Pub Date : 2014-10-28DOI: 10.5604/20815735.1127445
M. Tabben, A. Chaouachi, M. Mahfoudhi, A. Aloui, Hamdi Habacha, C. Tourny, E. Franchini
{"title":"Physical and physiological characteristics of high-level combat sport athletes","authors":"M. Tabben, A. Chaouachi, M. Mahfoudhi, A. Aloui, Hamdi Habacha, C. Tourny, E. Franchini","doi":"10.5604/20815735.1127445","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5604/20815735.1127445","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":347138,"journal":{"name":"Journal of combat sports and martial arts","volume":"10 8 Suppl 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116820931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-12-30DOI: 10.5604/20815735.1090654
P. Żurek, A. Kasperska, Marcin Krzysztoszek, E. Hübner-Woźniak, A. Zembroń-Łacny
The effectiveness of physical training depends on the training load, the individual toleration ability and an imbalance between the two may lead to under or over-training. One of the unique features of an exercise is that it leads to a simultaneous increase of antagonistic mediators. On the one hand, exercise elevates catabolic molecules such as stress hormo nes, pro-inflammatory cytokines etc. On the other hand, exercise stimulates anabolic components such as heat shock proteins (HSPs) which protect against stressors. If the anabolic response is stronger, exercise will probably lead ultimately to an increased muscle mass and exercise adaptation [1,2]. HSPs represent cell-protective system that may be induc ed by reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (RO/NS). Under phy sio logical conditions, constitutively expressed HSPs function as molecular chaperones, whereas under metabolic stress, HSPs protect proteins against misfolding, aggregation and denaturation. In addition, HSPs may directly regulate specific stress-responsive signalling pathways and may antagonize signalling cascades that result in apoptosis [3,2]. Exerciseinduced stress and muscle damage is considered to be one of the stimulus which induce HSPs [4]. HSPs increase the stress tolerance and participate in the cellular repair process during overtraining. Among the subset of stress-responsive proteins, evaluation of HSP27 level is considered to be a new approach to monitoring exercise training and adaptive mechanisms [5]. Currently, reactive oxygen/nitrogen species NO and H2O2 are perceived as important signalling molecules generated during muscle contraction and involved in the regeneration and adaptation of skeletal muscle to physical work [6]. NO
{"title":"Expression of serum HSP27 under exercise-induced muscle damage in elite greco-roman wrestlers","authors":"P. Żurek, A. Kasperska, Marcin Krzysztoszek, E. Hübner-Woźniak, A. Zembroń-Łacny","doi":"10.5604/20815735.1090654","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5604/20815735.1090654","url":null,"abstract":"The effectiveness of physical training depends on the training load, the individual toleration ability and an imbalance between the two may lead to under or over-training. One of the unique features of an exercise is that it leads to a simultaneous increase of antagonistic mediators. On the one hand, exercise elevates catabolic molecules such as stress hormo nes, pro-inflammatory cytokines etc. On the other hand, exercise stimulates anabolic components such as heat shock proteins (HSPs) which protect against stressors. If the anabolic response is stronger, exercise will probably lead ultimately to an increased muscle mass and exercise adaptation [1,2]. HSPs represent cell-protective system that may be induc ed by reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (RO/NS). Under phy sio logical conditions, constitutively expressed HSPs function as molecular chaperones, whereas under metabolic stress, HSPs protect proteins against misfolding, aggregation and denaturation. In addition, HSPs may directly regulate specific stress-responsive signalling pathways and may antagonize signalling cascades that result in apoptosis [3,2]. Exerciseinduced stress and muscle damage is considered to be one of the stimulus which induce HSPs [4]. HSPs increase the stress tolerance and participate in the cellular repair process during overtraining. Among the subset of stress-responsive proteins, evaluation of HSP27 level is considered to be a new approach to monitoring exercise training and adaptive mechanisms [5]. Currently, reactive oxygen/nitrogen species NO and H2O2 are perceived as important signalling molecules generated during muscle contraction and involved in the regeneration and adaptation of skeletal muscle to physical work [6]. NO","PeriodicalId":347138,"journal":{"name":"Journal of combat sports and martial arts","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129805388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-12-30DOI: 10.5604/20815735.1090742
Zbigniew Bujak, D. Gierczuk, S. Litwiniuk
