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REGULATORY AND METHODOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF TYPE APPROVAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FORESTRY VEHICLES 农业和林业车辆型式认证的法规和方法方面
V. Kravchuk, T. Tsema, S. Afanasieva
Goal of the study – development and implementation of provisions for further updating and improvement of the components of the mechanism of application of Technical Regulations on type-approval of agricultural or forestry tractors, their trailers and interchangeable towed machinery, together with their systems, components and separate technical units, approved by the Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine dated 28.12.2011 № 1367 (hereinafter – Technical Regulation 1367/2011), using the results of research carried out in L. Pogorilyy UkrNDIPVT in relation to the type approval system in the sector of agricultural and forestry vehicles, and an analysis of the main regulatory and methodological aspects of the type approval of the specified equipment. Research methods are to study, analyze, compare, summarize and evaluate data, including the comparative law method used in the analysis of domestic and European legislation in the field of assessment and verification of conformity (type approval) of agricultural and forestry vehicles. Results. The results of updating the mechanism of application of the current Technical Regulation 1367/2011 have been received and implemented. Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine of 04.12.2019, № 1168 was adopted and implemented, which amended the Technical Regulation 1367/2011 and the procedure for departmental registration of agricultural and forestry vehicles, proposals for which were prepared based on the research results of the L. Pogorilyy UkrNDIPVT. Developed, reviewed and approved by the order of the Ministry of Economy dated 30.12.2020 № 2810 updated List of national standards for the purposes of application of the Technical Regulation 1367/2011, which sets requirements for these vehicles, their systems, components and separate technical units . Proposals have been prepared for further development of national standards included in the List, based on new versions of international ISO standards. Further steps in the direction of improving the procedures for type approval and entry into service of agricultural and forestry vehicles are identified. Conclusion. Updated and implemented as a result of research requirements and provisions for improving the type approval and registration of agricultural and forestry vehicles are practically used during type approval in accordance with Technical Regulation 1367/2011 and create grounds for improving safety, reducing the negative impact of these vehicles on human, animal and environmental health, simplify procedures for verification of their conformity and registration, introduce gradual approximation to European standards, including on environmental indicators.
研究的目标-制定和实施进一步更新和改进农业或林业拖拉机,其拖车和可互换牵引机械及其系统,组件和单独技术单元的型式批准技术法规应用机制组成部分的规定,乌克兰内阁于2011年12月28日第1367号决议批准(以下简称技术法规1367/2011)。使用在L. pogorily UkrNDIPVT进行的关于农业和林业车辆部门型式批准制度的研究结果,以及对指定设备型式批准的主要监管和方法方面的分析。研究方法是研究、分析、比较、总结和评价数据,包括比较法方法用于分析农林业车辆合格评定和验证(型式批准)领域的国内和欧洲立法。结果。更新现行技术法规1367/2011的应用机制的结果已经收到并实施。乌克兰内阁通过并实施了2019年12月4日第1168号决议,该决议修订了第1367/2011号技术法规和农林业车辆部门登记程序,其提案是根据乌克兰ndipvt的研究结果制定的。由经济部于2020年12月30日发布的第2810号命令开发,审查和批准,更新了适用技术法规1367/2011的国家标准清单,该法规规定了这些车辆,其系统,组件和单独技术单元的要求。已提出建议,以ISO国际标准的新版本为基础,进一步发展列入清单的国家标准。确定了朝着改进农业和林业车辆型式核准和投入使用程序的进一步步骤。结论。根据技术法规1367/2011,根据研究要求和改进农林业车辆型式批准和登记的规定进行了更新和实施,并在型式批准期间实际使用,为提高安全性创造了理由,减少了这些车辆对人类、动物和环境健康的负面影响,简化了验证其符合性和登记的程序。逐步接近欧洲标准,包括环境指标。
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引用次数: 0
EVALUATION OF THE AUTOMATIC MOBIL MILK RECEIVING UNIT OF DOMESTIC PRODUCTION 国产流动奶自动接收装置的评价
V. Smolyar, K. Postelga, O. Kovtun
The purpose of the research – to conduct experimental testing aimed at evaluating of the automatic mobil milk receiving unit of domestic production. Research methods. During the testing of the automatic mobil milk receiving unit of domestic production the quality of the technological process was determined using the methods given in DSTU 7435: 2013 and DSTU 3662: 2018, operational-technological and economic evaluation was carried out according to DSTU 8424: 2015 and DSTU 4397: 2005, safety and ergonomics were determined according to DSTU EN ISO 12100: 2014. Research results. According to the results of experimental testing, it was found that the automatic mobil milk collection unit АППМ-1 at the appropriate level measures the amount of delivered milk with an error of 0,9 %, which meets the requirements of the TU (up to 3,0 %). The water temperature for washing equipment is 58 °C, which meets the requirements of TU (50-60 °C). The system of washing of surfaces of the automatic point which are in contact with milk provides high-quality washing of the equipment, existence of an intestinal stick (coli-titer) makes > 1,0 that meets requirements of TU (not less than 1,0). The period of acceptance, transportation and delivery of milk to the processing plant for one working cycle of procurement is 3,3 hours, which meets the requirements of the TU (not more than 4 hours). Productivity of the automatic point of reception of АППМ-1 milk during performance of technological process on reception, registration and transportation of milk in a radius of 30 km makes 363 l / h, for a radius of transportation in 50 km - 330 l / h, 100 km - 280 l / h, that meets the requirements of TU (275-360 l / h). Specific fuel consumption (liquefied gas) is 7,4 liters per ton of milk collected. Conclusions. The first experimental testing of the domestic automatic milk collection point APPM-1 showed that the equipment satisfactorily performs the specified technological process of acceptance, registration, short-term storage of milk obtained in private farms and transporting it to processing enterprises, according to the quality of the process meets the requirements of technical conditions. The automatic milk collection point АППМ-1 is characterized by a high technical level and can be used in Ukraine.
