Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.1080/04597222.2021.1868792
In late 2020 the US Army announced the selection of variants of both the Standard Missile (SM)-6 and Tomahawk land-attack cruise missile as part of its Mid-Range Capability (MRC) concept. Intended to form an element of the army’s Long Range Precision Fires portfolio, the MRC will provide the army with a middle option between the planned Precision Strike Missile (PrSM) and the planned Long-Range Hypersonic Weapon. All three of these programmes are expected to begin initial fielding in 2023. In March 2020, the US Marine Corps unveiled a new ‘Force Design 2030’ to address the priorities set out in the 2018 National Security Strategy. Notable changes include a 12,000 reduction in establishment strength, divestment of the Marines’ main battle tank fleet and fewer infantry battalions, but increased numbers of rocket artillery and uninhabited aerial vehicle units. The first tranche of active-duty personnel officially transferred from the US Air Force to the Space Force in late 2020, coinciding with the service establishing its first field command – Space Operations Command. Additional Air Force personnel will continue to transfer in 2021, with Army and Navy personnel scheduled to follow in fiscal years 2022 and 2023. In March 2020, the Counter Communications System Block 10.2 – the first openly declared offensive counter-space capability for the US Space Force – reached initial operating capability. Following the January 2020 Iranian missile attacks on US bases in Iraq, the Pentagon deployed additional Patriot surface-to-air-missile batteries to Iraq. Forceprotection demands in the Middle East continue to place heavy demands on the US Army’s air-defence force. Of the 11 non-forward-deployed Patriot battalions in the US Army, more than a third are now deployed to the Middle East, straining reset timelines and leaving comparatively few units available for potential contingency operations elsewhere. By the mid-2020 deadline, three bids were submitted for Canada’s Future Fighter Capability Project: Boeing’s F/A18E/F Super Hornet, Lockheed Martin’s F-35A Lightning II and Saab’s Gripen E. Intended to replace the air force’s CF18 multi-role combat aircraft, the project was launched in 2017 following the abandonment of a previous plan to purchase the F-35A. Deliveries are envisaged from 2025. In the interim, deliveries of ex-Australian F/A-18s continue, to help sustain the current CF-18 fleet.
在2020年底，美国陆军宣布选择标准导弹(SM)-6和战斧对地攻击巡航导弹的改型，作为其中程能力(MRC)概念的一部分。MRC旨在形成陆军远程精确火力组合的一个组成部分，将为陆军提供计划中的精确打击导弹(PrSM)和计划中的远程高超音速武器之间的中间选择。这三个项目预计将于2023年开始初步投入使用。2020年3月，美国海军陆战队公布了新的“部队设计2030”，以解决2018年国家安全战略中提出的优先事项。值得注意的变化包括建制兵力减少1.2万人，海军陆战队主战坦克舰队的撤除和步兵营的减少，但增加了火箭炮兵和无人驾驶飞行器部队的数量。第一批现役人员于2020年底正式从美国空军转移到太空部队，与此同时，美国空军建立了第一个野战司令部——太空作战司令部。额外的空军人员将在2021年继续转移，陆军和海军人员计划在2022财年和2023财年转移。2020年3月，反通信系统Block 10.2——美国太空部队第一个公开宣布的进攻性反太空能力——达到了初始作战能力。在2020年1月伊朗导弹袭击美国驻伊拉克基地后，五角大楼向伊拉克部署了额外的爱国者地对空导弹系统。中东地区的部队保护需求继续对美国陆军的防空部队提出沉重的要求。在美国陆军的11个非前沿部署的爱国者营中，超过三分之一的营现在部署在中东，这使得重置时间表变得紧张，而在其他地方可供潜在应急行动使用的部队相对较少。到2020年中期截止日期，加拿大未来战斗机能力项目提交了三个投标:波音公司的F/A18E/F超级大黄蜂，洛克希德·马丁公司的F- 35a闪电II和萨博公司的鹰狮E.旨在取代空军的CF18多用途战斗机，该项目于2017年启动，此前放弃了购买F- 35a的计划。预计从2025年开始交付。在此期间，前澳大利亚F/ a -18的交付将继续，以帮助维持目前的CF-18机队。
{"title":"Chapter Three: North America","authors":"","doi":"10.1080/04597222.2021.1868792","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/04597222.2021.1868792","url":null,"abstract":"In late 2020 the US Army announced the selection of variants of both the Standard Missile (SM)-6 and Tomahawk land-attack cruise missile as part of its Mid-Range Capability (MRC) concept. Intended to form an element of the army’s Long Range Precision Fires portfolio, the MRC will provide the army with a middle option between the planned Precision Strike Missile (PrSM) and the planned Long-Range Hypersonic Weapon. All three of these programmes are expected to begin initial fielding in 2023. In March 2020, the US Marine Corps unveiled a new ‘Force Design 2030’ to address the priorities set out in the 2018 National Security Strategy. Notable changes include a 12,000 reduction in establishment strength, divestment of the Marines’ main battle tank fleet and fewer infantry battalions, but increased numbers of rocket artillery and uninhabited aerial vehicle units. The first tranche of active-duty personnel officially transferred from the US Air Force to the Space Force in late 2020, coinciding with the service establishing its first field command – Space Operations Command. Additional Air Force personnel will continue to transfer in 2021, with Army and Navy personnel scheduled to follow in fiscal years 2022 and 2023. In March 2020, the Counter Communications System Block 10.2 – the first openly declared offensive counter-space capability for the US Space Force – reached initial operating capability. Following