Combat sports are classified in one category of sports characterised by a direct fight involving physical contact with an opponent. They form a wide range of sports that differ in fighting methods, tactics as well as rules and regulations. Therefore, they require a different approach to a training pro cess and a different intensity of basic professional activities of a coach. Consequently, participants of instructor or coach courses ought to undergo diverse training depending on the type of a sport. Olympic combat sports are obviously more attractive to scientists and researchers in terms of different aspects of preparation and competition. The other ones, particularly those which are not severed from their historical roots but do not focus on training oriented at sports competition, are in a more difficult situation. Modern training and optimal pre paration of future coaches require combining knowledge that comes from practical experience and scientific achievements. Activities of a coach in combat sports were studied by Am broży, Bujak, Bujak et al., Cynarski, and Sterkowicz et al. [1-8]. Getting to know the opinions of representatives of different combat sports and martial arts regarding the significance of basic professional activities of a coach was crucial in identifying the differences between martial arts and combat sports in terms of activities of a coach during a training process. The aim of the study was to define the structure of 20 basic professional activities of a coach in karate, taekwon-do and Olympic taekwondo as well as identifying groups of activities and checking if fighting methods determine professional activities of a coach.
格斗运动被归为一类运动，其特点是与对手进行直接的身体接触。它们形成了各种各样的运动，在战斗方法、战术和规则上各不相同。因此，他们需要一个不同的方法来训练过程和不同强度的基本专业活动的教练。因此，参加指导员或教练课程的人应该根据运动的类型进行不同的训练。从准备和比赛的不同方面来看，奥运会格斗项目显然对科学家和研究人员更有吸引力。其他的，特别是那些没有脱离历史根源，但不注重以体育比赛为导向的训练的，则处于更加困难的境地。现代训练和未来教练的最佳准备需要结合来自实践经验和科学成果的知识。Am broży, Bujak, Bujak et al, Cynarski, and Sterkowicz et al.[1-8]研究了格斗运动中教练的活动。了解不同搏击运动和武术的代表人物对教练员基本职业活动的重要性的看法，对于在训练过程中识别武术和搏击运动在教练员活动方面的差异至关重要。本研究的目的是确定空手道、跆拳道和奥林匹克跆拳道中教练的20项基本职业活动的结构，并确定活动组，检验搏击方法是否决定教练的职业活动。
{"title":"Professional activities of a coach of martial arts and combat sports","authors":"Zbigniew Bujak, D. Gierczuk, S. Litwiniuk","doi":"10.5604/20815735.1090742","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5604/20815735.1090742","url":null,"abstract":"Combat sports are classified in one category of sports characterised by a direct fight involving physical contact with an opponent. They form a wide range of sports that differ in fighting methods, tactics as well as rules and regulations. Therefore, they require a different approach to a training pro cess and a different intensity of basic professional activities of a coach. Consequently, participants of instructor or coach courses ought to undergo diverse training depending on the type of a sport. Olympic combat sports are obviously more attractive to scientists and researchers in terms of different aspects of preparation and competition. The other ones, particularly those which are not severed from their historical roots but do not focus on training oriented at sports competition, are in a more difficult situation. Modern training and optimal pre paration of future coaches require combining knowledge that comes from practical experience and scientific achievements. Activities of a coach in combat sports were studied by Am broży, Bujak, Bujak et al., Cynarski, and Sterkowicz et al. [1-8]. Getting to know the opinions of representatives of different combat sports and martial arts regarding the significance of basic professional activities of a coach was crucial in identifying the differences between martial arts and combat sports in terms of activities of a coach during a training process. The aim of the study was to define the structure of 20 basic professional activities of a coach in karate, taekwon-do and Olympic taekwondo as well as identifying groups of activities and checking if fighting methods determine professional activities of a coach.","PeriodicalId":347138,"journal":{"name":"Journal of combat sports and martial arts","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128270585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-12-30DOI: 10.5604/20815735.1090671
Andrzej Mroczkowski
Conventional corrective-compensatory gymnastics often includes sets of exercises affecting the vertebral column in children, however, exercises activating the muscles responsible for a correct alignment of the pelvis are rarely applied [1]. The pelvis and the vertebral column are links of the biokinematic chain where changes in one link entail changes in the neighbouring links. Incorrect alignment of the pelvis can be the reason of lateral curvature of the spine a [2,3]. Similar changes in pelvic anteversion angle entail changes in the size of lumbar lordosis and affect the remaining spinal curvatures in the sagittal plane [4]. During the experiment, selected aikido exercises, actively affecting the muscles responsible for pelvic alignment, were applied. Exercises applied in martial arts competitors may be interesting in the aspect of self-defence and can be applied to compensate and correct postural deformities. Since they are not considered to be a form of treatment, they can be easily accepted by children [5]. The aim of the study presented in this paper was to determine the effect of the applied aikido exercises on alpha, beta and gamma angles of the spinal curvature in the sagittal plane and on the anteversion angle of the pelvis in children.
