Pub Date : 2023-02-01DOI: 10.24000/0409-2961-2023-2-55-61
S. V. Puzach, Ya.Yu. Vashchenkova, R. G. Akperov, O.B. Boldrushkiev
During combustion of the nitrocellulose film, a significant amount of the toxic gases is released at the initial stage of the fire. This complicates the safe evacuation of film and photo storage personnel. The exact qualitative and quantitative composition of toxicants is unknown. Therefore, the assessment of the toxicity of combustion products of the above film is an urgent task. The purpose of the study is to experimentally determine the specific formation coefficients and partial density of the most hazardous toxic gases released during nitrocellulose film combustion. Modernization of a small-sized experimental setup was conducted, which allows to estimate the phosgene concentration. The composition of the film combustion products was experimentally studied. Experimental methods were are used for measuring and processing the combustion parameters of substances and materials, as well as the methods for analyzing the results obtained. During the experiments, the partial densities and specific formation coefficients of carbon monoxide, hydrogen cyanide, phosgene, and nitrogen dioxide were obtained. Hydrogen cyanide and phosgene were found to be the most hazardous toxicants. The maximum weight is estimated related to the film placed in a room of a given volume, at which the partial densities of carbon monoxide, hydrogen cyanide, phosgene and nitrogen dioxide do not reach the critical values for humans. The results obtained will allow expanding the database of combustible load on the specific coefficients of formation of the above compounds, which is used in the calculation of fire risks in the storage of film and photographic documents. During combustion of the nitrocellulose film as the most hazardous combustible load in these rooms, it is necessary to consider the time of blocking escape routes by carbon monoxide, hydrogen cyanide, phosgene, and nitrogen dioxide.
{"title":"Оценка токсичности при пожаре нитроцеллюлозной кинопленки при ее хранении","authors":"S. V. Puzach, Ya.Yu. Vashchenkova, R. G. Akperov, O.B. Boldrushkiev","doi":"10.24000/0409-2961-2023-2-55-61","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24000/0409-2961-2023-2-55-61","url":null,"abstract":"During combustion of the nitrocellulose film, a significant amount of the toxic gases is released at the initial stage of the fire. This complicates the safe evacuation of film and photo storage personnel. The exact qualitative and quantitative composition of toxicants is unknown. Therefore, the assessment of the toxicity of combustion products of the above film is an urgent task. The purpose of the study is to experimentally determine the specific formation coefficients and partial density of the most hazardous toxic gases released during nitrocellulose film combustion. Modernization of a small-sized experimental setup was conducted, which allows to estimate the phosgene concentration. The composition of the film combustion products was experimentally studied. Experimental methods were are used for measuring and processing the combustion parameters of substances and materials, as well as the methods for analyzing the results obtained. During the experiments, the partial densities and specific formation coefficients of carbon monoxide, hydrogen cyanide, phosgene, and nitrogen dioxide were obtained. Hydrogen cyanide and phosgene were found to be the most hazardous toxicants. The maximum weight is estimated related to the film placed in a room of a given volume, at which the partial densities of carbon monoxide, hydrogen cyanide, phosgene and nitrogen dioxide do not reach the critical values for humans. The results obtained will allow expanding the database of combustible load on the specific coefficients of formation of the above compounds, which is used in the calculation of fire risks in the storage of film and photographic documents. During combustion of the nitrocellulose film as the most hazardous combustible load in these rooms, it is necessary to consider the time of blocking escape routes by carbon monoxide, hydrogen cyanide, phosgene, and nitrogen dioxide.","PeriodicalId":35650,"journal":{"name":"Bezopasnost'' Truda v Promyshlennosti","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45686676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-01DOI: 10.24000/0409-2961-2023-2-88-94
E.I. Komaricheva, O. Vinogradova
The coal industry in Russia set a course for innovation in accordance with the new edition of the Development Program for the period up to 2035. This requires competent highly qualified specialists capable of implementing innovations in the fuel and energy industry. Reliability of all the engineering and technical systems depends on the qualifications and competence of a specialist, his ability to making decision, assess the situation and take responsibility for his actions at each stage of the technological process. At the same time, the role of the human factor and the level of personnel training in modern conditions are significantly increasing. Training of specialists for the mining industry began with the establishment of the Higher Mining School in 1773 in St. Petersburg. During flourishing of the USSR, the system of mining education was recognized worldwide: about 40 universities, more than 90 secondary specialized educational institutions and 154 vocational schools provided training according to the unified programs of the corresponding level