本研究的目的是进行实验测试,旨在评估国内生产的自动移动式牛奶接收装置。研究方法。在国内生产的自动移动式牛奶接收装置的测试过程中,使用DSTU 7435:2013和DSTU 3662:2018中给出的方法确定了工艺流程的质量,并根据DSTU 8424:2015和DSTU 4397:2005进行了操作技术和经济评估,根据DSTU EN ISO 12100:2014确定了安全性和人体工程学。研究结果。根据实验测试结果,发现适当水平的自动移动式牛奶收集装置АППМ-1测量输送的牛奶量,误差为0.9%,符合TU的要求(高达3.0%)。洗涤设备的水温为58°C,符合TU(50-60°C)的要求。与牛奶接触的自动点表面清洗系统可提供高质量的设备清洗,肠棒(大肠杆菌滴度)的存在使>1.0符合TU的要求(不低于1,0)。采购一个工作周期的牛奶验收、运输和交付至加工厂的时间为3.3小时,符合TU的要求(不超过4小时)。АППМ-1牛奶自动接收点在半径为30km的牛奶接收、登记和运输工艺过程中的生产率为363 l/h,在半径为50km-330 l/h、100km-280 l/h的运输过程中,满足TU(275-360 l/h)的要求。具体燃料消耗量(液化气)为每吨收集的牛奶7.4升。结论。国内自动采奶点APPM-1的首次实验测试表明,该设备对从私人农场获得的牛奶进行了验收、登记、短期储存并运输到加工企业的规定工艺流程,符合工艺条件要求。АППМ-1自动采奶点技术水平高,可在乌克兰使用。
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引用次数: 0
TECHNICAL SUPPORT OF MODERN LIVESTOCK FARMS 现代畜牧场的技术支持
V. Smolyar
The purpose of the research – is to form a priority list of domestic and foreign machines and equipment for mechanization of dairy, fattening cattle and sheep farms. Research methods. Analytical studies were conducted to form a priority list of domestic and foreign machines and equipment for mechanization of dairy and fattening farms of cattle and sheep farms. A review of a large array of information materials on technical means, taking into account their novelty, basic technical characteristics, including performance, reliability, quality of technological process, safety, as well as compliance with regulatory requirements of Ukraine and the European Union was made. Research results. For the first time analytical researches on formation of the priority list of domestic and foreign cars and the equipment for mechanization of dairy, fattening farms of cattle and sheep farms are carried out. During the research, a significant array of information materials on technical means was reviewed, taking into account their novelty, basic technical characteristics, and actually productivity, reliability, quality of technological process, safety, as well as compliance with regulatory requirements of Ukraine and the EU. Conclusions. The priority list of domestic and foreign machines and equipment for mechanization of dairy, fattening cattle and sheep farms formed on the basis of analytical research will be used in practice during the creation, reconstruction, re-equipment of livestock facilities on a new technical and technological basis.
研究的目的-是形成一个优先清单的国内外机器和设备的机械化,奶牛,育肥牛和羊的农场。研究方法。通过分析研究,形成了牛羊养殖场奶牛场和育肥场机械化的国内外机械设备优先清单。审查了关于技术手段的大量新闻材料,考虑到它们的新颖性、基本技术特征,包括性能、可靠性、技术过程的质量、安全性以及对乌克兰和欧洲联盟管制要求的遵守情况。研究的结果。首次对国内外汽车优先清单的形成和奶牛、牛、羊养殖场机械化装备进行了分析研究。在研究期间,审查了大量关于技术手段的信息材料,考虑到它们的新颖性、基本技术特征、实际生产率、可靠性、技术过程质量、安全性以及是否符合乌克兰和欧盟的监管要求。结论。在分析研究的基础上形成的国内外奶牛场、育肥牛羊场机械化机械设备优先清单,将在新的技术和工艺基础上,在畜牧设施的新建、改造、再装备中应用于实践。
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引用次数: 0
TRACTOR DYNAMICS AS A COMPLEX MECHANICAL SYSTEM SPATIAL FRAME TYPE 拖拉机动力学作为一种复杂的机械系统空间框架类型
E. Kalinin, Y. Kolesnik, Y. Kozlov
Purpose of the study is to develop a matrix method for studying the dynamics of a tractor as a multi-mass spatial system of rigid bodies with an arbitrary arrangement of elastic suspension of bodies on shock absorbers relative to a fixed support surface and the presence of elastic connections between the bodies, made in the form of beam elements. Research methods. The methodological basis of the work is the generalization and analysis of well-known scientific results regarding the dynamics of two-mass systems in resonance modes and the use of a systematic approach. The analytical method and comparative analysis were used to form a scientific problem, determine the goal and formulate the research objectives. When creating empirical models, the main provisions of the theory of stability of systems, methodology of systems analysis and research of operations were used. The results of the study. A wheeled vehicle is presented as an amortized continuous frame type structure with assemblies and assembly units located on it, as well as a methodology for calculating individual block matrices of stiffness and damping coefficients. In this case, it is assumed that a viscous damper can be connected in parallel to each elastic element. In this construction of the stiffness and damping matrix of the block matrix are formed in the same way. Damping matrices are derived from the corresponding matrices by substituting damping constants instead of stiffness constants. To determine the natural frequencies and vibration modes of an undamped system using a PC, the most effective method of diagonalization by successive rotations. This method provides a complete solution to the problem, allowing all frequencies and shapes to be determined simultaneously, and good convergence. Conclusions. The considered method for analyzing and calculating the dynamics and vibration damping of a tractor as a complex mechanical system is based on a matrix record of the problem of spatial vibrations of a system of rigid bodies with elastic bonds. Matrix equations seem to be especially useful in the study of complex tightly coupled systems with the obligatory use of a PC. The presented work provides a complete methodology for calculating a tractor as a complex mechanical system such as a spatial frame with equipment installed on it.