{"title":"The effect of aikido exercises on shaping spinal curvatures in the sagittal plane","authors":"Andrzej Mroczkowski","doi":"10.5604/20815735.1090671","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5604/20815735.1090671","url":null,"abstract":"Conventional corrective-compensatory gymnastics often includes sets of exercises affecting the vertebral column in children, however, exercises activating the muscles responsible for a correct alignment of the pelvis are rarely applied [1]. The pelvis and the vertebral column are links of the biokinematic chain where changes in one link entail changes in the neighbouring links. Incorrect alignment of the pelvis can be the reason of lateral curvature of the spine a [2,3]. Similar changes in pelvic anteversion angle entail changes in the size of lumbar lordosis and affect the remaining spinal curvatures in the sagittal plane [4]. During the experiment, selected aikido exercises, actively affecting the muscles responsible for pelvic alignment, were applied. Exercises applied in martial arts competitors may be interesting in the aspect of self-defence and can be applied to compensate and correct postural deformities. Since they are not considered to be a form of treatment, they can be easily accepted by children [5]. The aim of the study presented in this paper was to determine the effect of the applied aikido exercises on alpha, beta and gamma angles of the spinal curvature in the sagittal plane and on the anteversion angle of the pelvis in children.","PeriodicalId":347138,"journal":{"name":"Journal of combat sports and martial arts","volume":"126 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116090937","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-12-30DOI: 10.5604/20815735.1090744
R. Podstawski, Antti Honkanen, D. Choszcz, Michał Boraczyński
Martial arts are ancient forms of combat, modified for modern sport and exercise. Participation in martial arts classes is growing in popularity, particularly among young people of both sexes, which was confirmed by the research conducted over the last two decades [1,2,3]. Martial arts provide health-promoting and meaningful exercise for millions of practitioners. Training martial arts can increase self-reliance and lead to better overall health and balance as well as an improved sense of mental well-being and numerous benefits to the autonomic nervous and immune systems [4]. Martial arts do not promote aggression and may be used as a treatment modality for young people who are prone to violent behavior [3]. Skills gained when practicing martial arts are very useful in everyday life and should not be associated only with self-defense. Many aspects of combat sports are used in other forms of health training or as an indicator of an individual’s ability to survive in a given environment (such as the ability to fall when losing balance) [5,6]. There are only few studies that have been conducted to gain an understanding of why people participate in martial arts [7,8]. Findings indicate that practitioners of martial arts are motivated differently across the types of martial arts disciplines, competition orientation and past experiences [9]. Self-defense courses, which have been organized for students at the University of Warmia & Mazury in Olsztyn (UWM) since 2005 as a substitute of P.E. lessons, reflect the popularity of such a form of physical activity among young adults. The fact that these classes are of a recreational and voluntary kind attracts a large group of university students who, apart from fulfilling the physical education requirements, are given an opportunity to gain self-defense and combat skills. Although women have been known to train martial arts longer than commonly believed, in the case of the classes held at UWM men constituted an overwhelming majority, which
{"title":"Maximizing university students' motor fitness by implementing a physical education program incorporating martial arts - implicational study","authors":"R. Podstawski, Antti Honkanen, D. Choszcz, Michał Boraczyński","doi":"10.5604/20815735.1090744","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5604/20815735.1090744","url":null,"abstract":"Martial arts are ancient forms of combat, modified for modern sport and exercise. Participation in martial arts classes is growing in popularity, particularly among young people of both sexes, which was confirmed by the research conducted over the last two decades [1,2,3]. Martial arts provide health-promoting and meaningful exercise for millions of practitioners. Training martial arts can increase self-reliance and lead to better overall health and balance as well as an improved sense of mental well-being and numerous benefits to the autonomic nervous and immune systems [4]. Martial arts do not promote aggression and may be used as a treatment modality for young people who are prone to violent behavior [3]. Skills gained when practicing martial arts are very useful in everyday life and should not be associated only with self-defense. Many aspects of combat sports are used in other forms of health training or as an indicator of an individual’s ability to survive