of education. The collapse of the Soviet Union and the formation of modern Russia (transition of the mining enterprises into the private hands) made it necessary to reconsider both approaches to training specialists (from a knowledge system to a competency-based training system), and in the structure of content (from the individual disciplines to the types of work, professional standards for the corresponding types of activity). Introduction of the new requirements is reflected in the Federal State Educational Standards for Higher and Secondary Vocational Education. The rate of economic growth and the need to always remain in demand in the labor market encourages the revival of cooperation between educational organizations and communities of employers in the practical training of students, training and mentoring in the workplaces. These approaches are the result of global changes in the world, the development of technology and innovation, as well as the sustainable development of the economy and the ability to safely exist in a high-tech world.
{"title":"Problems of Training Specialists to Ensure Safety in the Mining Industry","authors":"E.I. Komaricheva, O. Vinogradova","doi":"10.24000/0409-2961-2023-2-88-94","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24000/0409-2961-2023-2-88-94","url":null,"abstract":"The coal industry in Russia set a course for innovation in accordance with the new edition of the Development Program for the period up to 2035. This requires competent highly qualified specialists capable of implementing innovations in the fuel and energy industry. Reliability of all the engineering and technical systems depends on the qualifications and competence of a specialist, his ability to making decision, assess the situation and take responsibility for his actions at each stage of the technological process. At the same time, the role of the human factor and the level of personnel training in modern conditions are significantly increasing. Training of specialists for the mining industry began with the establishment of the Higher Mining School in 1773 in St. Petersburg. During flourishing of the USSR, the system of mining education was recognized worldwide: about 40 universities, more than 90 secondary specialized educational institutions and 154 vocational schools provided training according to the unified programs of the corresponding level of education. The collapse of the Soviet Union and the formation of modern Russia (transition of the mining enterprises into the private hands) made it necessary to reconsider both approaches to training specialists (from a knowledge system to a competency-based training system), and in the structure of content (from the individual disciplines to the types of work, professional standards for the corresponding types of activity). Introduction of the new requirements is reflected in the Federal State Educational Standards for Higher and Secondary Vocational Education. The rate of economic growth and the need to always remain in demand in the labor market encourages the revival of cooperation between educational organizations and communities of employers in the practical training of students, training and mentoring in the workplaces. These approaches are the result of global changes in the world, the development of technology and innovation, as well as the sustainable development of the economy and the ability to safely exist in a high-tech world.","PeriodicalId":35650,"journal":{"name":"Bezopasnost'' Truda v Promyshlennosti","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43095715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-01DOI: 10.24000/0409-2961-2023-2-33-41
Aleksey Peryatinskiy, M. Poleshchuk
The requirements imposed by the subjects of the mining enterprise to the occupational safety employees are becoming tougher. To comply with them, further reduction of the risk of injury is required based on the organizational and technical solutions that will provide sufficient protection for the personnel involved in the production process. Production process of the mining enterprise is a combination of labor and technological processes through the implementation of an organizational and managerial process. The main factors affecting occupational safety at the mining enterprise are the hazardous factors of the production environment (technical, technological, mining-geological and natural-climatic, human behavior), and the factors that determine human behavior (organizational and managerial, socio-economic, psycho-physiological, motivational and qualifying). Injury occurs when a person connects with the energy of a hazardous factor, the power of which exceeds his protective ability. To prevent such a connection, it is required to organize the interaction of personnel in such a way that, in addition to the adequate use of protective equipment, provide appropriate control and safety net of employees, their presence at a safe distance from the hazardous zone or timely removal from it. Interaction of the personnel is determined and formed on the basis of an assessment of the state of the following influencing factors: motivation, qualifications and psycho-physiological state of employees or groups of employees, organizational and management system, and socio-economic environment. Using the proposed approach allows to identify hazards; organize groups of employees in such a way as to adequately apply the methods of protection; develop and take measures to ensure a sufficient level of occupational safety.