本研究的目的是开发一种矩阵方法,用于研究拖拉机的动力学,拖拉机是一个多质量的刚体空间系统,车身在减震器上的弹性悬架相对于固定支撑表面的任意布置,车身之间存在以梁单元形式形成的弹性连接。研究方法。这项工作的方法论基础是对共振模式下两个质量系统动力学的著名科学结果的概括和分析,以及系统方法的使用。采用分析法和比较分析法,形成科学问题,确定研究目标,制定研究目标。在创建经验模型时,使用了系统稳定性理论、系统分析方法论和运筹学的主要规定。研究结果。轮式车辆是一种摊余连续框架式结构,其上有组件和装配单元,以及计算刚度和阻尼系数的单个块矩阵的方法。在这种情况下,假设粘性阻尼器可以并联连接到每个弹性元件。在这种结构中,块矩阵的刚度和阻尼矩阵以相同的方式形成。通过用阻尼常数代替刚度常数,从相应的矩阵中导出阻尼矩阵。使用PC确定无阻尼系统的固有频率和振动模式,这是通过连续旋转进行对角化的最有效方法。该方法为该问题提供了一个完整的解决方案,允许同时确定所有频率和形状,并具有良好的收敛性。结论。分析和计算拖拉机作为一个复杂机械系统的动力学和减振的方法是基于具有弹性键的刚体系统的空间振动问题的矩阵记录。矩阵方程在研究必须使用PC的复杂紧密耦合系统时似乎特别有用。本文提供了一种将拖拉机计算为复杂机械系统(如安装有设备的空间框架)的完整方法。
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引用次数: 0
IMPROVEMENT OF MUFFLER S DESIGN FOR REDUCTION OF THE LEVEL OF SOUND PRESSURE ON SMALL TRACTORS OPERATORS 消声器设计的改进降低小型拖拉机操作人员的声压
M. Podolsky, I. Y. Lilevman, O. Lilevman, O. Y. Kedrovsky
Noise background, as an important factor in the working conditions of agricultural operators, has a direct impact on human health and productivity. This topic is especially relevant for small tractors, which in most cases are not equipped with cabs. One of the main means of reducing the sound pressure on the operator are the mufflers of exhaust gases, which mainly have a labyrinth-absorbing type of action. The paper proposes a fundamental approach to the design of the muffler by the criterion of reflection and scattering of sound waves with the verification of efficiency by computer simulation. The purpose of research: - to improve the working conditions of operators of small tractors that are not equipped with cabs, by reducing the sound pressure level from internal combustion engines; - to improve the noise-absorbing properties of mufflers of exhaust gases of engines with observance of requirements to manufacturability of process of their manufacturing; - to develop a structural scheme of the exhaust gases muffler based on the results of preliminary modeling and analysis of the trajectory of the gas flow in the cavity of its working part. Methods. Determination of the sound pressure level of the engine of a small tractor by mathematical (computer) modeling of the behavior of the exhaust gas flow in the muffler cavity in different frequency ranges. Results. The article analyzes the main sources of noise during the operation of agricultural machinery with internal combustion engines (ICE). On the basis of literature sources and methods, their separate degree of influence on the complex picture of noise pollution of the working space of the operator of a small tractor is established. A comparative analysis of the efficiency of mufflers, created on the generally accepted principles and approaches to the design of such devices. According to the results of previous tests, shortcomings and limitations in the application of design concepts were identified, an additional analysis of external causes and factors was made, and adjustments were made to the method of creating muffler designs. An alternative design approach to the creation of internal combustion engine mufflers of small tractors is proposed and computer modeling of the processes of sound pressure distribution and sound waves in their cavity is performed. Conclusions. 1. A layout diagram of the design of the exhaust muffler, containing a resonator chamber and a shell module, which is made in the form of a three-stage ribbed diffuser of oscillations of the exhaust flow pulses with an additional surface layer of the vibration absorber. The parameters of the exhaust flow of exhaust gases of a typical diesel engine of a small tractor with a capacity of 24 hp are calculated. (pressure - 11652 Pa, acceleration – 90-105 m / s2, frequency - 1950-3300 Hz), which performed computer simulations of the process of gas movement in the muffler cavity of the proposed layout. Optimal design parameters were sel