the January 2020 Iranian missile attacks on US bases in Iraq, the Pentagon deployed additional Patriot surface-to-air-missile batteries to Iraq. Forceprotection demands in the Middle East continue to place heavy demands on the US Army’s air-defence force. Of the 11 non-forward-deployed Patriot battalions in the US Army, more than a third are now deployed to the Middle East, straining reset timelines and leaving comparatively few units available for potential contingency operations elsewhere. By the mid-2020 deadline, three bids were submitted for Canada’s Future Fighter Capability Project: Boeing’s F/A18E/F Super Hornet, Lockheed Martin’s F-35A Lightning II and Saab’s Gripen E. Intended to replace the air force’s CF18 multi-role combat aircraft, the project was launched in 2017 following the abandonment of a previous plan to purchase the F-35A. Deliveries are envisaged from 2025. In the interim, deliveries of ex-Australian F/A-18s continue, to help sustain the current CF-18 fleet.","PeriodicalId":35165,"journal":{"name":"The Military Balance","volume":"35 1","pages":"30 - 65"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90384669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.1080/04597222.2021.1868803
{"title":"Index of country/territory abbreviations","authors":"","doi":"10.1080/04597222.2021.1868803","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/04597222.2021.1868803","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":35165,"journal":{"name":"The Military Balance","volume":"45 1","pages":"523 - 523"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73810460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.1080/04597222.2021.1868791
a Includes Armed Forces Pension Scheme; b Total defence expenditure including National Guard, Federal Border Service and military pensions; c Excludes security expenditure; d Includes US Foreign Military Assistance. Note: US dollar totals are calculated using average market exchange rates for 2020, derived using IMF data. The relative position of countries will vary not only as a result of actual adjustments in defence spending levels, but also due to exchange-rate uctuations between domestic currencies and the US dollar. The use of average exchange rates reduces these uctuations, but the effects of such movements can be signi cant in a number of cases. Security spending removed from Middle East estimates (including Saudi Arabia and Iraq). Armed Forces Pension Scheme and Special Appropriations (pensions) added to UK and Australia budgets respectively.
{"title":"Chapter Two: Comparative defence statistics","authors":"","doi":"10.1080/04597222.2021.1868791","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/04597222.2021.1868791","url":null,"abstract":"a Includes Armed Forces Pension Scheme; b Total defence expenditure including National Guard, Federal Border Service and military pensions; c Excludes security expenditure; d Includes US Foreign Military Assistance. Note: US dollar totals are calculated using average market exchange rates for 2020, derived using IMF data. The relative position of countries will vary not only as a result of actual adjustments in defence spending levels, but also due to exchange-rate uctuations between domestic currencies and the US dollar. The use of average exchange rates reduces these uctuations, but the effects of such movements can be signi cant in a number of cases. Security spending removed from Middle East estimates (including Saudi Arabia and Iraq). Armed Forces Pension Scheme and Special Appropriations (pensions) added to UK and Australia budgets respectively.","PeriodicalId":35165,"journal":{"name":"The Military Balance","volume":"10 1","pages":"23 - 29"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89580272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.1080/04597222.2021.1868802
{"title":"International comparisons of defence expenditure and military personnel","authors":"","doi":"10.1080/04597222.2021.1868802","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/04597222.2021.1868802","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":35165,"journal":{"name":"The Military Balance","volume":"42 1","pages":"517 - 522"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90489300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.1080/04597222.2020.1869450
{"title":"The 2021 Military Balance Chart: Submarines and Sub-surface Warfare","authors":"","doi":"10.1080/04597222.2020.1869450","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/04597222.2020.1869450","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":35165,"journal":{"name":"The Military Balance","volume":"2 1","pages":"ci - ci"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79147947","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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