{"title":"Interaction of the Mining Company Personnel as the Main Factor in Ensuring the Safety of Its Work","authors":"Aleksey Peryatinskiy, M. Poleshchuk","doi":"10.24000/0409-2961-2023-2-33-41","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24000/0409-2961-2023-2-33-41","url":null,"abstract":"The requirements imposed by the subjects of the mining enterprise to the occupational safety employees are becoming tougher. To comply with them, further reduction of the risk of injury is required based on the organizational and technical solutions that will provide sufficient protection for the personnel involved in the production process. Production process of the mining enterprise is a combination of labor and technological processes through the implementation of an organizational and managerial process. The main factors affecting occupational safety at the mining enterprise are the hazardous factors of the production environment (technical, technological, mining-geological and natural-climatic, human behavior), and the factors that determine human behavior (organizational and managerial, socio-economic, psycho-physiological, motivational and qualifying). Injury occurs when a person connects with the energy of a hazardous factor, the power of which exceeds his protective ability. To prevent such a connection, it is required to organize the interaction of personnel in such a way that, in addition to the adequate use of protective equipment, provide appropriate control and safety net of employees, their presence at a safe distance from the hazardous zone or timely removal from it. Interaction of the personnel is determined and formed on the basis of an assessment of the state of the following influencing factors: motivation, qualifications and psycho-physiological state of employees or groups of employees, organizational and management system, and socio-economic environment. Using the proposed approach allows to identify hazards; organize groups of employees in such a way as to adequately apply the methods of protection; develop and take measures to ensure a sufficient level of occupational safety.","PeriodicalId":35650,"journal":{"name":"Bezopasnost'' Truda v Promyshlennosti","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43990249","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-01DOI: 10.24000/0409-2961-2023-2-48-54
D.A. Bayseytov, A. A. Prikhodko, B.Zh. Shirinbekova, B.U. Bayzakova, E. L. Iovleva
The article is devoted to the development of a marking composition for industrial explosives to improve the safety of blasting. Polymethylsiloxane liquids of PMS-10 and PMX-200 grades were chosen as a marker-identifier of industrial explosives, which can be identified even after the explosion by residual fragments of soil or other materials from the epicenter of the explosion. Polymethylsiloxane fluids are very heat-resistant, the combustion process takes place with great difficulty, they are little affected by the aquatic environment, most chemical and physical factors that destroy ordinary organic materials. The experiments were carried out to determine the physicochemical parameters of polymethylsiloxane liquids PMS-10 and PMX-200. Based on these results, the polymethylsiloxane liquid PMX-200 with linear chains was chosen as a marking additive in the composition of explosives. It is able to withstand a higher-temperature effect than the PMS-10 polymethylsigsane fluid, and will be less disintegrate, and interact with the products of the explosion. The SIM-K marker, made on the basis of polymethylsiloxane liquid PMX-200, was developed, which allows to visualize the explosive and determine the required identification information. At the technological plant of Orika-Kazakhstan JSC, without disturbing the technological process, a marking composition was introduced into the ANFO explosive by drop spraying. Field tests of the ANFO explosive with a marking composition based on PMX-200 polymethylsiloxane liquid were carried out. The technology was tested related to introduction of marking additives into the compositions of multicomponent explosives without violating the technological process of their manufacture.