噪声背景作为农业经营者工作条件中的一个重要因素,直接影响着人类的健康和生产力。这个话题与小型拖拉机特别相关,在大多数情况下,小型拖拉机没有配备驾驶室。降低操作人员声压的主要手段之一是废气消声器,它主要具有迷宫吸收式的作用。本文提出了一种基于声波反射和散射原理的消声器设计的基本方法,并通过计算机仿真验证了消声器的效率。研究目的:-通过降低内燃机的声压级,改善未配备驾驶室的小型拖拉机操作员的工作条件;-在遵守制造工艺可制造性要求的情况下,提高发动机废气消声器的吸声性能;-根据工作部件腔内气体流动轨迹的初步建模和分析结果,制定排气消声器的结构方案。方法。用数学(计算机)模拟消声器腔内排气在不同频率范围内的流动特性来确定小型拖拉机发动机的声压级。结果。本文分析了内燃机农业机械运行过程中的主要噪声源。在文献来源和方法的基础上,建立了它们对小型拖拉机驾驶员工作空间噪声污染复杂图景的分离影响程度。消声器的效率的比较分析,建立在普遍接受的原则和方法的设计这类设备。根据以往的试验结果,找出了设计理念应用中存在的不足和局限性,进一步分析了外部原因和因素,并对消声器的设计方法进行了调整。提出了一种小型拖拉机内燃机消声器的设计方法,并对其腔内声压分布和声波分布过程进行了计算机模拟。结论:1。排气消声器的设计布局图,包含一个谐振腔和一个壳体模块,它是一个三级肋形扩散器的形式,排气流脉冲的振荡与额外的表层减振器。计算了一台典型的24马力小型拖拉机柴油机的排气流量参数。(压力- 11652 Pa,加速度- 90-105 m / s2,频率- 1950-3300 Hz),对所提出的消声器腔内气体运动过程进行了计算机模拟。在体径为150 mm、体长为600 mm的情况下,选取最优设计参数,保证最大吸声量。在曲轴转速(1700-2000)rpm下工作时计算的声压不超过72db。同时,对消声器进行了符合经济可行性、可制造性和符合工业生产能力要求的设计。进一步的研究方向是制作该消声器的实验样品,并测试其在小型拖拉机运行条件下的吸声效率。
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引用次数: 0
STABILITY OF VIBRATIONS OF THE TRACTOR AS A TWO-MASS MODEL WITH TWO NONLINEARITIES OF THE TYPE OF DRY FRICTION IN RESONANCE MODES 具有两个非线性的双质量模型拖拉机振动的稳定性共振模式下的干摩擦类型
E. Kalinin, Y. Kolesnik, M. Myasushka
Purpose of the study is to assess the possibility of calculating the stability of tractor oscillations as a system with nonlinearities such as dry friction due to the inverse problem. Research methods. The methodological basis of the work is the generalization and analysis of known scientific results regarding the dynamics of two-mass systems in resonance modes and the use of a systematic approach. The analytical method and comparative analysis were used to form a scientific problem, determine the goal and formulate the research objectives. When creating empirical models, the main provisions of the theory of stability of systems, methodology of system analysis and research of operations were used. The results of the study. Oscillations of the system with harmonic excitation by its base are considered (for example, the movement of a tractor on an uneven supporting surface). Oscillations of this system are described by nonlinear differential equations. To solve this equation, instead of friction dampers with friction forces, linear dampers with corresponding drag coefficients are included in the system. By solving the obtained system of linear inhomogeneous differential equations for the steady-state mode of oscillation, the amplitudes of oscillations of masses and deformation of springs with certain stiffness are determined. To clarify the effect of friction forces on mass oscillations in resonance modes, the obtained expressions were analyzed. A diagram of stability of mass oscillations in resonance modes is obtained. Conclusions. It has been established that if the coefficients of relative friction have such values that the point that is determined by them lies within the region bounded by segments 1-2 and 2-3 and coordinate axes, then during oscillations in the low-frequency resonance mode, the friction forces do not limit the increase in amplitudes fluctuations of masses, but only reduce the rate of their growth. If the point, which is determined by the coefficients of relative friction, lies in the region 1-1'-2'-3 '3-2-1, then the springs have intermittent deformation, that is, during the period of oscillation, one mass of the system has stops relative to another mass, or the last has stops relative to the support surface, or both masses move part of the period as a whole with the support surface. At resonance with a high frequency, the friction forces limit the amplitudes of mass oscillations if the coefficients of relative friction have such values that the point that is determined by them does not lie in the region bounded by segments 4-5 and 5-6 and the coordinate axes. Sections 4-5 and 5-6 define the boundaries of vibration stability at resonance (lines of critical ratios of the coefficients of relative friction).
