Pub Date : 2014-12-18DOI: 10.5604/20815735.1141985
Z. Obmiński, H. Mroczkowska
An athletic competition is very stressful event for the contestants. They usually suffer from anticipatory stress, the psycho-emotional state, which is vary from that noted at neutral conditions. The higher level of that stress may considerably disrupt concentration of attention [1]. That affective state may be examined with the use of assessing of physiological indi ces, for instance responses of salivary cortisol levels, as well as estimation of intensity and direction of emotional arousal using number of psychometric tools. The most often question naire used in sport are Competitive State Anxiety Inventory 2, which can distinguish intensity of cognitive and somatic anxiety, and which use is often accompanied with self-confidence and self-efficacy estimation. It was found, that intensity of psy cho-physiological responses to a competition depend on several factors, like type of sport, individual strategy of coping with stress, rank of a competition, sex, contestant`s skill level and the others circumstances like risk of painful injury and ratio between motivation to win and motivation to avoid failure. For instance, rock climbing elicits state of anxiety, which intensity is parallel to the risk of falling down from a artificial wall during climbing the same route. This falling induces shortlasting but unpleasant emotion, and the risk and anxiety is higher during lead rope protocol ( low rope belaying) than toprope style (an upper rope belaying) [2]. On the other hand the other studies on climbing did not show style-related differences in anxiety scores [3,4]. With regard to the sex-related differences, it seems, that precompetitive anxiety is higher in female athletes, however, there are few studies, and they were conducted on small sam ples. Among tennis players female contestants show usually higher state of somatic anxiety and lower self-confidence sco res in comparison to their male counterparts, and winners` scores of cognitive anxiety are lower than those reported by losers [5]. Youth female volleyball players displayed higher anxiety and lower self-confidence scores [6]. Psychometric studies on both cognitive and somatic anxiety, showed that less physically and cognitively anxious contestants are of greater chance to pursue their tasks masterly [7]. Objective results regarding assessing of somatic anxiety are provided by the physiological studies. As mentioned earlier, cortisol levels and precompetitive psychical state mirrored each other [2-5]. In soccer players anticipatory cortisol rise is related to unpleasant (but not to pleasant) somatic
{"title":"Intensity of perceived stress prior to a judo tournament among male and female contestants. A preliminary study","authors":"Z. Obmiński, H. Mroczkowska","doi":"10.5604/20815735.1141985","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5604/20815735.1141985","url":null,"abstract":"An athletic competition is very stressful event for the contestants. They usually suffer from anticipatory stress, the psycho-emotional state, which is vary from that noted at neutral conditions. The higher level of that stress may considerably disrupt concentration of attention [1]. That affective state may be examined with the use of assessing of physiological indi ces, for instance responses of salivary cortisol levels, as well as estimation of intensity and direction of emotional arousal using number of psychometric tools. The most often question naire used in sport are Competitive State Anxiety Inventory 2, which can distinguish intensity of cognitive and somatic anxiety, and which use is often accompanied with self-confidence and self-efficacy estimation. It was found, that intensity of psy cho-physiological responses to a competition depend on several factors, like type of sport, individual strategy of coping with stress, rank of a competition, sex, contestant`s skill level and the others circumstances like risk of painful injury and ratio between motivation to win and motivation to avoid failure. For instance, rock climbing elicits state of anxiety, which intensity is parallel to the risk of falling down from a artificial wall during climbing the same route. This falling induces shortlasting but unpleasant emotion, and the risk and anxiety is higher during lead rope protocol ( low rope belaying) than toprope style (an upper rope belaying) [2]. On the other hand the other studies on climbing did not show style-related differences in anxiety scores [3,4]. With regard to the sex-related differences, it seems, that precompetitive anxiety is higher in female athletes, however, there are few studies, and they were conducted on small sam ples. Among tennis players female contestants show usually higher state of somatic anxiety and lower self-confidence sco res in comparison to their male counterparts, and winners` scores of cognitive anxiety are lower than those reported by losers [5]. Youth female volleyball players displayed higher anxiety and lower self-confidence scores [6]. Psychometric studies on both cognitive and somatic anxiety, showed that less physically and cognitively anxious contestants are of greater chance to pursue their tasks masterly [7]. Objective results regarding assessing of somatic anxiety are provided by the physiological studies. As mentioned earlier, cortisol levels and precompetitive psychical state mirrored each other [2-5]. In soccer players anticipatory cortisol rise is related to unpleasant (but not to pleasant) somatic","PeriodicalId":347138,"journal":{"name":"Journal of combat sports and martial arts","volume":"56 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114690806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-12-18DOI: 10.5604/20815735.1141979