{"title":"Chemical Marking of Explosives to Improve the Safety of Blasting Operations","authors":"D.A. Bayseytov, A. A. Prikhodko, B.Zh. Shirinbekova, B.U. Bayzakova, E. L. Iovleva","doi":"10.24000/0409-2961-2023-2-48-54","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24000/0409-2961-2023-2-48-54","url":null,"abstract":"The article is devoted to the development of a marking composition for industrial explosives to improve the safety of blasting. Polymethylsiloxane liquids of PMS-10 and PMX-200 grades were chosen as a marker-identifier of industrial explosives, which can be identified even after the explosion by residual fragments of soil or other materials from the epicenter of the explosion. Polymethylsiloxane fluids are very heat-resistant, the combustion process takes place with great difficulty, they are little affected by the aquatic environment, most chemical and physical factors that destroy ordinary organic materials. The experiments were carried out to determine the physicochemical parameters of polymethylsiloxane liquids PMS-10 and PMX-200. Based on these results, the polymethylsiloxane liquid PMX-200 with linear chains was chosen as a marking additive in the composition of explosives. It is able to withstand a higher-temperature effect than the PMS-10 polymethylsigsane fluid, and will be less disintegrate, and interact with the products of the explosion. The SIM-K marker, made on the basis of polymethylsiloxane liquid PMX-200, was developed, which allows to visualize the explosive and determine the required identification information. At the technological plant of Orika-Kazakhstan JSC, without disturbing the technological process, a marking composition was introduced into the ANFO explosive by drop spraying. Field tests of the ANFO explosive with a marking composition based on PMX-200 polymethylsiloxane liquid were carried out. The technology was tested related to introduction of marking additives into the compositions of multicomponent explosives without violating the technological process of their manufacture.","PeriodicalId":35650,"journal":{"name":"Bezopasnost'' Truda v Promyshlennosti","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44731830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-01DOI: 10.24000/0409-2961-2023-2-82-87
V. Firsova, E. P. Pototskiy
The assessment was conducted concerning the occupational risk of personnel at a gas field facility using five methodologies. To date, there is no unified methodology for assessing occupational risk, this is the main problem in the field of occupational risk management in the Russian Federation. All existing methods consider the theoretical side of risk assessment, while a wide range of practical issues remain unresolved. A comparative description of the five most common methodologies is presented in the article: the risk assessment methodology according to the Fine — Kinney system; guide R 2.2.1766—03; methodology for the integral assessment of working conditions taking into account the combined effect of a complex of harmful production factors; risk assessment methodology consideringthe multifactorial action of a complex of harmful factors of the production environment; methodology for calculating individual occupational risk depending on the working conditions and the health status of the employee. To assess the occupational risk, the workplaces of flaw detectorists were chosen, since they are exposed to the greatest number of harmful factors in the production environment, which is required for the most complete risk assessment and identification of the dependence of its magnitude on various factors. To assess the occupational risk for flaw detectorists, the methodologies were used that consider both general and individual risk; the methodologies that give qualitative and quantitative characteristics of risk. A comparative analysis of the obtained results of risk assessment using these methodologies was carried out.