研究的目的是评估计算拖拉机振荡作为一个非线性系统的稳定性的可能性,如由于逆问题引起的干摩擦。研究方法。这项工作的方法论基础是对共振模式下双质量系统动力学的已知科学结果的概括和分析,以及系统方法的使用。运用分析法和比较分析法,形成科学问题,确定研究目标,制定研究目标。在建立实证模型时,运用了系统稳定性理论、系统分析方法和运筹学的主要规定。研究的结果。考虑系统在其基座的谐波激励下的振荡(例如,拖拉机在不平坦的支承表面上的运动)。该系统的振动用非线性微分方程来描述。为了求解该方程,在系统中加入具有相应阻力系数的线性阻尼器,而不是具有摩擦力的摩擦阻尼器。通过求解得到的稳态振动模式的线性非齐次微分方程组,确定了具有一定刚度的弹簧的质量振动幅值和变形幅值。为了阐明摩擦力对共振模式下质量振动的影响,对得到的表达式进行了分析。得到了共振模式下质量振荡的稳定性图。结论。已经确定,如果相对摩擦系数的值使其所确定的点位于1-2段和2-3段与坐标轴所围成的区域内,则在低频共振模式振荡过程中,摩擦力并不限制质量幅值波动的增加,而只是降低其增长速度。如果由相对摩擦系数确定的点位于1-1'-2'-3 '-3 -2-1区域,则弹簧具有间歇性变形,即在振荡期间,系统的一个质量相对于另一个质量停止,或最后一个质量相对于支撑面停止,或两个质量作为一个整体与支撑面一起移动周期的一部分。在高频共振时,如果相对摩擦系数的值使它们所确定的点不在4-5段和5-6段及坐标轴所包围的区域内,则摩擦力限制了质量振荡的幅度。第4-5节和第5-6节定义了共振时振动稳定性的边界(相对摩擦系数的临界比线)。
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引用次数: 0
CROSSKILL AND STAR-WHEELED ROLLERS. FUNCTIONAL AND DYNAMIC TESTS 交叉击杀和星形滚轮。功能和动态测试
L. Shustik, Pogorilyy UkrNDIPVT, V. Pogoriliy, N. Nilova, T. Gaidai, S. Stepchenko, S. Sidorenko
Experimental field research of crosskill and star-wheeled rollers similar by design provides their developers and users with information on understanding their design and functional features. The purpose of the research is to compare the functional features of crosskill and star-wheeled rollers according to the criteria of clods breaking effect, compacting action, resistance to sticking in the range of pre-sowing and surface tillage depth. Methods and materials. Dynamic tests involved the study of three types of rollers. The research hypothesis assumed that the selected criteria for evaluating the work of rollers (intensity of breaking of clods, compacting action of rollers, intensity of bottom compaction and performance of rollers at high soil moisture) depend on roller pressure and different speed regimes, as they are derived from the shape of work surfaces. Sub-criteria studies were supposed to be carried out on the same type of soil: clods breaking characteristics on dry W = (10… 12) %, compacting effect on physically mature soil W = (15… 20) %, efficiency at high humidity - W = (25… 27) %. Evaluation of soil characteristics was performed by thermostatic-weight method according to the generally accepted method of "cutting ring" [Kaczynski NA, 1947], according to the volume of the cylinder 100 cm3. To determine the intensity of bottom compaction used the methodology and technical means of L. Pogorilyy UkrNDIPVT development. Statistical analysis of experimental data was performed by the method of analysis of variance according to [Dospekhov, 1985] and interpreted by standard computer programs Excel in the form of graphs. Results. The intensity of clods breaking with a classic roller is the lowest and depends on the speed of movement. The intensity of breaking by the modernized roller is approximately 1.1 times higher and with increasing speed is almost stable. The intensity of clods breaking by a specialized roller is the highest and almost (10...20) %, respectively, exceeds the previous two rollers and does not significantly depend on the increase in speed. The greatest compaction of the soil (the height of the layer to which the pre-prepared soil asked after the passage of the roller) is characteristic of a specialized roller, which is almost (1.5…1.7) times higher than the classic and modernized, respectively. Depending on the depth of pre-tillage (5…10) cm, compaction by rollers varies approximately twice. The greatest intensity of compaction of a bottom is provided by the specialized roller, and modernized and classical condense accordingly in (1,2…1,4) times below. The specialized roller sticks the fastest, which is facilitated by the 4-tier arrangement of working surfaces and their maximum in comparison with others contact with the ground. Sticking of the modernized roller surface is as that of the specialized. The classic roller surface remains clean for the longest time. Conclusions. The classic roller compacts both the upper and lower
交叉压路机和星形轮压路机设计相似的试验现场研究为其开发人员和用户提供了了解其设计和功能特征的信息。本研究的目的是根据破块效果、压实作用、在预播和表层耕作深度范围内的抗粘性等标准,比较十字压路机和星形轮压路机的功能特征。方法和材料。动态试验包括对三种类型的压路机的研究。研究假设,评估压路机工作的选定标准(土块破碎强度、压路机压实作用、底部压实强度和压路机在高土壤湿度下的性能)取决于压路机压力和不同的速度状态,因为它们来自于工作表面的形状。应在相同类型的土壤上进行子标准研究:干土的破块特性W=(10…12)%,物理成熟土的压实效果W=(15…20)%,高湿度下的效率W=(25…27)%。根据公认的“切割环”方法【Kaczynski NA,1947】,根据100 cm3的圆柱体体积,通过恒温重量法对土壤特性进行评估。采用L.Pogorily UkrNDIPVT开发的方法和技术手段确定底部压实强度。根据[Dospekhov,1985],通过方差分析方法对实验数据进行统计分析,并通过标准计算机程序Excel以图表形式进行解释。后果用传统滚轴打破土块的强度最低,这取决于运动速度。现代化滚筒的断裂强度大约高出1.1倍,并且随着速度的增加几乎稳定。专用滚筒破碎土块的强度最高,分别比前两个滚筒高出近(10…20)%,并且与速度的增加无关。土壤的最大压实度(压路机通过后预处理土壤所要求的层的高度)是专用压路机的特征,其几乎分别比传统压路机和现代化压路机高(1.5…1.7)倍。根据预耕深度(5…10)cm的不同,压路机的压实度约为两倍。底部的最大压实强度由专业压路机提供,现代化和经典的压实强度相应地浓缩在以下(1,2…1,4)次中。专用滚筒粘得最快,这得益于工作表面的4层布置,与其他与地面接触的滚筒相比,其粘得最大。现代化滚筒表面的粘贴是专业化的。经典滚筒表面保持清洁的时间最长。结论。经典的压路机能很好地压实土壤的上层和下层,给表面带来很少的水分,具有中等的破块效果,可以推荐用于各种工程,但其主要目的是播种后耕种;作为折衷方案,它可以用于具有良好质量指标的播种前耕作。升级后的压路机能很好地压实土壤表层,带走很少的水分,覆盖表面,在不同的耕作深度很好地分配作用力,主要推荐用于播种前耕作;作为折衷方案,可以在具有良好质量指标的播种后使用。专业压路机-星轮,穿透能力强,工作最积极,破块效果最好,轻微带走表面潮湿的土层;可推荐在其主要栽培后的土壤上整平使用。所研究的每种压路机都可以在一定程度上用于所有这些技术操作,但考虑到其特性、类型和执行周期,将获得最佳结果。
