Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.1080/04597222.2020.1707978
{"title":"Index of country/territory abbreviations","authors":"","doi":"10.1080/04597222.2020.1707978","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/04597222.2020.1707978","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":35165,"journal":{"name":"The Military Balance","volume":"153 1","pages":"535 - 535"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73444147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.1080/04597222.2020.1707962
a Total defence expenditure, including National Guard, Federal Border Service and military pensions; b Includes US Foreign Military Assistance Note: US dollar totals are calculated using average market exchange rates for 2019, derived using IMF data. The relative position of countries will vary not only as a result of actual adjustments in defence-spending levels, but also due to exchange-rate uctuations between domestic currencies and the US dollar. The use of average exchange rates reduces these uctuations, but the effects of such movements can be signi cant in a number of cases.
{"title":"Chapter Two: Comparative defence statistics","authors":"","doi":"10.1080/04597222.2020.1707962","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/04597222.2020.1707962","url":null,"abstract":"a Total defence expenditure, including National Guard, Federal Border Service and military pensions; b Includes US Foreign Military Assistance Note: US dollar totals are calculated using average market exchange rates for 2019, derived using IMF data. The relative position of countries will vary not only as a result of actual adjustments in defence-spending levels, but also due to exchange-rate uctuations between domestic currencies and the US dollar. The use of average exchange rates reduces these uctuations, but the effects of such movements can be signi cant in a number of cases.","PeriodicalId":35165,"journal":{"name":"The Military Balance","volume":"29 1","pages":"21 - 27"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80993976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.1080/04597222.2020.1707961
wars under modern high-technology conditions’. The Kosovo intervention led to a study by China’s National Defence University (NDU). This study, analysts noted, highlighted the centrality of ‘information superiority’ and paid close attention to how NATO forces used technology to suppress Serbia’s command centre and telecommunications. China’s 2004 defence white paper reflected the lessons drawn from Kosovo, and perhaps also Iraq in 2003. China’s armed forces aspired, it said, to win ‘local wars under informatised conditions’, giving priority to ‘building joint operational capabilities’. The assessment of the white paper was that information connects military domains and acts as a force multiplier but could also lead to more integrated force development. China’s 2015 defence white paper assessed that China’s external environment was going through ‘profound changes’ and that threats were more diverse – and not necessarily local or indeed short term. China would, it said, take advantage of a period of strategic opportunity to build strong military forces. This white paper highlighted the increasing sophistication of long-range, precise, stealthy and uninhabited weapons and equipment, also noting that outer space and cyberspace were ‘new commanding heights’ in strategic competition. Ultimately, it noted, ‘the form of war is accelerating its evolution to informatisation’. In October 2017, Xi delivered a speech at the 19th Chinese Communist Party Congress in which he set out a timeline for the PLA to achieve its modernisation goals. By 2020, mechanisation should be ‘basically achieved’, ‘information technology (IT) application’ should also have progressed and strategic capabilities should have seen significant improvement. By 2035, he said, ‘basic modernisation of our national defense and our forces’ should be ‘basically’ complete, and at the same time the PLA should have modernised their ‘theory, organisational structures, service personnel and weaponry’. By the middle of the next century (perhaps 2049, the 100th anniversary of the People’s Republic), he said the PLA should have fully transformed into ‘world-class’ forces. China’s military modernisation has accelerated under President Xi Jinping. It is a central component of the ‘China Dream’, articulated by Xi in 2013. As part of this ambition, Xi has driven far-reaching reforms to the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) that have changed defence structures and led to the integration of improved military equipment, and which Beijing says will generate ‘world-class’ military forces by 2049. Three terms appear often in recent Chinese military documentation: mechanisation (机械化), informatisation (信息化) and, more recently, intelligentisation (智能化). Although the PLA has not clearly defined these concepts in public, they have been developed over time in successive defence white papers and are useful in understanding not only China’s motivations, progress and aspirations as it modernises its military forces, but al
{"title":"Chapter One: Defence and military analysis","authors":"","doi":"10.1080/04597222.2020.1707961","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/04597222.2020.1707961","url":null,"abstract":"wars under modern high-technology conditions’. The Kosovo intervention led to a study by China’s National Defence University (NDU). This study, analysts noted, highlighted the centrality of ‘information superiority’ and paid close attention to how NATO forces used technology to suppress Serbia’s command centre and telecommunications. China’s 2004 defence white paper reflected the lessons drawn from Kosovo, and perhaps also Iraq in 2003. China’s armed forces aspired, it said, to win ‘local wars under informatised conditions’, giving priority to ‘building joint operational capabilities’. The assessment of the white paper was that information connects military domains and acts as a force multiplier but could also lead to more integrated force development. China’s 2015 defence white paper assessed that China’s external environment was going through ‘profound changes’ and that threats were more diverse – and not necessarily