{"title":"Occupational Risk Assessment of Flaw Detectors at a Gas Production Enterprise","authors":"V. Firsova, E. P. Pototskiy","doi":"10.24000/0409-2961-2023-2-82-87","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24000/0409-2961-2023-2-82-87","url":null,"abstract":"The assessment was conducted concerning the occupational risk of personnel at a gas field facility using five methodologies. To date, there is no unified methodology for assessing occupational risk, this is the main problem in the field of occupational risk management in the Russian Federation. All existing methods consider the theoretical side of risk assessment, while a wide range of practical issues remain unresolved. A comparative description of the five most common methodologies is presented in the article: the risk assessment methodology according to the Fine — Kinney system; guide R 2.2.1766—03; methodology for the integral assessment of working conditions taking into account the combined effect of a complex of harmful production factors; risk assessment methodology consideringthe multifactorial action of a complex of harmful factors of the production environment; methodology for calculating individual occupational risk depending on the working conditions and the health status of the employee. To assess the occupational risk, the workplaces of flaw detectorists were chosen, since they are exposed to the greatest number of harmful factors in the production environment, which is required for the most complete risk assessment and identification of the dependence of its magnitude on various factors. To assess the occupational risk for flaw detectorists, the methodologies were used that consider both general and individual risk; the methodologies that give qualitative and quantitative characteristics of risk. A comparative analysis of the obtained results of risk assessment using these methodologies was carried out.","PeriodicalId":35650,"journal":{"name":"Bezopasnost'' Truda v Promyshlennosti","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41394126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-01DOI: 10.24000/0409-2961-2023-2-7-14
S. V. Cherdantsev, P. Shlapakov, A. Erastov, K. Lebedev
The development of coal deposits is accompanied by the release of methane from the destroyed coal and the formation of dust-gas-air mixtures predisposed to chemical reaction, manifested in the form of deflagration or detonation, as a result of which the shock waves are formed in the mine atmosphere, which in the conditions of coal mines can lead to catastrophic consequences. In order to prevent the propagation of shock waves and thermodynamic processes in the mine atmosphere at coal mines, various designs of shaft jumpers are used, for which the technological construction schemes were developed. However, scientifically substantiated and reliable methods for calculating jumpers have not yet been created. To date, the design parameters of the jumpers, primarily their thickness, are assigned on the basis of rather primitive strength calculations, which are based on the design scheme of a thin plate, the thickness of which, by definition, is significantly less than its other dimensions. The thickness of the shaft jumper is comparable to the dimensions of its cross section, which fundamentally contradicts the main requirement for the design scheme of a thin plate. In this regard, it can be said that the existing methods for determining the parameters of the jumpers based on the calculation scheme of a thin plate do not correspond to the actual operating conditions of the jumpers, therefore, they cannot be recommended to ensure the reliability of the shaft jumpers. This article discusses the stress-strain state in a shaft jumper with a circular cross section based on the classical theory of elasticity. The paper formulates a boundary value problem of the stress-strain state of a jumper in a linear formulation, constructs its solution, as a result of which the stress components in the jumper under the action of static pressure caused by a shock wave are found.
{"title":"Stress State in a Shaft Jumper due to Pressure at the Shock Wave Front","authors":"S. V. Cherdantsev, P. Shlapakov, A. Erastov, K. Lebedev","doi":"10.24000/0409-2961-2023-2-7-14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24000/0409-2961-2023-2-7-14","url":null,"abstract":"The development of coal deposits is accompanied by the release of methane from the destroyed coal and the formation of dust-gas-air mixtures predisposed to chemical reaction, manifested in the form of deflagration or detonation, as a result of which the shock waves are formed in the mine atmosphere, which in the conditions of coal mines can lead to catastrophic consequences. In order to prevent the propagation of shock waves and thermodynamic processes in the mine atmosphere at coal mines, various designs of shaft jumpers are used, for which the technological construction schemes were developed. However, scientifically substantiated and reliable methods for calculating jumpers have not yet been created. To date, the design parameters of the jumpers, primarily their thickness, are assigned on the basis of rather primitive strength calculations, which are based on the design scheme of a thin plate, the thickness of which, by definition, is significantly less than its other dimensions. The thickness of the shaft jumper is comparable to the dimensions of its cross section, which fundamentally contradicts the main requirement for the design scheme of a thin plate. In this regard, it can be said that the existing methods for determining the parameters of the jumpers based on the calculation scheme of a thin plate do not correspond to the actual operating conditions of the jumpers, therefore, they cannot be recommended to ensure the reliability of the shaft jumpers. This article discusses the stress-strain state in a shaft jumper with a circular cross section based on the classical theory of elasticity. The paper formulates a boundary value problem of the stress-strain state of a jumper in a linear formulation, constructs its solution, as a result of which the stress components in the jumper under the action of static pressure caused by a shock wave are found.","PeriodicalId":35650,"journal":{"name":"Bezopasnost'' Truda v Promyshlennosti","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41545231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-01DOI: 10.24000/0409-2961-2023-2-15-20