{"title":"CROSSKILL AND STAR-WHEELED ROLLERS. FUNCTIONAL AND DYNAMIC TESTS","authors":"L. Shustik, Pogorilyy UkrNDIPVT, V. Pogoriliy, N. Nilova, T. Gaidai, S. Stepchenko, S. Sidorenko","doi":"10.31473/2305-5987-2021-1-28(42)-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31473/2305-5987-2021-1-28(42)-7","url":null,"abstract":"Experimental field research of crosskill and star-wheeled rollers similar by design provides their developers and users with information on understanding their design and functional features. The purpose of the research is to compare the functional features of crosskill and star-wheeled rollers according to the criteria of clods breaking effect, compacting action, resistance to sticking in the range of pre-sowing and surface tillage depth. Methods and materials. Dynamic tests involved the study of three types of rollers. The research hypothesis assumed that the selected criteria for evaluating the work of rollers (intensity of breaking of clods, compacting action of rollers, intensity of bottom compaction and performance of rollers at high soil moisture) depend on roller pressure and different speed regimes, as they are derived from the shape of work surfaces. Sub-criteria studies were supposed to be carried out on the same type of soil: clods breaking characteristics on dry W = (10… 12) %, compacting effect on physically mature soil W = (15… 20) %, efficiency at high humidity - W = (25… 27) %. Evaluation of soil characteristics was performed by thermostatic-weight method according to the generally accepted method of \"cutting ring\" [Kaczynski NA, 1947], according to the volume of the cylinder 100 cm3. To determine the intensity of bottom compaction used the methodology and technical means of L. Pogorilyy UkrNDIPVT development. Statistical analysis of experimental data was performed by the method of analysis of variance according to [Dospekhov, 1985] and interpreted by standard computer programs Excel in the form of graphs. Results. The intensity of clods breaking with a classic roller is the lowest and depends on the speed of movement. The intensity of breaking by the modernized roller is approximately 1.1 times higher and with increasing speed is almost stable. The intensity of clods breaking by a specialized roller is the highest and almost (10...20) %, respectively, exceeds the previous two rollers and does not significantly depend on the increase in speed. The greatest compaction of the soil (the height of the layer to which the pre-prepared soil asked after the passage of the roller) is characteristic of a specialized roller, which is almost (1.5…1.7) times higher than the classic and modernized, respectively. Depending on the depth of pre-tillage (5…10) cm, compaction by rollers varies approximately twice. The greatest intensity of compaction of a bottom is provided by the specialized roller, and modernized and classical condense accordingly in (1,2…1,4) times below. The specialized roller sticks the fastest, which is facilitated by the 4-tier arrangement of working surfaces and their maximum in comparison with others contact with the ground. Sticking of the modernized roller surface is as that of the specialized. The classic roller surface remains clean for the longest time. Conclusions. The classic roller compacts both the upper and lower","PeriodicalId":34711,"journal":{"name":"Tekhnikotekhnologichni aspekti rozvitku ta viprobuvannia novoyi tekhniki i tekhnologii dlia sil''s''kogo gospodarstva Ukrayini","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49332895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
INFLUENCE OF NATURAL FACTORS ON THE QUALITY OF DRYING CORN GRAIN IN A MODULAR TYPE DRYER 自然因素对模块式干燥机干燥玉米品质的影响
N. Zanko, T. Gaidai, S. Stepchenko, N. Nilova
Aim. Investigation of the influence of natural factors on the quality of grain drying in a grain modular dryer. Methods. Experimental studies in operational conditions and graphical modeling of dried grain moisture depending on natural factors. The results. The change in the environmental conditions causes a certain influence on the return of the spent waste dryer to the environment and the processes of drying the grain in it. This causes the production of undried grain and reduced drying efficiency. The influence of natural factors - temperature and humidity, atmospheric pressure and wind speed on the humidity of corn grain during its drying with a single-module grain dryer has been studied. The output of the refrigerant with moisture vapor is carried out through the perforated panels of the dryer circuit and at the same time experiences some resistance from atmospheric pressure. The results show that the reduction of atmospheric pressure helps to reduce the resistance for the exit of the coolant through the surface of the dryer housing. As a result, the coolant in the chamber is more efficiently