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Discurso populista y “nueva derecha”: el Partido Republicano chileno 民粹主义言论与 "新右派":智利共和党
IF 0.8 Q3 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Pub Date : 2024-07-11 DOI: 10.7440/colombiaint119.2024.03
Juan Antonio González de Requena Farré, Claudio Riveros Ferrada
Objective/context: This study aims to evaluate the relevance of the category of populism when characterizing a party of the “new right,” such as the Republican Party of Chile. Methodology: A discourse analysis of a corpus of texts representative of the ideology of the Republicans was carried out, considering four analytical dimensions: ideological description schemes, collective identification terms, populist statements, and the populist discursive style as embodied in the rhetorical ethos of the enunciator. Conclusions: Even though the Republican Party has been typified as radical, right-wing, and populist, neither the ideological schemes, the vocabulary, the utterances, nor the discursive style evidence a marked populism. In sum, other ideological frameworks better characterize the discourse of this party—in particular, conservative, authoritarian, neo-liberal, and neo-patriotic motives, framed with the signifier of a certain republicanism. Originality: The research allows a divergent interpretation of the parties of the new right, usually characterized as radical populist right.
目的/背景:本研究旨在评估民粹主义类别在描述智利共和党等 "新右翼 "政党时的相关性。研究方法:对代表共和党意识形态的文本语料库进行了语篇分析,考虑了四个分析维度:意识形态描述方案、集体认同术语、民粹主义语句以及表达者的修辞精神所体现的民粹主义语篇风格。结论:尽管共和党被称为激进党、右翼党和民粹主义党,但其意识形态方案、词汇、言论和话语风格都没有明显的民粹主义特征。总之,其他意识形态框架能更好地描述该党的话语特征,尤其是保守、独裁、新自由主义和新爱国主义动机,并以某种共和主义为标志。独创性:本研究对新右翼政党(通常被定性为激进民粹右翼)进行了不同的解读。
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引用次数: 0
The Contribution of Women from the Organized Colombian Diaspora in Catalonia to the Generation of Transnational Human Rights Defense Practices 加泰罗尼亚有组织哥伦比亚侨民中的妇女对跨国人权保护实践的贡献
IF 0.8 Q3 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Pub Date : 2024-07-11 DOI: 10.7440/colombiaint119.2024.07
Lina Solarte Fuentes, Clara Camps Calvet, Jordi Bonet-Martí, Elisabet Almeda Samaranch
Objective/context: To learn about the contributions of women of the organized Colombian diaspora in Catalonia to creating transnational practices in favor of peace and denunciation of human rights violations in Colombia. Specifically, we seek to identify the main actors, organizational spaces, and collective action repertoires developed by Colombian women in Catalonia. Therefore, we approach the literature on the political participation of migrant and exiled women from the perspective of political transnationalism. Methodology: This qualitative and participatory research study examines bibliographic and documentary sources, semi-structured interviews with Colombian women participating in the organized diaspora, and participant observation of mobilizations. Conclusions: The analysis and discussion of the results show that for some women, their participation is based on their exile and previous political involvement. For others, it is driven by the recognition of their condition as migrant subjects, as well as the different axes of inequality that cross them, which allows them to connect their individual discomfort with the collective discomfort of their country of origin and develop new interpretative frameworks and new repertoires of action aimed at sensitizing and influencing the Colombian socio-political reality. Originality: This research contribution allows for further debate on the transnational political role of migrations in a globalized world and what role women can play in it.