W. Borowiak, H. Norkowski, Krzysztof Perkowski, Wojciech Szczucki
A characteristic feature of competitive exercise in judo is sequences of 10 to 30 second attacks and defences interspersed with 10s rests [1], which causes that cyclically re peated exercise with anaerobic and mixed (aerobic/anaerobic) represent the basic energy expenditure in this sport. In single, several-second actions, the major source of energy for the skeletal muscles is creatine phosphate [2]. During actions that take 20-30 s, the energy for muscular contraction is mainly used from the glycolytic system [3]. During a 5-minute judo bout, the essential importance is also from aerobic processes [4]. Assuming that aerobic and anaerobic capacity might affect the result of a competitive judo bout, the aim of the study was to determine the effects of a 5-week training program carried out in the pre-competition period among judo athletes at high sports skill level. Aim: to evaluate short (ca. 10s) maximum exercise in the form of the running intervals on running speed at the anaerobic threshold (V.AT.) during graded exercise test to exhaustion on a mechanical treadmill and relative mechanical work (J/kg), peak power (W/kg) and time of maintaining 97,5% of peak power in the Quebec test.
{"title":"Effect of interval training in the pre-competition phase on aerobic capacity and peak power in judo contestants at high sports skill level","authors":"W. Borowiak, H. Norkowski, Krzysztof Perkowski, Wojciech Szczucki","doi":"10.5604/20815735.1141979","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5604/20815735.1141979","url":null,"abstract":"A characteristic feature of competitive exercise in judo is sequences of 10 to 30 second attacks and defences interspersed with 10s rests [1], which causes that cyclically re peated exercise with anaerobic and mixed (aerobic/anaerobic) represent the basic energy expenditure in this sport. In single, several-second actions, the major source of energy for the skeletal muscles is creatine phosphate [2]. During actions that take 20-30 s, the energy for muscular contraction is mainly used from the glycolytic system [3]. During a 5-minute judo bout, the essential importance is also from aerobic processes [4]. Assuming that aerobic and anaerobic capacity might affect the result of a competitive judo bout, the aim of the study was to determine the effects of a 5-week training program carried out in the pre-competition period among judo athletes at high sports skill level. Aim: to evaluate short (ca. 10s) maximum exercise in the form of the running intervals on running speed at the anaerobic threshold (V.AT.) during graded exercise test to exhaustion on a mechanical treadmill and relative mechanical work (J/kg), peak power (W/kg) and time of maintaining 97,5% of peak power in the Quebec test.","PeriodicalId":347138,"journal":{"name":"Journal of combat sports and martial arts","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131915241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-12-18DOI: 10.5604/20815735.1141980
D. Boguszewski, M. Buda, J. Adamczyk, K. Boguszewska, Anna Obszyńska-Litwiniec, D. Białoszewski
One of the major negative aspects of competitive sports is excessive strain on the body which often leads to bodily injuries. Over the last years the incidence of sports injuries has increased due to growing physical proficiency. In 1975 in England there were 5% of hospitalized sports injuries. In 1990 the percentage reached 17 and in 2000 it was 23-28%. In Eu rope 50-60% of sports injuries concern footballers. The most common injuries include: ankle sprains and muscle strains [1-4]. Stretching exercises are very important in the prophylaxis of sports injuries. Another important element is strengthening postural muscles (back muscles, quadriceps, sciatic-tibial muscles) and improving central stabilization and eliminating asymmetry. As an element of prophylaxis, athletes and coa ches should be provided with extensive information on the course of action in case of sports injuries and the consequences of failure to complete a full recovery and premature return to trainings [5, 6]. Unfortunately, these days athletes motivated by desire to achieve great success put their body under excessive strain, compete although they have not completed recovery and train in spite of the pain [7-10]. The principal cognitive aim of this paper was to characterize the types of pain experienced by professional judo athletes.