spent on the grain drying process. This is evidenced by the simultaneous decrease in pressure and humidity of the dried grain The dryer is also affected by the wind: its body experiences cooling, and the drying temperature and drying conditions of the grain deteriorate. Thus, during the research period, the wind speed decreased from 5,3 m / s to 4,4 m / s, and the humidity of the dried grain decreased from 15,2 % to 13,9 %. That is, the reduction of the effect of wind on the surface of the dryer has a positive effect on the drying process of grain. The ambient air is characterized by the moisture present in it. Its reduction in atmospheric air promotes better moisture yield from corn grain and the "filling" of this air moisture: the humidity of the dried grain decreases. The positive temperature of the atmospheric air causes additional thermal action on the dryer and the drying process in it. In this case, the heat supplied to the working chamber of the dryer is more productively used for the drying process: in accordance with the increase in atmospheric air temperature, the humidity of the dried grain decreased from 15,2 % to 13,9 %. Based on the results of experimental studies, graphical dependences of the humidity of dried corn grain on humidity, pressure, temperature and velocity of atmospheric air are constructed. The grain harvester is a system adapter for Conclusions. Conclusions. The process of grain drying and the moisture content of the resulting dried grain of modular grain dryers depends on the influence of objective natural factors. These include, in particular, the weather conditions during the operation of dryers. With an increase in humidity, pressure and air velocity, the quality of drying deteriorates: when the moisture content of the grain decreases from 18,5 ° C to the regulated 14 %, with a single pass through the dryer, the moistur
目标自然因素对谷物模块化干燥机中谷物干燥质量的影响研究。方法。根据自然因素对干燥谷物水分的操作条件和图形建模进行的实验研究。结果。环境条件的变化对废谷物干燥机返回环境和在其中干燥谷物的过程产生了一定的影响。这导致了未干燥谷物的产生和干燥效率的降低。研究了温度、湿度、气压、风速等自然因素对单模块谷物干燥机干燥玉米籽粒湿度的影响。带有湿气的制冷剂通过干燥器回路的穿孔板输出,同时受到大气压力的一些阻力。结果表明,大气压力的降低有助于降低冷却液通过干燥器壳体表面排出的阻力。因此,腔室中的冷却剂更有效地用于谷物干燥过程。干燥谷物的压力和湿度同时降低证明了这一点。烘干机也受到风的影响:其机身冷却,谷物的干燥温度和干燥条件恶化。因此,在研究期间,风速从5,3米/秒下降到4,4米/秒,干燥谷物的湿度从15,2%下降到13,9%。也就是说,减少风对干燥机表面的影响对谷物的干燥过程有积极影响。环境空气的特征是其中存在的水分。它在大气中的减少促进了玉米粒更好的水分产量和这种空气水分的“填充”:干燥谷物的湿度降低。大气的正温度会对干燥机及其干燥过程产生额外的热作用。在这种情况下,提供给干燥机工作室的热量会更有效地用于干燥过程:随着大气温度的升高,干燥谷物的湿度从15.2%降至13,9%。根据实验研究结果,建立了干燥玉米籽粒湿度与大气湿度、压力、温度和速度的图形依赖关系。谷物收获机是“结论”的系统适配器。结论。模块化谷物干燥机的谷物干燥过程和干燥后的谷物水分含量取决于客观自然因素的影响。其中特别包括干燥机运行期间的天气条件。随着湿度、压力和空气速度的增加,干燥质量会恶化:当谷物的含水量从18.5°C降至规定的14%时,单次通过干燥机,干燥谷物的含湿量就会超过规定的含湿率,反之亦然。在正环境空气温度的条件下干燥谷物,特别是在空气温度超过21°C的条件下,最有利于获得水分含量明显低于14%的谷物,反之亦然。低风速、干燥温暖的低压大气有助于生产湿度可控的干燥谷物。为了最大限度地消除自然因素对模块化干燥机运行质量的不利影响,根据乌克兰森林草原区条件下干燥谷物的含水量标准,建议在9月下旬至10月初进行干燥过程。
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引用次数: 0
ACTIVE AND PASSIVE WORK OF THE TRACTOR IN THE COMPOSITION OF TILLAGE UNITS 主动工作拖拉机和被动工作拖拉机在耕作单位的组成
A. Lebedev, S. Lebedev
Purpose of the study. Improving the efficiency of using a tractor as part of a tillage machine through scientific and technical substantiation of energy conservation. This goal is achieved by increasing the active (useful) and reducing the passive (not useful) work of the tractor. Research methods. The method of partial accelerations based on the reverse transition from the vector sum in the space of forces acting on the tractor to the vector sum in the space of accelerations is the basis for assessing the traction-energy and dynamic parameters of tractors in the composition of tillage machines. The results of the study. The unevenness of the movement significantly affects the decrease in the active work of the tillage unit and, accordingly, the increase in the passive work. A dependence is proposed for determining the additional energy consumption for oscillatory movements with an uneven movement of the tractor unit. It is proved that the additional energy consumption during the unstable movement of the tillage unit on the rut is 2-3 % (passive work) of the total energy consumption. The method of partial accelerations, which is based on the reverse transition from the vector sum in the space of forces acting on the tractor, to the vector sum in the space of accelerations, is the basis for assessing the traction-energy and dynamic parameters of tractors in the composition of tillage machines. On the basis of this method, the methodology for assessing the traction-energy and dynamic indicators of the tractor when performing the technological process without the use of dynamometric means has been substantiated. The modernized measuring and registration complex, developed with the participation of the authors of the article at the Kharkiv National Automobile and Highway University, P. Vasilenko Kharkiv National Technical University of Agriculture and the Kharkiv branch of L. Pogorilyy UkrNDIPVT in the direction of software for assessing the