目标/背景:了解在加泰罗尼亚有组织的哥伦比亚移民社群中的妇女在创造有利于哥伦比亚和平和谴责侵犯人权行为的跨国实践中做出的贡献。具体而言,我们试图确定加泰罗尼亚的哥伦比亚妇女发展的主要行动者、组织空间和集体行动剧目。因此,我们从政治跨国主义的角度来研究有关移民和流亡妇女政治参与的文献。研究方法:这项定性和参与性研究考察了书目和文献资料、对参与有组织侨居活动的哥伦比亚妇女进行的半结构式访谈,以及对动员活动的参与观察。结论:对研究结果的分析和讨论表明,对一些妇女而言,她们的参与是基于其流亡经历和以往的政治参与。对其他妇女而言,参与的动力来自于她们对自己作为移民主体的状况以及横跨她们的不同不平等轴心的认识,这使她们能够将个人的不适感与原籍国集体的不适感联系起来,并制定新的解释框架和新的行动剧目,旨在关注和影响哥伦比亚的社会政治现实。独创性:这项研究有助于进一步讨论移民在全球化世界中的跨国政治角色,以及妇女在其中可以发挥的作用。
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引用次数: 0
Open Legal Primaries in Chile: Reflections Ten (Turbulent and Convulsive) Years after Their Formal Enactment 智利的公开法律初选:正式颁布十年后(动荡不安)的反思
IF 0.8 Q3 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Pub Date : 2024-07-11 DOI: 10.7440/colombiaint119.2024.08
Ariadna Gallo, Rodrigo Díaz Esterio
Objective/context: This paper examines the open legal primary rule in Chile for the selection of the presidential candidate, established in 2012 through Law 20640. This rule contains elements shared with similar legislation in the region as well as specific characteristics. Methodology: Through a case study, we will investigate the results and consequences of the application of primaries on the three occasions they were implemented (2013, 2017, and 2021). We will review the formal changes adopted and the political events that occurred in the interim, considering the main variables that typically intervene in electoral events of this nature, drawn from the existing debate and literature. Conclusions: The case of Chile shows that the combination of an open legal primary system with voluntary internal voting, incomplete simultaneity, and the absence of stable political groupings produces effects that do not align with either the general aspirations for the implementation of primaries or the theoretical purposes outlined by the ideologists of Chilean legislation. Originality: This study contributes to the emerging literature addressing open legal primaries in their dual aspect, both as a nomination mechanism and as an electoral rule.
目的/背景:本文研究了智利 2012 年通过第 20640 号法律确立的总统候选人遴选公开法定初选规则。该规则既包含与该地区类似立法相同的要素,也有其特殊性。研究方法:通过案例研究,我们将调查三次(2013 年、2017 年和 2021 年)实施初选的结果和后果。我们将回顾所采取的形式上的变化以及在此期间发生的政治事件,并考虑从现有辩论和文献中提取的通常会干预此类性质选举事件的主要变量。结论:智利的案例表明,开放的法定初选制度与自愿的内部投票、不完全的同时性以及缺乏稳定的政治集团相结合,所产生的效果既不符合实施初选的普遍愿望,也不符合智利立法的思想家们所阐述的理论目的。独创性:本研究从提名机制和选举规则两个方面,对新出现的有关开放式法定初选的文献做出了贡献。
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引用次数: 0
El lugar de la violencia hacia los pobladores durante la dictadura cívico-militar en Chile: disputas y silenciamientos en la construcción de narrativas oficiales (1973-2023) 智利军民独裁统治期间针对定居者的暴力行为:官方叙事构建中的争议与沉默(1973-2023 年)。
IF 0.8 Q3 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Pub Date : 2024-07-11 DOI: 10.7440/colombiaint119.2024.02
Luciano Sáez Fuentealba
Objective/context: The article analyzes the tensions in the construction of official and alternative truths about the repression of pobladores during the civil- military dictatorship in Chile (1973-1990). Despite the magnitude and massiveness of the repression against this group, it has only been officially recognized in a nominal and exclusive way. Based on a socio-historical reconstruction of the place occupied by the repression toward the impoverished sectors of the city, we investigate the narratives contained in the official reports of the truth commissions and the alternative responses of civil society. Methodology: A case study based on documentary analysis of reports, press, and secondary bibliography. Conclusions: The study evidences the contentious character of settlers in the canonical narratives on political violence during the civil-military dictatorship. In this context, civil society has played a key role in the dispute over the meanings and temporalities of violence; similarly, the place of pobladores as key actors in the political dynamics of the last decades is discussed. Originality: Given the scarcity of works that focus on the representation of pobladores in building official and alternative truths, our findings highlight the gaps and debts in constructing truths about the places and subjects of violence fifty years after the coup d’état in Chile.