in a given environment (such as the ability to fall when losing balance) [5,6]. There are only few studies that have been conducted to gain an understanding of why people participate in martial arts [7,8]. Findings indicate that practitioners of martial arts are motivated differently across the types of martial arts disciplines, competition orientation and past experiences [9]. Self-defense courses, which have been organized for students at the University of Warmia & Mazury in Olsztyn (UWM) since 2005 as a substitute of P.E. lessons, reflect the popularity of such a form of physical activity among young adults. The fact that these classes are of a recreational and voluntary kind attracts a large group of university students who, apart from fulfilling the physical education requirements, are given an opportunity to gain self-defense and combat skills. Although women have been known to train martial arts longer than commonly believed, in the case of the classes held at UWM men constituted an overwhelming majority, which","PeriodicalId":347138,"journal":{"name":"Journal of combat sports and martial arts","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122891459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-12-30DOI: 10.5604/20815735.1090659
P. Lesiakowski, T. Zwierko, Justyna Krzepota
Open-skill sports, such as boxing, are performed in constantly changing environments. Athletes must be able to move in a variety of ways and adapt to rapidly changing situations. Boxing requires sustained attention (vigilance) because athletes must perform while in motion at near viewing distance from which most of the visual information is received [1]. The attention adopted during the execution of a skilled motor action can have a profound effect on performance outcomes. Experimental data showed that optimal level of attention increases the perceptual sensitivity for the discrimination of target stimuli [2], reduces information processing time [3], and improves decision‐making processes in sport‐specific targets [4,5]. It has been speculated that one of the key factor affected the effectiveness of attention processes in sport is an expertise gained from participating in systematic exercise demanding a high level of visual attention during fast motor responses to external stimuli. Studies of perceptual-cognitive expertise in sports, using sport-specific as well as laboratory methods, demonstrated that expert athletes, in comparison with nonathletes and novice, make more use of available information, encode, and retrieve relevant information more efficiently, visually detects and locate objects and patterns in the visual field faster and more accurately, use situational probability information better, make more rapid and appropriate decisions, and perform better on measures of processing speed and a category of varied attentional paradigms [6,7,8]. It is possible that the attentional skills adopted during the execution of an athlete’s motor action in boxing training can be transferred to other behaviors outside of sport. On the other side, it is known that boxing is associated with a risk of chronic neurological injury. Studies indicated that participation in this sport may cause clinical sequelae of chronic traumatic encephalopathy [9], neuropathologic injury [10] as well as cognitive impairment such as attention, concentration and memory [11]. However, in amateur boxing, the exposure to repeated head impact is less than that seen in professional boxing, especially because of the shorter duration of the bouts and the use of protective headgear [12]. For example, Breton et al. [13] investigated amateur boxers' attention and orienting mechanisms by using event-related brain potential recordings, before and after a fight. This study did not reveal any abnormalities of attention or detection processes. Khani et al. [14] analyzed several variables of attention (e.g. accuracy, impulsivity and behavioral disinhibition, inattention, speed of information process) in amateur boxers, novice amateur boxers and runners. The authors also did not
{"title":"Visuospatial attentional functioning in amateur boxers","authors":"P. Lesiakowski, T. Zwierko, Justyna Krzepota","doi":"10.5604/20815735.1090659","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5604/20815735.1090659","url":null,"abstract":"Open-skill sports, such as boxing, are performed in constantly changing environments. Athletes must be able to move in a variety of ways and adapt to rapidly changing situations. Boxing requires sustained attention (vigilance) because athletes must perform while in motion at near viewing distance from which most of the visual information is received [1]. The attention adopted during the execution of a skilled motor action can have a profound effect on performance outcomes. Experimental data showed that optimal level of attention increases the perceptual sensitivity for the discrimination of target stimuli [2], reduces information processing time [3], and improves decision‐making processes in sport‐specific targets [4,5]. It has been speculated that one of the key factor affected the effectiveness of attention processes