{"title":"[i][/i]Chronic pain in the musculoskeletal system among judo athletes","authors":"D. Boguszewski, M. Buda, J. Adamczyk, K. Boguszewska, Anna Obszyńska-Litwiniec, D. Białoszewski","doi":"10.5604/20815735.1141980","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5604/20815735.1141980","url":null,"abstract":"One of the major negative aspects of competitive sports is excessive strain on the body which often leads to bodily injuries. Over the last years the incidence of sports injuries has increased due to growing physical proficiency. In 1975 in England there were 5% of hospitalized sports injuries. In 1990 the percentage reached 17 and in 2000 it was 23-28%. In Eu rope 50-60% of sports injuries concern footballers. The most common injuries include: ankle sprains and muscle strains [1-4]. Stretching exercises are very important in the prophylaxis of sports injuries. Another important element is strengthening postural muscles (back muscles, quadriceps, sciatic-tibial muscles) and improving central stabilization and eliminating asymmetry. As an element of prophylaxis, athletes and coa ches should be provided with extensive information on the course of action in case of sports injuries and the consequences of failure to complete a full recovery and premature return to trainings [5, 6]. Unfortunately, these days athletes motivated by desire to achieve great success put their body under excessive strain, compete although they have not completed recovery and train in spite of the pain [7-10]. The principal cognitive aim of this paper was to characterize the types of pain experienced by professional judo athletes.","PeriodicalId":347138,"journal":{"name":"Journal of combat sports and martial arts","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121092404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-12-18DOI: 10.5604/20815735.1141977
Genadij Markiewicz, W. Starosta
The efficacy of the techniques applied by athletes practicing combat sports depend in large measure on the level of movement coordination abilities. The leading abilities are: the speed of adequate movement reaction, space and time orientation, and the ability to maintain balance. These abilities are, to a large extend, conditioned genetically, but they are also subject to evolution during the training process. The level of their development depends largely on the age at which the training was initiated, as well as on appropriately selected means and training methods. The overview of the literature re ports a high standardization of those means and training methods irrespective of: the age, level of advancement, practice period, hierarchy of the leading abilities of the athletes, and other significant conditions [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10]. A considerably more comprehensive literature, though, involves martial art sports which are included in the program of the Olympic Games. These publications certainly do not cover the contemporary knowledge used in practice, since this one often outpaces the theory and constitutes the secret of the workshop of the coach. An increasing number of general theory publications indicate that the so far initiated reserves are gradually becoming exhausted. These included the applied training means, and particularly those directed at the development of coordination abilities. Our own investigations [6,7,8,9,10] prove that non-specific physical load increases the level of kinesthetic sensations definitely more than a specific load. Similar effects may have been induced by the change in the standard environment. An
{"title":"New idea of development movement coordination abilities in water of high level athletes practicing selected combat sports","authors":"Genadij Markiewicz, W. Starosta","doi":"10.5604/20815735.1141977","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5604/20815735.1141977","url":null,"abstract":"The efficacy of the techniques applied by athletes practicing combat sports depend in large measure on the level of movement coordination abilities. The leading abilities are: the speed of adequate movement reaction, space and time orientation, and the ability to maintain balance. These abilities are, to a large extend, conditioned genetically, but they are also subject to evolution during the training process. The level of their development depends largely on the age at which the training was initiated, as well as on appropriately selected means and training methods. The overview of the literature re ports a high standardization of those means and training methods irrespective of: the age, level of advancement, practice period, hierarchy of the leading abilities of the athletes, and other significant conditions [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10]. A considerably more comprehensive literature, though, involves martial art sports which are included in the program of the Olympic Games. These publications certainly do not cover the contemporary knowledge used in practice, since this one often outpaces the theory and constitutes the secret of the workshop of the coach. An increasing number of general theory publications indicate that the so far initiated reserves are gradually becoming exhausted. These included the applied training means, and particularly those directed at the development of coordination abilities. Our own investigations [6,7,8,9,10] prove that non-specific physical load increases the level of kinesthetic sensations definitely more than a specific load. Similar effects may have been induced by the change in the standard environment. An","PeriodicalId":347138,"journal":{"name":"Journal of combat sports and martial arts","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116810795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-12-18DOI: 10.5604/20815735.1141976
Ivan Segedi, H. Sertić, Dario Franjić, Nenad Kuštro, davor Rožac
Background (Introduction): To bring training process closer to the competition conditions it is necessary to conduct judo fight analyzes at all competition levels. That is why the main objective of this work is to analyze the structure of judo fight on the Grand Prix level in the context of the new rules. Material and methods: The paper analyses technical solutions in 125 fights of men’s part of competition, and 68 fights of women’s competition. All analyzed fights were part of elimination rounds of Grand Prix Tournament Rijeka (2013). Results: Statistically significant number of fights ends in stand up position before the end of regular time in both, men and women, categories. Nage waza remain the most important techniques in judo fight and the most used techniques in ground position are hold down techniques. Nevertheless, one can find a great deal of specificities through each weight category. Conclusions: According to the results of performed analysis one can conclude that judo fight requires a high level of technical efficiency and the physical ability. The differences in the analyzed variables, which occur between weight categories in the men's and women's competition, require an individualized approach in training process.