目的/背景:文章分析了在智利文职-军事独裁统治期间(1973-1990 年),官方和非官方在构建镇压贫民真相方面的紧张关系。尽管对这一群体的镇压规模庞大、声势浩大,但官方仅以名义上的排他性方式予以承认。基于对城市贫困阶层遭受镇压的社会历史重构,我们调查了真相委员会官方报告中的叙述以及民间社会的替代性回应。研究方法:基于对报告、新闻和二手文献的文献分析进行案例研究。结论:研究证明,在关于军民独裁期间政治暴力的经典叙述中,定居者具有争议性。在此背景下,民间社会在暴力的含义和时间性争议中发挥了关键作用;同样,研究还讨论了定居者在过去几十年政治动态中的关键角色地位。独创性:鉴于很少有作品关注在构建官方和另类真相时对贫民的表述,我们的研究结果凸显了在构建智利政变五十年后有关暴力地点和主体的真相方面存在的差距和欠缺。
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引用次数: 0
The Empty Chair. The Loss of Congressional Seats in Colombia Due to Corruption and Criminal Ties 空椅子。哥伦比亚国会席位因腐败和犯罪关系而流失
IF 0.8 Q3 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Pub Date : 2024-07-11 DOI: 10.7440/colombiaint119.2024.05
Javier Duque Daza
Objective/context: This article has three objectives: to differentiate the theoretical arguments on the empty chair policy in Latin America, to analyze the process of institutional change that culminated with its implementation in Colombia, and to describe how it has been carried out between 2010 and 2024. Methodology: The methodological approach has three components: a theoretical part, a documentary component, and an empirically based analysis. The first describes the contrast between two approaches to the autonomy, control, and accountability of political parties and parliamentarians. The second reviews how these approaches are reflected in the rules on seat ownership (of parties or congresspersons/deputies), accountability, and sanctions for parties and congresspersons when they violate the law. The third consists of identifying cases of loss of seats, their analysis, and the determination of their effects. The principal sources of the study are constitutional reforms, Supreme Court rulings, and decisions of the Attorney General’s Office on convictions of congressmen. The information is complemented with journalistic reports and electoral data. Conclusions: The empty chair policy is established in two Latin American countries (Colombia and Peru). It is an effective legal norm to sanction political parties and legislators convicted for their links with criminal groups, corruption, electoral fraud, and other crimes. It has been applied in eighteen cases due to links to paramilitarism, drug trafficking, and corruption. The affected parties have decreased their electoral performance and their seats in Congress. Originality: This is the first empirical study on the subject in Colombia.
目标/背景:本文有三个目的:区分拉丁美洲空椅子政策的理论论点,分析哥伦比亚最终实施空椅子政策的制度变革过程,以及介绍 2010 年至 2024 年期间如何实施该政策。研究方法:方法包括三个部分:理论部分、文献部分和基于经验的分析。第一部分描述了政党和议员自治、控制和问责两种方法之间的对比。第二部分回顾了这些方法如何体现在(政党或国会议员/议员)席位所有权、问责制以及政党和国会议员违法时的制裁规则中。第三部分包括确定失去席位的案例、对其进行分析并确定其影响。研究的主要资料来源是宪法改革、最高法院的裁决以及总检察长办公室对国会议员定罪的决定。新闻报道和选举数据对这些信息进行了补充。结论:两个拉丁美洲国家(哥伦比亚和秘鲁)制定了空椅子政策。这是一项有效的法律规范,用于制裁因与犯罪集团有关联、腐败、选举舞弊和其他罪行而被定罪的政党和议员。在 18 起与准军事组织、贩毒和腐败有关的案件中,都适用了这一规定。受影响的政党在选举中的表现和在国会中的席位都有所下降。独创性:这是哥伦比亚首次就这一问题进行实证研究。
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引用次数: 0
Criminalidad dependiente de la trayectoria histórica: gobernanza criminal después de la desmovilización paramilitar en Cali y Medellín 依赖历史轨迹的犯罪:卡利和麦德林准军事部队解散后的犯罪治理
IF 0.8 Q3 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Pub Date : 2024-07-11 DOI: 10.7440/colombiaint119.2024.01
Angélica Durán-Martínez