D. Ustinov, A.R. Aysar
In recent decades, in the process of restructuring energy systems, centralized energy sources are being replaced by decentralized ones. This led to the emergence of a new concept (power generation) in power supply systems, especially in distribution systems, known as «distributed generation». Distributed generation was introduced into the power systems, especially at the low voltage level, to make them more reliable, safer and efficient. At the same time, various problems appeared in the power supply systems that require solving issues of ensuring the selectivity and sensitivity of the protection action, maintaining the required voltage level. Since the current and future trends in the development of electric power systems are aimed at increasing the integration of distributed generation, especially through installations, made based on renewable energy sources, it is required to conduct studies on the impact of these generation technologies on the distribution networks. When using distributed generation, setting up the protection system is associated with the problems associated with changes in the magnitude and direction of emergency currents. Distributed generation installations affect the fault current in a certain way, while influencing the overcurrent protection systems in terms of their coordination. In this regard, the alternative protection systems and algorithms can be used, such as directional overcurrent relays. In addition, highly penetrating distributed generation devices such as photovoltaic installations can cause overvoltage in the distribution systems, which must be effectively prevented. Thus, the paper considers the problems caused by the distributed generation and related to protection systems and voltage regulation in the distribution networks. Solutions for mitigating the negative impact of distributed generation on the power supply systems are proposed and considered in detail.
{"title":"Analysis of the Impact of the Distributed Generation Facilities on Protection Systems and Voltage Mode: Review","authors":"D. Ustinov, A.R. Aysar","doi":"10.24000/0409-2961-2023-2-15-20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24000/0409-2961-2023-2-15-20","url":null,"abstract":"In recent decades, in the process of restructuring energy systems, centralized energy sources are being replaced by decentralized ones. This led to the emergence of a new concept (power generation) in power supply systems, especially in distribution systems, known as «distributed generation». Distributed generation was introduced into the power systems, especially at the low voltage level, to make them more reliable, safer and efficient. At the same time, various problems appeared in the power supply systems that require solving issues of ensuring the selectivity and sensitivity of the protection action, maintaining the required voltage level. Since the current and future trends in the development of electric power systems are aimed at increasing the integration of distributed generation, especially through installations, made based on renewable energy sources, it is required to conduct studies on the impact of these generation technologies on the distribution networks. When using distributed generation, setting up the protection system is associated with the problems associated with changes in the magnitude and direction of emergency currents. Distributed generation installations affect the fault current in a certain way, while influencing the overcurrent protection systems in terms of their coordination. In this regard, the alternative protection systems and algorithms can be used, such as directional overcurrent relays. In addition, highly penetrating distributed generation devices such as photovoltaic installations can cause overvoltage in the distribution systems, which must be effectively prevented. Thus, the paper considers the problems caused by the distributed generation and related to protection systems and voltage regulation in the distribution networks. Solutions for mitigating the negative impact of distributed generation on the power supply systems are proposed and considered in detail.","PeriodicalId":35650,"journal":{"name":"Bezopasnost'' Truda v Promyshlennosti","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45293573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.24000/0409-2961-2023-1-71-76
A. Fomin, D. A. Besperstov, I.M. Ugarova
The relevance of the set task to minimize the socio-economic risks associated with fires is shown in the article. Particular attention is paid to ensuring the safety of people in case of fires. A brief description of fire risks and their minimum requirements is given. Additionally, the dynamics of evacuation of people in horizontal areas during a fire is described. Foreign experience on the issue under consideration is given. Also, the indicators of speed of evacuation and the intensity of movement of people are formed in accordance with the density of the human flow by the method of linear interpolation. Mathematical dependences are described concerning the density of human flows on the characteristics of premises, changes in the speed and intensity of the evacuation of people on the horizontal section. Mathematical dependencies are described by functions. At the same time, the article shows the need in developing the set issue in the future. The prospects for the development of scientifically based mathematical models describing the processes of evacuation of people in the event of fires at the facilities, regardless of their functional purpose, are considered. With further development, modeling is proposed. It is possible to develop such an express assessment on the proper provision of fire safety for people, based not on the mathematical calculations themselves, but on the tabular values that can be guided by the specialists who do not have special knowledge.