{"title":"ANALYSIS OF JUDO MATCH FOR SENIORS","authors":"Ivan Segedi, H. Sertić, Dario Franjić, Nenad Kuštro, davor Rožac","doi":"10.5604/20815735.1141976","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5604/20815735.1141976","url":null,"abstract":"Background (Introduction): To bring training process closer to the competition conditions it is necessary to conduct judo fight analyzes at all competition levels. That is why the main objective of this work is to analyze the structure of judo fight on the Grand Prix level in the context of the new rules. Material and methods: The paper analyses technical solutions in 125 fights of men’s part of competition, and 68 fights of women’s competition. All analyzed fights were part of elimination rounds of Grand Prix Tournament Rijeka (2013). Results: Statistically significant number of fights ends in stand up position before the end of regular time in both, men and women, categories. Nage waza remain the most important techniques in judo fight and the most used techniques in ground position are hold down techniques. Nevertheless, one can find a great deal of specificities through each weight category. Conclusions: According to the results of performed analysis one can conclude that judo fight requires a high level of technical efficiency and the physical ability. The differences in the analyzed variables, which occur between weight categories in the men's and women's competition, require an individualized approach in training process.","PeriodicalId":347138,"journal":{"name":"Journal of combat sports and martial arts","volume":"78 3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129203396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-12-18DOI: 10.5604/20815735.1141984
A. Kawala-Janik, M. Podpora, M. Konieczny
with its potential implementation for the purpose of HMI systems, where embedded platforms are applied. The method does not involve any traditional, statistical signal processing methods. Materials and methods. The proposed method differs from the traditional signal processing methods due to the no need of using equipment with high-computing power, which results with its wide potential implementation. Signal processing of various bio-signals is currently a very dynamically developing scientific area. The innovation of the proposed solution relies on its simplicity, efficiency and waht’s more – it does not implement any statistical signal processing. Results. The proposed method has prospective implementation for the control purpose in order to improve quality of life for handicapped users. Conducted research was intended for potential application on an embedded system platform, which has caused some significant limits in choosing an appropriate signal processing method. Traditional, sophisticated, statistical signal processing methods were not used for the purpose of this work. Discussion. This paper is a pilot study for the prospective EMG-based control of an artificial hand. The conducted analysis was done in an off-line mode, however further plans on on-line signal processing plans were made. All calculations were done in MATLAB. Conclusions. The paper presents an innovation as no other similar methods were found in literature. The paper also shows
{"title":"Innovative approach in signal processing of electromyography signals","authors":"A. Kawala-Janik, M. Podpora, M. Konieczny","doi":"10.5604/20815735.1141984","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5604/20815735.1141984","url":null,"abstract":"with its potential implementation for the purpose of HMI systems, where embedded platforms are applied. The method does not involve any traditional, statistical signal processing methods. Materials and methods. The proposed method differs from the traditional signal processing methods due to the no need of using equipment with high-computing power, which results with its wide potential implementation. Signal processing of various bio-signals is currently a very dynamically developing scientific area. The innovation of the proposed solution relies on its simplicity, efficiency and waht’s more – it does not implement any statistical signal processing. Results. The proposed method has prospective implementation for the control purpose in order to improve quality of life for handicapped users. Conducted research was intended for potential application on an embedded system platform, which has caused some significant limits in choosing an appropriate signal processing method. Traditional, sophisticated, statistical signal processing methods were not used for the purpose of this work. Discussion. This paper is a pilot study for the prospective EMG-based control of an artificial hand. The conducted analysis was done in an off-line mode, however further plans on on-line signal processing plans were made. All calculations were done in MATLAB. Conclusions. The paper presents an innovation as no other similar methods were found in literature. The paper also shows","PeriodicalId":347138,"journal":{"name":"Journal of combat sports and martial arts","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130692617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-12-18DOI: 10.5604/20815735.1142448
