula Monaghan-Nichols, Xiang-Ping Chu

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex neurological and developmental disorder that affects how a person acts, communicates, learns, and interacts with others. It affects the structure and function of the brain and nervous system. How ASD is caused remains uncertain and there is no effective treatment for this disorder. Searching for new technologies for treatment of this disorder becomes a priority. Genetic alterations have been implicated in the generation of this disorder. One of the most promising genes for potential treatment of ASD is sodium voltage-gated channel alpha subunit 2 gene (SCN2A). SCN2A, encoding the neuronal voltage-gated Na⁺ channel Na_V1.2, is one of the most commonly affected loci linked to ASD. Here, we discuss the implications of loss of function (LOF) mutations in SCN2A and the potential efficacy of gene therapy by highlighting the usage of CRISPR restoration of various Scn2a-insufficiencies. Various therapeutics exist that can be extrapolated to address the needs of Scn2a LOF induced ASD. The current treatment that exists for ASD can be seen as outdated in comparison to the advent of new technologies that build upon CRISPR. Due to complications in treatment of ASD, genetic therapies may induce alterations such as insertion–deletion mutations, which may lead to further complications along with a negative public outlook on CRISPR technologies. Gene therapy can be applied to ASD but much work is yet to be done in order to address both biochemical and ethical considerations.

自闭症谱系障碍（ASD）是一种复杂的神经和发育障碍，影响一个人的行为、沟通、学习和与他人互动。它影响大脑和神经系统的结构和功能。ASD是如何引起的仍不清楚，目前还没有有效的治疗方法。寻找治疗这种疾病的新技术成为当务之急。遗传改变与这种疾病的产生有关。钠电压门控通道α亚基2基因（SCN2A）是最有希望治疗ASD的基因之一。SCN2A编码神经元电压门控Na+通道NaV1.2，是与ASD相关的最常见受影响的基因座之一。在这里，我们通过强调使用CRISPR修复各种SCN2A缺陷，讨论了SCN2A功能缺失（LOF）突变的影响以及基因治疗的潜在功效。存在多种治疗方法，可以推断出解决Scn2a LOF诱导的ASD的需要。与建立在CRISPR基础上的新技术的出现相比，目前针对ASD的治疗方法可能被视为过时。由于治疗ASD的并发症，基因治疗可能会引起插入-删除突变等改变，这可能会导致进一步的并发症，同时公众对CRISPR技术的看法也不乐观。基因疗法可以应用于自闭症谱系障碍，但为了解决生化和伦理方面的问题，还有很多工作要做。

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引用次数: 0

Interference of endogenous benzoic acid with the signatures of sulfonic acid derivatives and carbohydrates in fermented dairy products 内源性苯甲酸对发酵乳制品中磺酸衍生物和碳水化合物特征的干扰

IF 6.2 3区综合性期刊 Q1 Multidisciplinary

Fundamental Research

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.fmre.2022.09.033

Wei Jia , Xin Wang , Lin Shi

Endogenous benzoic acid causes detrimental effects on public health, but the underlying mechanisms often remain elusive. Benzoic acid (0.00–40.00 mg L⁻¹) was detected from sixty fermented goat milk samples in six replicates, indicating the existence of endogenous benzoic acid. Herein, we investigated the effects of benzoic acid on the variations of metabolome and proteome signatures in fermented goat milk via integrative metabolomics (LOQ 2.39–98.98 μg L⁻¹) and proteomics approach based on UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS. Explicitly, benzoic acid reduced the content of taurine (7.06–4.80 mg L⁻¹) and hypotaurine (3.86–1.74 mg L⁻¹) due to a significant decrease in the levels of glutamate decarboxylase 1 by benzoic acid. The reduction in lactose (7.13–5.31 mg L⁻¹) and d-galactose (4.39–3.37 mg L⁻¹) content was related to the decrease in α-lactalbumin and β-galactosidase levels, respectively, in fermented goat milk containing 40.00 mg L⁻¹ benzoic acid. Meanwhile, the levels of maltose (22.84–16.53 mg L⁻¹) and raffinose (4.19–3.10 mg L⁻¹) progressively decreased with increasing benzoic acid concentrations (0.00–40.00 mg L⁻¹), which had detrimental effects on the nutritional quality of fermented goat milk. Additionally, the concentration of benzoic acid and fermentation temperature are the most important factors to control the loss of nutrients in fermented dairy products.