{"title":"Mathematical Modeling and Fire Risk Management by Linear Interpolation","authors":"A. Fomin, D. A. Besperstov, I.M. Ugarova","doi":"10.24000/0409-2961-2023-1-71-76","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24000/0409-2961-2023-1-71-76","url":null,"abstract":"The relevance of the set task to minimize the socio-economic risks associated with fires is shown in the article. Particular attention is paid to ensuring the safety of people in case of fires. A brief description of fire risks and their minimum requirements is given. Additionally, the dynamics of evacuation of people in horizontal areas during a fire is described. Foreign experience on the issue under consideration is given. Also, the indicators of speed of evacuation and the intensity of movement of people are formed in accordance with the density of the human flow by the method of linear interpolation. Mathematical dependences are described concerning the density of human flows on the characteristics of premises, changes in the speed and intensity of the evacuation of people on the horizontal section. Mathematical dependencies are described by functions. At the same time, the article shows the need in developing the set issue in the future. The prospects for the development of scientifically based mathematical models describing the processes of evacuation of people in the event of fires at the facilities, regardless of their functional purpose, are considered. With further development, modeling is proposed. It is possible to develop such an express assessment on the proper provision of fire safety for people, based not on the mathematical calculations themselves, but on the tabular values that can be guided by the specialists who do not have special knowledge.","PeriodicalId":35650,"journal":{"name":"Bezopasnost'' Truda v Promyshlennosti","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41506274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.24000/0409-2961-2023-1-66-70
V. Golik
The article is devoted to the issue of optimizing the operating mode of a mining enterprise according to the criterion of improving the safety of miners in the development of an ore deposit by an underground method. The problems of mining production solved at the design stage of mining enterprises are designated as derivatives of the efficiency function depending on the performance of the system, the total costs of development and operation, the amount of damage due to unreliability, time, etc. It is shown that one of the methods for optimizing the design support of mining operations is the modeling of the main mining processes. The purpose of the study is formulated as detailing the concept of ensuring occupational safety when engaging in the production of substandard metal-containing mineral raw materials. It is noted that the underground mines are among the most complex objects for which it is advisable to use multi-variant design with step-by-step optimization of intermediate design solutions. The extraction of mineral raw materials is characterized by an increase in volumes and accumulation of aggressive processing waste with a dangerous impact on the environment. It is noted that technogenic deposits are formed without considering the subsequent use of tailings, for example, storage with the creation of geochemical barriers. A new area of metal leaching into a disintegrator was proposed, which allows to produce products from substandard raw materials with less energy consumption. The characteristic of innovations in mining is given. A mathematical model is recommended that allows considering the features of technologies taking into account the costs of ensuring the safety of employees. It is concluded that the optimization of mining production is characterized by the extraction of metals using technologies with a combined mechanochemical effect.