Z. Borysiuk, Natalia Markowska, M. Niedzielski
Fencing requires from competitors responses to multiple stimuli, therefore in initial training and honing fencing techni ques the trainer’s task is to adapt specific activities to achieve the desired speed of sensorimotor (psychomotor responses) [1]. One of the main goals of individual training and fighting is selection of an adequate moment for starting an offensive ac tion, in this case, a simple lunge. During specialty training, fen cers acquire multiple technical and technical-tactical skills which can be used during fighting. These skills include: a simple speed response to a visual stimulus and a simple speed response to a tactile stimulus [2]. The speed of response to a given stimulus can be shaped using single or complex action exercises according to the scheme presented by Czajkowski. The study used a simple response scheme (a simple speed response to chan ges, the predicted stimulus, and the trainer’s action). The same author also presents the sequence of fencing lunge performance: 1) a harmonious, slight extension of the armed limb in such a way that it is difficult for the rival to notice it; 2) lifting the back leg softly and sliding it forward with the heel sliding along the board; 3) extension of the back leg in the knee joint ended with a vigorous extension (at the same time thrust of the back leg sheen forward); 4) a blow and an immediate stepping on the board with the front leg. The above sequence of a simple lunge has been generally accepted in fencing training. As already mentioned, apart from the response to stimuli, the responses to tactile stimuli are also very important (the so
{"title":"Analysis of the fencing lunge based on the response to a visual stimulus and a tactile stimulus","authors":"Z. Borysiuk, Natalia Markowska, M. Niedzielski","doi":"10.5604/20815735.1142448","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5604/20815735.1142448","url":null,"abstract":"Fencing requires from competitors responses to multiple stimuli, therefore in initial training and honing fencing techni ques the trainer’s task is to adapt specific activities to achieve the desired speed of sensorimotor (psychomotor responses) [1]. One of the main goals of individual training and fighting is selection of an adequate moment for starting an offensive ac tion, in this case, a simple lunge. During specialty training, fen cers acquire multiple technical and technical-tactical skills which can be used during fighting. These skills include: a simple speed response to a visual stimulus and a simple speed response to a tactile stimulus [2]. The speed of response to a given stimulus can be shaped using single or complex action exercises according to the scheme presented by Czajkowski. The study used a simple response scheme (a simple speed response to chan ges, the predicted stimulus, and the trainer’s action). The same author also presents the sequence of fencing lunge performance: 1) a harmonious, slight extension of the armed limb in such a way that it is difficult for the rival to notice it; 2) lifting the back leg softly and sliding it forward with the heel sliding along the board; 3) extension of the back leg in the knee joint ended with a vigorous extension (at the same time thrust of the back leg sheen forward); 4) a blow and an immediate stepping on the board with the front leg. The above sequence of a simple lunge has been generally accepted in fencing training. As already mentioned, apart from the response to stimuli, the responses to tactile stimuli are also very important (the so","PeriodicalId":347138,"journal":{"name":"Journal of combat sports and martial arts","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131395050","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-12-18DOI: 10.5604/20815735.1141986
L. V. Andreato, T. V. Andreato, Jonatas Ferreira da Silva Santos, J. V. Esteves, S. F. D. Moraes, E. Franchini