Objective/context: After the paramilitary demobilization in Colombia, Cali and Medellín—major cities with a long history of political and criminal violence—saw a decline in violence despite the continuing operation of criminal groups. Yet, while Cali remained more violent than the national average, with criminal groups displaying less ability to regulate local affairs and security, Medellín became less violent than the national average and criminal groups engaged in more intensive governance. Methodology: I compare these cities using case studies constructed through fieldwork and interviews with security officials, NGO and social leaders, and former members of groups, drawing on my long-term, ongoing research engagement in both locations. Conclusions: The contrast between these cities exemplifies varied manifestations of post-conflict criminality. I argue that this variation in criminal governance is connected to the wartime balance of power, specifically, the level of territorial control and political connections armed groups had before the demobilization. Where control and political connections of paramilitary before demobilization were high, post-conflict crime groups were more likely to engage in governance behaviors. By contrast, disputed territories during wartime were likely to experience less criminal governance. Drawing on path dependence ideas, I introduce an overlooked mechanism through which wartime orders affect criminal behavior: learning processes inside and outside criminal groups. Originality: I show that to fully understand post-conflict criminality, it is crucial to consider armed actors peripherally involved in the war but essential for territorial control, whereas to understand criminal governance, the mid-ranks of armed groups and learning processes are crucial.
目标/背景:哥伦比亚准军事组织解散后,卡利和麦德林这两个长期存在政治和犯罪暴力的大城市,尽管犯罪集团仍在活动,但暴力事件有所减少。然而,与全国平均水平相比,卡利的暴力程度仍然较高,犯罪集团管理当地事务和安全的能力较弱;而麦德林的暴力程度则低于全国平均水平,犯罪集团的管理力度更大。研究方法:我通过实地考察和对安全官员、非政府组织和社会领袖以及犯罪团伙前成员的访谈,利用我在这两个地方长期、持续的研究成果,对这两个城市进行了比较。结论:这些城市之间的对比体现了冲突后犯罪的不同表现形式。我认为,犯罪治理的这种差异与战时的权力平衡有关,具体来说,与武装团体在复员前的领土控制水平和政治联系有关。如果准军事组织在解散前的控制力和政治联系较强,冲突后的犯罪集团就更有可能参与治理行为。相比之下,战时有争议的领土可能经历较少的犯罪治理。借鉴路径依赖思想,我引入了一种被忽视的战时秩序影响犯罪行为的机制:犯罪集团内部和外部的学习过程。独创性:我的研究表明,要充分理解冲突后的犯罪行为,关键是要考虑那些虽未参与战争但对领土控制至关重要的武装人员,而要理解犯罪治理,武装组织的中层人员和学习过程则至关重要。
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引用次数: 0
Entre o desinteresse e a desigualdade: percepções de brokers e stakeholders sobre a implementação de políticas florestais em nível subnacional 在不关心和不平等之间:中间商和利益攸关方对国家以下一级森林政策执行情况的看法
IF 0.8 Q3 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Pub Date : 2024-07-11 DOI: 10.7440/colombiaint119.2024.06
M. Salas, Skarlet Olivera
Objective/context: In 2020, Ucayali was the Peruvian region with the highest loss of Amazonian forest (47,267 hectares). Measures have been taken regarding climate commitments and environmental governance, but the results continue without notoriety, and mitigation actions are limited. From a subnational approach, the article seeks to analyze the perceptions of brokers and actors involved about the implementation of forest policies in the Ucayali region. Methodology: Based on a qualitative strategy that included semi-structured interviews and a co- construction workshop to evidence the perceptions of the actors involved, with direct knowledge of the territory and implementation, and intermediary agents (brokers), the latter with the capacity to influence the decisions made regarding the formulation of action plans. Conclusions: The results demonstrate the existence of a structural difficulty in achieving short- or long-term change actions. There are institutional limitations but also a lack of support from civil society. Originality: Considering the type and limited number of studies on perceptions of climate change-oriented policies, the results obtained allow for generating relevant evidence for policy formulation processes and articulation between different levels of government.