local or indeed short term. China would, it said, take advantage of a period of strategic opportunity to build strong military forces. This white paper highlighted the increasing sophistication of long-range, precise, stealthy and uninhabited weapons and equipment, also noting that outer space and cyberspace were ‘new commanding heights’ in strategic competition. Ultimately, it noted, ‘the form of war is accelerating its evolution to informatisation’. In October 2017, Xi delivered a speech at the 19th Chinese Communist Party Congress in which he set out a timeline for the PLA to achieve its modernisation goals. By 2020, mechanisation should be ‘basically achieved’, ‘information technology (IT) application’ should also have progressed and strategic capabilities should have seen significant improvement. By 2035, he said, ‘basic modernisation of our national defense and our forces’ should be ‘basically’ complete, and at the same time the PLA should have modernised their ‘theory, organisational structures, service personnel and weaponry’. By the middle of the next century (perhaps 2049, the 100th anniversary of the People’s Republic), he said the PLA should have fully transformed into ‘world-class’ forces. China’s military modernisation has accelerated under President Xi Jinping. It is a central component of the ‘China Dream’, articulated by Xi in 2013. As part of this ambition, Xi has driven far-reaching reforms to the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) that have changed defence structures and led to the integration of improved military equipment, and which Beijing says will generate ‘world-class’ military forces by 2049. Three terms appear often in recent Chinese military documentation: mechanisation (机械化), informatisation (信息化) and, more recently, intelligentisation (智能化). Although the PLA has not clearly defined these concepts in public, they have been developed over time in successive defence white papers and are useful in understanding not only China’s motivations, progress and aspirations as it modernises its military forces, but al","PeriodicalId":35165,"journal":{"name":"The Military Balance","volume":"62 1","pages":"20 - 9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82631831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.1080/04597222.2020.1707977
{"title":"International comparisons of defence expenditure and military personnel","authors":"","doi":"10.1080/04597222.2020.1707977","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/04597222.2020.1707977","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":35165,"journal":{"name":"The Military Balance","volume":"29 1","pages":"529 - 534"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78863020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.1080/04597222.2020.1707970
J. Hackett
Limited and increasingly ageing equipment inventories, together with economic constraints, continue to affect regional military capability development. Tensions have risen between Venezuela and Colombia, with Colombia’s leaders alleging the presence in Venezuela of armed groups like the ELN. In response to Venezuela’s military exercises across the border, Colombia in September alerted its armed forces. Key defence-industry projects in Brazil saw progress. Embraer delivered to the Brazilian Air Force the first KC-390 transport aircraft built in partnership with Boeing, Saab successfully conducted the first test flight with the first Brazilian-built Gripen E fighter aircraft, and sea trials began for Brazil’s first submarine built under the PROSUB project, the Scorpène-class boat Riachuelo. The Mexican government set up a National Guard in response to the still-fragile security situation. The force began operations in mid-year and is planned to have a total establishment strength of 58,000, drawn from the army’s military-police units, naval police and the federal police. The lack of funding has hampered the replacement of the ageing fleets of fighter aircraft in Chile, Colombia and Peru. The latter has recently decided to extend the life of its fleet of F-16 Block 50s beyond 2040.
{"title":"Chapter Eight: Latin America and the Caribbean","authors":"J. Hackett","doi":"10.1080/04597222.2020.1707970","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/04597222.2020.1707970","url":null,"abstract":"Limited and increasingly ageing equipment inventories, together with economic constraints, continue to affect regional military capability development. Tensions have risen between Venezuela and Colombia, with Colombia’s leaders alleging the presence in Venezuela of armed groups like the ELN. In response to Venezuela’s military exercises across the border, Colombia in September alerted its armed forces. Key defence-industry projects in Brazil saw progress. Embraer delivered to the Brazilian Air Force the first KC-390 transport aircraft built in partnership with Boeing, Saab successfully conducted the first test flight with the first Brazilian-built Gripen E fighter aircraft, and sea trials began for Brazil’s first submarine built under the PROSUB project, the Scorpène-class boat Riachuelo. The Mexican government set up a National Guard in response to the still-fragile security situation. The force began operations in mid-year and is planned to have a total establishment strength of 58,000, drawn from the army’s military-police units, naval police and the federal police. The lack of funding has hampered the replacement of the ageing fleets of fighter aircraft in Chile, Colombia and Peru. The latter has recently decided to extend the life of its fleet of F-16 Block 50s beyond 2040.","PeriodicalId":35165,"journal":{"name":"The Military Balance","volume":"328 1","pages":"388 - 443"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86777992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.1080/04597222.2020.1707964
Against the objections of the US and other NATO allies, Turkey decided to purchase Russia’s S-400 airdefence system. As a result, the US halted Turkey’s participation in the F-35 combat-aircraft programme. Turkey’s incursion into northeast Syria, following the US withdrawal, increased military friction between Washington and Ankara. By November, Turkish forces were organising joint patrols in northern Syria with Russian personnel.