in sport is an expertise gained from participating in systematic exercise demanding a high level of visual attention during fast motor responses to external stimuli. Studies of perceptual-cognitive expertise in sports, using sport-specific as well as laboratory methods, demonstrated that expert athletes, in comparison with nonathletes and novice, make more use of available information, encode, and retrieve relevant information more efficiently, visually detects and locate objects and patterns in the visual field faster and more accurately, use situational probability information better, make more rapid and appropriate decisions, and perform better on measures of processing speed and a category of varied attentional paradigms [6,7,8]. It is possible that the attentional skills adopted during the execution of an athlete’s motor action in boxing training can be transferred to other behaviors outside of sport. On the other side, it is known that boxing is associated with a risk of chronic neurological injury. Studies indicated that participation in this sport may cause clinical sequelae of chronic traumatic encephalopathy [9], neuropathologic injury [10] as well as cognitive impairment such as attention, concentration and memory [11]. However, in amateur boxing, the exposure to repeated head impact is less than that seen in professional boxing, especially because of the shorter duration of the bouts and the use of protective headgear [12]. For example, Breton et al. [13] investigated amateur boxers' attention and orienting mechanisms by using event-related brain potential recordings, before and after a fight. This study did not reveal any abnormalities of attention or detection processes. Khani et al. [14] analyzed several variables of attention (e.g. accuracy, impulsivity and behavioral disinhibition, inattention, speed of information process) in amateur boxers, novice amateur boxers and runners. The authors also did not","PeriodicalId":347138,"journal":{"name":"Journal of combat sports and martial arts","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115438554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-12-30DOI: 10.5604/20815735.1090657
Mohamad Nizam Mohamed Shapie, J. Oliver, P. O'Donoghue, Richard Tong
{"title":"Development of new field-based tests of kick and movement speed in youth martial arts","authors":"Mohamad Nizam Mohamed Shapie, J. Oliver, P. O'Donoghue, Richard Tong","doi":"10.5604/20815735.1090657","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5604/20815735.1090657","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":347138,"journal":{"name":"Journal of combat sports and martial arts","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114862950","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-12-30DOI: 10.5604/20815735.1090666
Andrzej Dudkowski, A. Rokita, Maciej Majorowski, P. Chmura, W. Błach
Combat sports, especially judo, are among acyclic sports which are characterised by changeable intensity of effort and frequent changes of fight conditions [1]. At the same time, movements of judo practitioners have to be very accurate and fast, otherwise, the techniques applied during the fight are ineffective. For these reasons, this sport is classified as being on the highest, i.e. the third level of coordinative complexity [2]. Nevertheless, researchers rarely tackle the issue of motor coordination and a speed effort in this sport. Movement coordination depends on physical processes based primarily on the nervous system properties. In the accessible literature there are definitions of 5 [3] up to 11 [4] basic (elementary) coordinative skills. A high level of coordinative skills conditions the efficiency of learning new technical elements as well as the way of conducting sports competition, particularly in sports dominated by open motor structures [5, 6]. The richness of techniques in a given sport influences di rectly the importance of motor coordination in this sport. In the technically complex sports (such as jujutsu or wrestling) it is the most important component [3]. In scientific debate while comparing physique parameters with chosen motor skills in judo, researchers seek an optimal solution in response to the question of which features especially predispose players to achieve the highest possible results [7,8]. Game effort in handball is based on natural movements such as running, jumping or throwing. A large area of the game (40mx20m court), constant physical contact and the speed of actions necessitate perfect preparation of the players not only with regard to techniques and tactics, but also concerning their motor skills. Due to an unlimited number of changes, the