内源性苯甲酸对公众健康造成有害影响，但其潜在机制往往尚不清楚。在6个重复的60份发酵羊奶样品中检测到苯甲酸（0.00 ~ 40.00 mg L−1），表明存在内源性苯甲酸。本研究采用综合代谢组学（LOQ为2.39 ~ 98.98 μg L−1）和基于UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS的蛋白质组学方法研究了苯甲酸对发酵羊奶代谢组学和蛋白质组学特征变化的影响。苯甲酸明显降低了牛磺酸（7.06-4.80 mg L−1）和次牛磺酸（3.86-1.74 mg L−1）的含量，这是由于苯甲酸显著降低了谷氨酸脱羧酶1的水平。在含有40.00 mg L−1苯甲酸的发酵羊奶中，乳糖（7.13 ~ 5.31 mg L−1）和d-半乳糖（4.39 ~ 3.37 mg L−1）含量的降低与α-乳清蛋白和β-半乳糖苷酶水平的降低有关。同时，随着苯甲酸浓度（0.00 ~ 40.00 mg L−1）的增加，麦芽糖（22.84 ~ 16.53 mg L−1）和棉子糖（4.19 ~ 3.10 mg L−1）含量逐渐降低，对发酵羊奶的营养品质产生不利影响。另外，苯甲酸浓度和发酵温度是控制发酵乳制品中营养物质流失的最重要因素。

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引用次数: 0

The Big Chip: Challenge, model and architecture 大芯片挑战、模式和架构

IF 6.2 3区综合性期刊 Q1 Multidisciplinary

Fundamental Research

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.fmre.2023.10.020

Yinhe Han , Haobo Xu , Meixuan Lu , Haoran Wang , Junpei Huang , Ying Wang , Yujie Wang , Feng Min , Qi Liu , Ming Liu , Ninghui Sun

As Moore’s Law comes to an end, the implementation of high-performance chips through transistor scaling has become increasingly challenging. To improve performance, increasing the chip area to integrate more transistors has become an essential approach. However, due to restrictions such as the maximum reticle area, cost, and manufacturing yield, the chip’s area cannot be continuously increased, and it encounters what is known as the “area-wall”. In this paper, we provide a detailed analysis of the area-wall and propose a practical solution, the Big Chip, as a novel chip form to continuously improve performance. We introduce a performance model for evaluating Big Chip and discuss its architecture. Finally, we derive the future development trends of the Big Chip.

随着摩尔定律的终结，通过晶体管缩放实现高性能芯片变得越来越具有挑战性。为了提高性能，增加芯片面积以集成更多的晶体管已成为必不可少的方法。然而，由于最大光圈面积、成本和制造良率等限制，芯片的面积无法持续增加，并且会遇到所谓的“面积墙”。在本文中，我们提供了一个详细的分析，并提出了一个实用的解决方案，大芯片，作为一种新的芯片形式，不断提高性能。介绍了一种评估大芯片性能的模型，并讨论了其结构。最后，给出了大芯片未来的发展趋势。

引用次数: 0

Where we are and where we will go to achieve carbon neutrality: A review of quantitative socioeconomic modeling research 实现碳中和的现状与未来：定量社会经济模型研究综述