{"title":"Chapter Four: Europe","authors":"","doi":"10.1080/04597222.2020.1707964","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/04597222.2020.1707964","url":null,"abstract":"Against the objections of the US and other NATO allies, Turkey decided to purchase Russia’s S-400 airdefence system. As a result, the US halted Turkey’s participation in the F-35 combat-aircraft programme. Turkey’s incursion into northeast Syria, following the US withdrawal, increased military friction between Washington and Ankara. By November, Turkish forces were organising joint patrols in northern Syria with Russian personnel.","PeriodicalId":35165,"journal":{"name":"The Military Balance","volume":"4 1","pages":"165 - 64"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75410127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.1080/04597222.2020.1707975
{"title":"List of abbreviations for data sections","authors":"","doi":"10.1080/04597222.2020.1707975","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/04597222.2020.1707975","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":35165,"journal":{"name":"The Military Balance","volume":"1 1","pages":"527 - 528"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89953073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.1080/04597222.2020.1707971
The African Union continues to work towards harmonising its African Standby Force concept with the range of ad hoc groupings that have developed, such as the G-5 Sahel and the Multi-National Joint Task Force combating Boko Haram. Despite increasing international commitment, and amid persistent military operations, the security situation in West Africa and the Sahel region continues to deteriorate.
{"title":"Chapter Nine: Sub-Saharan Africa","authors":"","doi":"10.1080/04597222.2020.1707971","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/04597222.2020.1707971","url":null,"abstract":"The African Union continues to work towards harmonising its African Standby Force concept with the range of ad hoc groupings that have developed, such as the G-5 Sahel and the Multi-National Joint Task Force combating Boko Haram. Despite increasing international commitment, and amid persistent military operations, the security situation in West Africa and the Sahel region continues to deteriorate.","PeriodicalId":35165,"journal":{"name":"The Military Balance","volume":"3 1","pages":"444 - 514"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88463817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.1080/04597222.2020.1707973
The Military Balance has in recent editions carried, for some states, short statements of factors (such as national plans and organisations) deemed relevant to determining national capabilities for military cyber operations. We have this year dispensed with this method. Instead, and in line with work emerging from the Institute’s research into measuring the national cyber capabilities of states, we are in this edition outlining more systematically the factors that we judge useful in understanding a nation’s military cyber capability and that we will in future integrate in our Military Balance+ database.
{"title":"Chapter Ten: Military cyber capabilities","authors":"","doi":"10.1080/04597222.2020.1707973","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/04597222.2020.1707973","url":null,"abstract":"The Military Balance has in recent editions carried, for some states, short statements of factors (such as national plans and organisations) deemed relevant to determining national capabilities for military cyber operations. We have this year dispensed with this method. Instead, and in line with work emerging from the Institute’s research into measuring the national cyber capabilities of states, we are in this edition outlining more systematically the factors that we judge useful in understanding a nation’s military cyber capability and that we will in future integrate in our Military Balance+ database.","PeriodicalId":35165,"journal":{"name":"The Military Balance","volume":"76 1","pages":"515 - 518"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89679992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.1080/04597222.2020.1707960
Global defence spending continued to rebound in 2019, with real-terms growth rising by 4.0% this year (when compared with 2018 and measured in constant 2015 US dollars). This was the highest year-on-year increase observed in the past ten years. Total defence spending, excluding US foreign military financing programmes, reached US$1.73 trillion, when measured in current dollars, against US$1.67trn in 2018.
{"title":"Domain trends","authors":"","doi":"10.1080/04597222.2020.1707960","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/04597222.2020.1707960","url":null,"abstract":" Global defence spending continued to rebound in 2019, with real-terms growth rising by 4.0% this year (when compared with 2018 and measured in constant 2015 US dollars). This was the highest year-on-year increase observed in the past ten years. Total defence spending, excluding US foreign military financing programmes, reached US$1.73 trillion, when measured in current dollars, against US$1.67trn in 2018.","PeriodicalId":35165,"journal":{"name":"The Military Balance","volume":"51 1","pages":"7 - 8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89946903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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