The mixed martial arts (MMA) is among the sports with higher spectators increase in the world. This fact can be observed in growth of exposure on media and increased num ber of practitioners and spectators [1]. This sport is composed by combination of boxing, Muay Thai, karate, taekwondo, wrestling, Brazilian jiu-jitsu, judo and other disciplines specific techniques. Nowadays, the MMA is practiced in various countries being the sixth more popular sport in United States of America [2]. Despite the notoriety achieved, few studies aimed to investigate the different fields of this sport. Among the studies that have been conducted involving MMA, most focused on the injuries happened during combat [2-5]. In many sports, especially in combat sports, the athletes are divided according to body mass. This strategy is adopted to leave the disputes more balanced. However, it is commonly observed that athletes conduct some arrangements to reduce large amounts of body mass to move to lighter categories, in an attempt to compete against smaller and weaker opponents [6]. In fact, there are data indicating that boxers [7,8], judokas [9,10], wrestlers [11], Brazilian jiu-jitsu athletes [9-12], taekwondo athletes [13,14] and karate athletes [9] adopt methods to reduce the body mass prior to a competition, but no study has been conducted involving the MMA. This practice can be harmful, because it negatively alters the humor profile, sports performance and health, especially when the magnitude of reduced mass is high [6,15]. It is not difficult to find reports of combat sports athletes reducing a large percentage of body mass. For example, in university level Olympic wrestling (n = 63), 89% of the athletes reported to be engaged in some procedure to reduce body mass prior
{"title":"Weight loss in mixed martial arts athletes","authors":"L. V. Andreato, T. V. Andreato, Jonatas Ferreira da Silva Santos, J. V. Esteves, S. F. D. Moraes, E. Franchini","doi":"10.5604/20815735.1141986","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5604/20815735.1141986","url":null,"abstract":"The mixed martial arts (MMA) is among the sports with higher spectators increase in the world. This fact can be observed in growth of exposure on media and increased num ber of practitioners and spectators [1]. This sport is composed by combination of boxing, Muay Thai, karate, taekwondo, wrestling, Brazilian jiu-jitsu, judo and other disciplines specific techniques. Nowadays, the MMA is practiced in various countries being the sixth more popular sport in United States of America [2]. Despite the notoriety achieved, few studies aimed to investigate the different fields of this sport. Among the studies that have been conducted involving MMA, most focused on the injuries happened during combat [2-5]. In many sports, especially in combat sports, the athletes are divided according to body mass. This strategy is adopted to leave the disputes more balanced. However, it is commonly observed that athletes conduct some arrangements to reduce large amounts of body mass to move to lighter categories, in an attempt to compete against smaller and weaker opponents [6]. In fact, there are data indicating that boxers [7,8], judokas [9,10], wrestlers [11], Brazilian jiu-jitsu athletes [9-12], taekwondo athletes [13,14] and karate athletes [9] adopt methods to reduce the body mass prior to a competition, but no study has been conducted involving the MMA. This practice can be harmful, because it negatively alters the humor profile, sports performance and health, especially when the magnitude of reduced mass is high [6,15]. It is not difficult to find reports of combat sports athletes reducing a large percentage of body mass. For example, in university level Olympic wrestling (n = 63), 89% of the athletes reported to be engaged in some procedure to reduce body mass prior","PeriodicalId":347138,"journal":{"name":"Journal of combat sports and martial arts","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129710801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-12-18DOI: 10.5604/20815735.1141987
Z. Obmiński, H. Mroczkowska, R. Zdanowicz, I. Kownacka, W. Błach
between the rate of anabolism and catabolism its ratio. The ear lier examinations of exercising male wrestles and weightlifters showed that during series of repeated short-lasting maximal efforts their blood T tended to decrease and blood cortisol increased, hence T/C ratio also decreased, although first single efforts caused rise of T [1,2]. That indicated the effect of fatigue accumulation upon suppression of pituitary-gonadal axis. The later studies confirmed, that after few exhaustive com petitive bouts T/C indexes were shifted toward lower values as compared to those recorded ones prior to the efforts, and that state may be maintained throughout several hours of the recovery [3-5]. These changes occurred due to very intensive, anaerobic efforts like as wrestling matches, when blood lactate level may reach up to 20 mmol/L, or after less intensive intermitted efforts of mixed, aerobic-anaerobic metabolism like rugby and soccer matches.