目标/背景:2020 年,乌卡亚利是秘鲁亚马逊森林损失最严重的地区(47 267 公顷)。在气候承诺和环境治理方面已经采取了一些措施,但结果仍然不尽如人意,缓解行动也很有限。本文试图从国家以下层面出发,分析乌卡亚利地区的经纪人和相关人员对森林政策实施的看法。研究方法:基于定性策略,包括半结构式访谈和共同构建研讨会,以证明对该地区和执行情况有直接了解的参与者以及中间人(经纪人)的看法,后者有能力影响有关制定行动计划的决策。结论:结果表明,在实现短期或长期变革行动方面存在结构性困难。这其中既有体制方面的限制,也缺乏民间社会的支持。独创性:考虑到有关气候变化导向政策认知的研究类型和数量有限,所获得的结果有助于为政策制定过程和各级政府之间的衔接提供相关证据。
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引用次数: 0
Correismo and Anti-Correismo: An Emotional Fracture in Ecuador. Presidential Elections of 2021 Correismo与Anti-Correismo:厄瓜多尔的情感裂痕。2021 年总统选举
IF 0.8 Q3 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Pub Date : 2024-07-11 DOI: 10.7440/colombiaint119.2024.04
José Manuel Rivera Otero, Nieves Lagares Diez, María Pereira López, Erika Jaráiz Gulías
Objective/context: The objective pursued by this research is to analyse the possible existence of a social and political fracture around the figure of former President Rafael Correa and his political legacy, the Citizen Revolution, which would act as a kind of polarizing division of Ecuadorian society: correismo/anti- correismo axis. A division that, born of politics, would have been established within society, allowing the existence of two opposing sides that feel, perceive and act in politics in a very different way. Methodology: To this end, a study has been drawn up with a quantitative methodological approach based on an analysis of the data contained in the Study of Politics and Emotions in Ecuador, March 2021 (SPEE), carried out by the EIP-USC after the first round of the 2021 presidential elections. Conclusions: The results of this first approach (descriptive and multivariate) allow us to affirm the existence of important differences between supporters and detractors of correismo, especially as regards political and emotional issues, but not so regarding sociodemographic issues. Originality: The influence that the emotional factor expressed towards the different political leaders would have in the construction of this fracture is especially relevant; providing a novel vision to the literature on the influence of Rafael Correa and his project in the Ecuadorian political system.
目标/背景:本研究的目的是分析围绕前总统拉斐尔-科雷亚及其政治遗产 "公民革命 "可能存在的社会和政治裂痕,这将成为厄瓜多尔社会的一种两极分化:correismo/anti-correismo 轴心。这种分化源于政治,在社会中形成了对立的两派,他们对政治的感受、理解和行动方式截然不同。研究方法:为此,在对厄瓜多尔政治与情感研究(2021 年 3 月,SPEE)中的数据进行分析的基础上,采用定量方法开展了一项研究,该研究由 EIP-USC 在 2021 年第一轮总统选举后开展。结论:第一种方法(描述性和多变量)的结果使我们能够肯定 Correismo 的支持者和反对者之间存在着重要差异,尤其是在政治和情感问题上,但在社会人口问题上则不然。独创性:对不同政治领导人所表达的情感因素对这一裂缝的形成所产生的影响尤为重要;为有关拉斐尔-科雷亚及其项目在厄瓜多尔政治体系中的影响的文献提供了一种新的视角。
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引用次数: 0
Analizando las reglas del juego. Características y efectos de las elecciones primarias presidenciales en Honduras 分析游戏规则。洪都拉斯总统初选的特点和影响。
Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2024-04-11 DOI: 10.7440/colombiaint118.2024.07
Cecilia Graciela Rodríguez Balmaceda
Objective/Context: What characteristics does the presidential primary system adopt? And what are the effects of the primaries on the Honduran political system? Honduras is among the precursor countries in Latin America to adopt the primary system as a mechanism of internal democracy within party structures to select their presidential, legislative, and municipal candidates. Although parties are not obliged to use primaries to select their candidates, the law mandates it for those political groups that have more than one internal movement. Thus, over the years, after eight experiences—in some political parties—the system has become established. The objective of this work is to analyze the origin of the presidential primary system in Honduras, its characteristics, and its effects on the political system. Methodology: This involves analyzing all primary elections held since their adoption to the present. Conclusions: the evidence indicates that, while the primary election system has allowed for the resolution of internal conflicts within parties, it has also contributed to the consolidation of political clientelism in the country. Originality: this work provides tools for analyzing the process of selecting presidential candidates in a political context of low programmatic competition, clientelism, and high personalism.