IF 6.2 3区综合性期刊 Q1 Multidisciplinary

Fundamental Research

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.fmre.2023.12.020

Jiali Zheng , Xiaoqing Hou , Hongbo Duan , Shouyang Wang

By conducting a bibliometric analysis of 1997 scholarly publications on carbon neutrality and zero carbon emissions from 2019 to 2022, it is found that reviews of quantitative socioeconomic modeling research remain limited. To address this issue, a comprehensive review of carbon neutrality research, specifically, a systematic and synergistic review of the literature from a socioeconomic modeling perspective, is needed. The 20 clustering labels in the four largest clusters are summarized as main research streams, that is, carbon emission reduction, carbon sink and carbon capture and storage according to the definition of carbon neutral. Thus, this review revealed that carbon neutrality in the quantitative socioeconomic field is characterized in three main research directions. Sector integration, including integration within and among sectors, and integrated assessment models (IAMs), particularly multimodel analysis, can be regarded as a key node for carbon emission reduction. Carbon sink accounting, trade, and policy evaluated through technological and socioeconomic modeling, which includes both top-down and bottom-up types, are critical issues for carbon sinks. Carbon removal technologies and their application in IAMs are important topics for carbon capture and storage. This review provides a clear understanding of model-driven socioeconomic research on carbon neutrality via a systematic framework in quantitative analyses, outlining the potential gaps and challenges and providing possible insights and implications in a synergistic manner.

通过对1997年关于2019 - 2022年碳中和和零碳排放的学术出版物进行文献计量分析，发现定量社会经济模型研究的综述仍然有限。为了解决这一问题，需要对碳中和研究进行全面的回顾，特别是从社会经济模型的角度对文献进行系统和协同的回顾。根据碳中性的定义，将4个最大集群中的20个聚类标签归纳为主要研究流，即碳减排、碳汇和碳捕集与封存。综上所述，定量社会经济领域的碳中和研究呈现出三个主要的研究方向。部门整合，包括部门内部和部门之间的整合，以及综合评估模型，特别是多模型分析，可以被视为碳减排的关键节点。通过技术和社会经济模型（包括自上而下和自下而上的模型）评估的碳汇核算、贸易和政策是碳汇的关键问题。碳去除技术及其在人工晶体中的应用是碳捕获与封存的重要课题。本综述通过定量分析的系统框架，对模型驱动的碳中和社会经济研究提供了清晰的认识，概述了潜在的差距和挑战，并以协同的方式提供了可能的见解和启示。

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引用次数: 0

Revisiting astrocytic calcium signaling in the brain 重温大脑中的星形胶质细胞钙信号转导

IF 6.2 3区综合性期刊 Q1 Multidisciplinary

Fundamental Research

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.fmre.2023.11.021

Ying Bai , Zhongqiu Zhou , Bing Han , Xianyuan Xiang , Wenhui Huang , Honghong Yao

Astrocytes, characterized by complex spongiform morphology, participate in various physiological processes, and abnormal changes in their calcium (Ca²⁺) signaling are implicated in central nervous system disorders. However, medications targeting the control of Ca²⁺ have fallen short of the anticipated therapeutic outcomes in clinical applications. This underscores the fact that our comprehension of this intricate regulation of calcium ions remains considerably incomplete. In recent years, with the advancement of Ca²⁺ labeling, imaging, and analysis techniques, Ca²⁺ signals have been found to exhibit high specificity at different spatial locations within the intricate structure of astrocytes. This has ushered the study of Ca²⁺ signaling in astrocytes into a new phase, leading to several groundbreaking research achievements. Despite this, the comprehensive understanding of astrocytic Ca²⁺ signaling and their implications remains challenging area for future research.

星形胶质细胞具有复杂的海绵状形态，参与多种生理过程，其钙（Ca2+）信号的异常变化与中枢神经系统疾病有关。然而，靶向Ca2+控制的药物在临床应用中未能达到预期的治疗效果。这强调了这样一个事实，即我们对钙离子的这种复杂调节的理解仍然相当不完整。近年来，随着Ca2+标记、成像和分析技术的进步，人们发现Ca2+信号在星形胶质细胞复杂结构的不同空间位置表现出高特异性。这使得星形胶质细胞中Ca2+信号的研究进入了一个新的阶段，并取得了一些突破性的研究成果。尽管如此，星形细胞Ca2+信号的全面理解及其意义仍然是未来研究的一个具有挑战性的领域。

引用次数: 0

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