{"title":"Speed of moving in judo practitioners and handball players depending on a route of running","authors":"Andrzej Dudkowski, A. Rokita, Maciej Majorowski, P. Chmura, W. Błach","doi":"10.5604/20815735.1090666","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5604/20815735.1090666","url":null,"abstract":"Combat sports, especially judo, are among acyclic sports which are characterised by changeable intensity of effort and frequent changes of fight conditions [1]. At the same time, movements of judo practitioners have to be very accurate and fast, otherwise, the techniques applied during the fight are ineffective. For these reasons, this sport is classified as being on the highest, i.e. the third level of coordinative complexity [2]. Nevertheless, researchers rarely tackle the issue of motor coordination and a speed effort in this sport. Movement coordination depends on physical processes based primarily on the nervous system properties. In the accessible literature there are definitions of 5 [3] up to 11 [4] basic (elementary) coordinative skills. A high level of coordinative skills conditions the efficiency of learning new technical elements as well as the way of conducting sports competition, particularly in sports dominated by open motor structures [5, 6]. The richness of techniques in a given sport influences di rectly the importance of motor coordination in this sport. In the technically complex sports (such as jujutsu or wrestling) it is the most important component [3]. In scientific debate while comparing physique parameters with chosen motor skills in judo, researchers seek an optimal solution in response to the question of which features especially predispose players to achieve the highest possible results [7,8]. Game effort in handball is based on natural movements such as running, jumping or throwing. A large area of the game (40mx20m court), constant physical contact and the speed of actions necessitate perfect preparation of the players not only with regard to techniques and tactics, but also concerning their motor skills. Due to an unlimited number of changes, the","PeriodicalId":347138,"journal":{"name":"Journal of combat sports and martial arts","volume":"69 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130895258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-12-30DOI: 10.5604/20815735.1090658
Z. Borysiuk, K. Piechota, T. Minkiewicz
{"title":"Analysis of performance of the fencing lunge with regard to the difficulty level of a technical-tactical task","authors":"Z. Borysiuk, K. Piechota, T. Minkiewicz","doi":"10.5604/20815735.1090658","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5604/20815735.1090658","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":347138,"journal":{"name":"Journal of combat sports and martial arts","volume":"145 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125426217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-12-30DOI: 10.5604/20815735.1090669
Kamila Litwic-Kaminska
Researchers frequently deliberate why some people are resistant to life difficulties whereas others develop negative health effects (physical or psychical). With this respect, the notion of resiliency has been introduced as an attempt to answer this question. The majority of authors, beginning with the creators of this concept [1,2], treat resiliency as a relatively stable disposition of a unit. It is also reported that it is a resource that more often appears as a result of experiencing serious difficulties and threats by a human being, in which the unit displays signs of positive adaptation [3]. According to the interactive model of stress introduced by Cerin, Szabo, Hunt and Williams [4] the functioning of an athlete in a stress situation includes the relationships between the way of the contestant’s appraisal of the competition, his emotional reactions, coping and the sport performance. The conducted research indicated there are relationships between resiliency and all of the mentioned elements. With regards to the experienced reactions, the resilient people declared experiencing more positive emotions before undertaking a stressful task and during its performance. More over, among people with a higher level of resiliency, the physiological arousal of the body that resulted from experiencing negative emotions returned to the initial state more rapidly [5, 6]. The connection of resiliency with the experience of positive emotions influences a more frequent occurrence of appraising stressful situations as challenges and less frequent – in terms of a threat [5]. Such relationships were also revealed in the studies over Olympic champions [7]. Earlier reports indicate that resilient people also choose more effective and situation suited coping strategies owing to which, they are more resistant to stress and experience its less negative consequences [8]. In the research by Yi, Smith and Vitaliano [9], female contestants from the group characterised by a higher resiliency, in comparison to those described as non-resilient, more often applied adaptive stress coping strategies (focusing on the problem, seeking social support, minimizing the threat). The relationships were opposite in case of the inadaptive strategies such like blaming others or avoiding. The results of the earlier research allow to draw a conclusion that athletes engaged in professional sport tend to display a specific method of experiencing strong stress during competitions characteristic to particular disciplines [10,11]. In this respect it seems relevant to consider various circumstances
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