resistance of aggregated machines, traction efficiency of the tractor, longitudinal acceleration of the unit. The use of this complex when testing tractors is aimed at implementing the methodology of L. Pogorilyy UkrNDIPVT with the definition of traction indicators of tractors and standards of the Code 2 of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). Conclusions. The article contains a theoretical generalization and a new solution to the scientific problem of increasing the efficiency of a tractor as part of a tillage unit, based on a decrease in additional energy costs (passive work). The research results made it possible to formulate the main theoretical and scientific-practical conclusions. The scientific value of the study lies in clarifying the dependence of the tractor operation as part of the tillage machine in the direction of reducing the useless (passive) work on turns at the headland and on a turn on the rut. It has been proven that in order to ensure maximum operation of this uni
研究目的。通过节能的科学技术论证,提高拖拉机作为耕作机一部分的使用效率。这一目标是通过增加拖拉机的主动(有用)功和减少被动(无用)功来实现的。研究方法。基于从作用在拖拉机上的力空间中的向量和到加速度空间中的矢量和的反向转换的部分加速度方法是评估拖拉机在耕作机组成中的牵引能量和动态参数的基础。研究结果。运动的不均匀性显著影响耕作单元主动功的减少,相应地,被动功的增加。提出了一种相关性,用于确定拖拉机单元不均匀运动时振荡运动的额外能耗。实践证明,耕作装置在车辙上不稳定运动时的附加能耗占总能耗的2-3%(被动功)。部分加速度法基于从作用在拖拉机上的力空间中的向量和到加速度空间中的矢量和的反向转换,是评估拖拉机在耕作机组成中的牵引能量和动态参数的基础。在此方法的基础上,证实了在不使用测功方法的情况下进行工艺过程时,评估拖拉机牵引能量和动态指标的方法。现代化的测量和登记综合设施是在哈尔科夫国立汽车和公路大学、P.Vasilenko哈尔科夫国立农业技术大学和L.Pogorily UkrNDIPVT哈尔科夫分院的文章作者的参与下开发的,其方向是评估聚合机器的阻力的软件,拖拉机的牵引效率,机组的纵向加速度。在测试拖拉机时使用该复合体旨在实施L.Pogorily UkrNDIPVT的方法,包括拖拉机牵引指标的定义和经济合作与发展组织(OECD)规范2的标准。结论。这篇文章包含了一个理论概括和一个新的解决方案,以减少额外的能源成本(被动工作)为基础,提高拖拉机作为耕作单元一部分的效率这一科学问题。研究结果为制定主要的理论和科学的实践结论提供了可能。该研究的科学价值在于澄清拖拉机操作作为耕作机的一部分在减少地头转弯和车辙转弯时的无用(被动)工作方面的依赖性。事实证明,为了确保该装置的最大运行,它必须在增加牵引力和降低行驶速度的情况下运行。拖拉机作为耕作装置的一部分,其动力学模型得到了改进。本研究的实际价值在于根据部分加速度法制定的标准,用于评估拖拉机的牵引性能SOU 71.2-37-046043080-017:2015,该标准由乌克兰农业政策和食品部推荐用于拖拉机的测试和现代化。
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引用次数: 0
Prospects for growing and use of energy crops in Ukraine 乌克兰能源作物的种植和利用前景
O. Tryboi, T. Zheliezna, A. Bashtovyi
The purpose of the study is to analyze the current state, existing obstacles and prospects for growing and using energy crops in Ukraine. Different aspects such as the availability of unused land for cultivation, technical and economic indicators of relevant projects, as well as the results of life cycle assessment of heat production from energy crops are taken into account. Research methods include analysis and processing of official statistics on the area of land of different categories in Ukraine; performance of life cycle assessment for growing energy crops for heat production in terms of energy efficiency and reduction of greenhouse gas emissions; carrying out of feasibility study of respective projects. Results of the study show that there are up to 4 million hectares of unused agricultural land in Ukraine annually, which can be used for growing energy crops without creating competition for food production and without violating the criteria of sustainable development. The life cycle of projects for growing perennial energy crops for heat production has high energy efficiency, and the value of greenhouse gas emissions reduction depends significantly on the distance of transportation of biofuels. However, projects for the cultivation of such energy crops as willow, poplar, and miscanthus have economic indicators on the verge of profitability, and therefore may not be attractive enough for investors. Conclusions. Growing and using energy crops is one of the most promising sectors of bioenergy in Ukraine. The advantages of this area are the ability to obtain all types of biofuels (solid, gaseous, liquid biofuels) to replace traditional energy sources, a positive impact on soil (increase in organic matter, phytoremediation of contaminated lands) as well as local economic development and job creation in the regions. To improve the economic performance of the relevant projects, it is necessary to introduce a state subsidy for the cultivation of energy crops at the level of 20-24 thousand UAH per ha, depending on the type of crop.
该研究的目的是分析乌克兰种植和使用能源作物的现状、存在的障碍和前景。考虑到各种不同方面,例如未利用土地可供耕种的情况、有关项目的技术和经济指标以及能源作物产热的生命周期评价结果。研究方法包括分析和处理乌克兰不同类别土地面积的官方统计数据;在能源效率和减少温室气体排放方面,种植热能作物的生命周期评估绩效;进行有关项目的可行性研究。研究结果表明,乌克兰每年有多达400万公顷未使用的农业用地,这些土地可用于种植能源作物,而不会对粮食生产造成竞争,也不会违反可持续发展的标准。多年生能源作物供热项目的生命周期具有较高的能源效率,减少温室气体排放的价值在很大程度上取决于生物燃料的运输距离。然而,种植柳、杨、芒草等能源作物的项目,其经济指标已接近盈利水平,因此对投资者的吸引力可能不够。结论。种植和使用能源作物是乌克兰最有前途的生物能源部门之一。该地区的优势是能够获得所有类型的生物燃料(固体、气体、液体生物燃料)来取代传统能源,对土壤产生积极影响(增加有机质,植物修复受污染的土地),以及当地经济发展和创造就业机会。为了提高相关项目的经济效益,有必要根据作物类型,对能源作物的种植实行每公顷2 -24万瓦赫的国家补贴。
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引用次数: 3
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Tekhnikotekhnologichni aspekti rozvitku ta viprobuvannia novoyi tekhniki i tekhnologii dlia sil''s''kogo gospodarstva Ukrayini
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