{"title":"Psycho-physiological symptoms of stress and fatigue in elite male fencers during one-day tournament. A pilot study","authors":"Z. Obmiński, H. Mroczkowska, R. Zdanowicz, I. Kownacka, W. Błach","doi":"10.5604/20815735.1141987","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5604/20815735.1141987","url":null,"abstract":"between the rate of anabolism and catabolism its ratio. The ear lier examinations of exercising male wrestles and weightlifters showed that during series of repeated short-lasting maximal efforts their blood T tended to decrease and blood cortisol increased, hence T/C ratio also decreased, although first single efforts caused rise of T [1,2]. That indicated the effect of fatigue accumulation upon suppression of pituitary-gonadal axis. The later studies confirmed, that after few exhaustive com petitive bouts T/C indexes were shifted toward lower values as compared to those recorded ones prior to the efforts, and that state may be maintained throughout several hours of the recovery [3-5]. These changes occurred due to very intensive, anaerobic efforts like as wrestling matches, when blood lactate level may reach up to 20 mmol/L, or after less intensive intermitted efforts of mixed, aerobic-anaerobic metabolism like rugby and soccer matches.","PeriodicalId":347138,"journal":{"name":"Journal of combat sports and martial arts","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121751475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-12-01DOI: 10.5604/20815735.1141981
Karol Wałowski, Dmytro Poliszczuk
Summary Introduction. Due to the limited number of publications and reports on strength of the muscles responsible for trunk rotation and the growing interest in the problem of symmetry in sport, an attempt was made to determine torque symmetry in muscles responsible for trunk rotation. The aim of the study was to recognize asymmetries in the torque of muscles responsible for trunk rotation and handgrip in Polish National Judo Team. Material and methods. The sample comprised the members of the Polish National Judo Team. The study group included 16 males participating in the meeting at the Centre of Olympic Training in Zakopane. The applied approach involved measurements of torque developed during trunk rotation under static conditions and handgrip strength. Devices specially constructed for this purpose were used for the measurements. Statistical analysis was conducted using ANOVA test. The measurements also included handgrip strength in the right and left arm using an electric dynamometer. Results. The analysis of the collected material showed no differences in torque values in muscles responsible for spinal rightsided and left-sided rotation, and in handgrip strength between the right and the left arm. Conclusions. In the studied sample no apparent asymmetry of torque was observed in the muscles responsible for trunk rotation and handgrip strength. Balancing the strength of muscles responsible for trunk rotation can undoubtedly extend the opportunities for using tactical skills by the competitors. The higher the competitors level of training, the lower the differences are in torque of muscles responsible for handgrip strength.
{"title":"Symmetry torques muscles responsible for the rotation of the spine in Judo","authors":"Karol Wałowski, Dmytro Poliszczuk","doi":"10.5604/20815735.1141981","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5604/20815735.1141981","url":null,"abstract":"Summary Introduction. Due to the limited number of publications and reports on strength of the muscles responsible for trunk rotation and the growing interest in the problem of symmetry in sport, an attempt was made to determine torque symmetry in muscles responsible for trunk rotation. The aim of the study was to recognize asymmetries in the torque of muscles responsible for trunk rotation and handgrip in Polish National Judo Team. Material and methods. The sample comprised the members of the Polish National Judo Team. The study group included 16 males participating in the meeting at the Centre of Olympic Training in Zakopane. The applied approach involved measurements of torque developed during trunk rotation under static conditions and handgrip strength. Devices specially constructed for this purpose were used for the measurements. Statistical analysis was conducted using ANOVA test. The measurements also included handgrip strength in the right and left arm using an electric dynamometer. Results. The analysis of the collected material showed no differences in torque values in muscles responsible for spinal rightsided and left-sided rotation, and in handgrip strength between the right and the left arm. Conclusions. In the studied sample no apparent asymmetry of torque was observed in the muscles responsible for trunk rotation and handgrip strength. Balancing the strength of muscles responsible for trunk rotation can undoubtedly extend the opportunities for using tactical skills by the competitors. The higher the competitors level of training, the lower the differences are in torque of muscles responsible for handgrip strength.","PeriodicalId":347138,"journal":{"name":"Journal of combat sports and martial arts","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126705498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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