目标/背景:总统初选制度具有哪些特点?初选对洪都拉斯政治体制有何影响?洪都拉斯是拉丁美洲率先采用初选制度的国家之一,初选制度是政党结构内部民主的一种机制,用于挑选总统、立法和市政候选人。虽然各政党没有义务采用初选来推选候选人,但法律规定,那些拥有一个以上内部运动的政治团体必须采用初选。因此,多年来,在一些政党经历了八次初选之后,初选制度已经形成。本文旨在分析洪都拉斯总统初选制度的起源、特点及其对政治制度的影响。研究方法:这包括分析自初选制度通过以来至今举行的所有初选。结论:证据表明,初选制度在解决政党内部矛盾的同时,也有助于巩固该国的政治裙带关系。独创性:这项研究为分析在低纲领性竞争、裙带关系和高个人主义的政治背景下遴选总统候选人的过程提供了工具。
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引用次数: 0
Paso alternado: facilidades, restricciones y desafíos a la presentación de candidaturas femeninas en las listas legislativas argentinas (2011-2023) 替代通道:阿根廷立法名单中女性候选人的便利、限制和挑战(2011-2023 年)
Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2024-04-11 DOI: 10.7440/colombiaint118.2024.02
Candela Grinstein
Objective/context: In 2009, the law of mandatory, simultaneous, and open primaries (PASO, for its acronym in Spanish) was enacted in Argentina. Among others, this regulation seeks to democratize party structures. From a gender perspective, this paper studies the effect of PASO on women’s access to the Chamber of Deputies (2003-2023). To this end, it analyzes how the final lists are assembled, the places assigned to women candidates, the ease with which they gain access to expectable positions, and the permeability of groupings towards their participation since the implementation of PASO. Methodology: This is an exploratory and descriptive study of the effect of PASO on the allocation of seats for the category of female deputies in Argentina, considering all female legislators elected in successive elections (2011-2023). Conclusion: The findings show that PASO’s objective of democratizing party structures and making their components more representative does not seem to have impacted the country’s existing political and party traditions prior to implementing the law regarding the place given to women in a party. Originality: The article presents a study on the democratization effect of PASO on party structures from a gender perspective.
目标/背景:2009 年,阿根廷颁布了强制性、同步和公开初选法(西班牙语缩写为 PASO)。除其他外,该法规旨在实现政党结构的民主化。本文从性别角度出发,研究了 PASO 对妇女进入众议院(2003-2023 年)的影响。为此,本文分析了最终名单是如何产生的、分配给女性候选人的位置、她们获得预期职位的难易程度,以及自《众议院选举法》实施以来各团体对女性参与的渗透性。研究方法:这是一项探索性和描述性研究,旨在探讨《政治委任制度》对阿根廷女议员席位分配的影响,研究对象为历届选举(2011-2023 年)中当选的所有女议员。研究结论研究结果表明,在实施关于妇女在政党中的地位的法律之前,《党内选举法》使政党结构民主化并使其组成部分更具代表性的目标似乎并未影响阿根廷现有的政治和政党传统。独创性文章从性别角度研究了《政治改革法》对政党结构民主化的影响。
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引用次数: 0
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Colombia Internacional
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