{"title":"On the Issue of Occupational Safety in the Design of Underground Ore Mining Technology","authors":"V. Golik","doi":"10.24000/0409-2961-2023-1-66-70","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24000/0409-2961-2023-1-66-70","url":null,"abstract":"The article is devoted to the issue of optimizing the operating mode of a mining enterprise according to the criterion of improving the safety of miners in the development of an ore deposit by an underground method. The problems of mining production solved at the design stage of mining enterprises are designated as derivatives of the efficiency function depending on the performance of the system, the total costs of development and operation, the amount of damage due to unreliability, time, etc. It is shown that one of the methods for optimizing the design support of mining operations is the modeling of the main mining processes. The purpose of the study is formulated as detailing the concept of ensuring occupational safety when engaging in the production of substandard metal-containing mineral raw materials. It is noted that the underground mines are among the most complex objects for which it is advisable to use multi-variant design with step-by-step optimization of intermediate design solutions. The extraction of mineral raw materials is characterized by an increase in volumes and accumulation of aggressive processing waste with a dangerous impact on the environment. It is noted that technogenic deposits are formed without considering the subsequent use of tailings, for example, storage with the creation of geochemical barriers. A new area of metal leaching into a disintegrator was proposed, which allows to produce products from substandard raw materials with less energy consumption. The characteristic of innovations in mining is given. A mathematical model is recommended that allows considering the features of technologies taking into account the costs of ensuring the safety of employees. It is concluded that the optimization of mining production is characterized by the extraction of metals using technologies with a combined mechanochemical effect.","PeriodicalId":35650,"journal":{"name":"Bezopasnost'' Truda v Promyshlennosti","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45067182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.24000/0409-2961-2023-1-84-88
A. Komarov, V. Timokhin
Excess pressure is the main indicator characterizing the magnitude of explosive loads during emergency gas explosions. The value of this parameter and the entire accident scenario as a whole directly depend on the concentration of gas entering the room. Any typical room is characterized by the presence of two processes: laminar and turbulent diffusion. The laminar diffusion coefficient depends on the main characteristics of the gas (pressure, temperature). The laminar diffusion coefficient depends on the main characteristics of the gas (pressure, temperature). The coefficient of turbulent diffusion is determined only by the turbulent structure of the considered medium. It is established that the incomplete vortex mixing of gas with air is sufficient for flame propagation. This indicates the importance of studying the process of turbulent diffusion from the point of view of the formation of explosive gas-air mixtures. The purpose of the study is the experimental and computational determination of the coefficient of methane turbulent diffusion. This characteristic is required to assess the state of the gas-air environment in the room. It can be used in the development of explosion prevention measures, for example, in the design of a ventilation system. The study of the process of formation of explosive concentrations was carried out on the basis of an experiment and subsequent comparison of its results with a calculation model. In the course of the studies, it was established that the coefficient of turbulent diffusion, due to which explosive mixtures are formed, exceeds the coefficient of molecular diffusion by two orders of magnitude or more and is at least 4∙10–3 m2/s. The applied mathematical model and calculation scheme adequately describe the course of the experiments. Determination of the turbulent diffusion coefficient will allow assessing the state of the gas-air environment in the room and determining the required measures to prevent a possible emergency explosion.
{"title":"Experimental Investigation and Modeling of the Formation of Explosive Concentrations","authors":"A. Komarov, V. Timokhin","doi":"10.24000/0409-2961-2023-1-84-88","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24000/0409-2961-2023-1-84-88","url":null,"abstract":"Excess pressure is the main indicator characterizing the magnitude of explosive loads during emergency gas explosions. The value of this parameter and the entire accident scenario as a whole directly depend on the concentration of gas entering the room. Any typical room is characterized by the presence of two processes: laminar and turbulent diffusion. The laminar diffusion coefficient depends on the main characteristics of the gas (pressure, temperature). The laminar diffusion coefficient depends on the main characteristics of the gas (pressure, temperature). The coefficient of turbulent diffusion is determined only by the turbulent structure of the considered medium. It is established that the incomplete vortex mixing of gas with air is sufficient for flame propagation. This indicates the importance of studying the process of turbulent diffusion from the point of view of the formation of explosive gas-air mixtures. The purpose of the study is the experimental and computational determination of the coefficient of methane turbulent diffusion. This characteristic is required to assess the state of the gas-air environment in the room. It can be used in the development of explosion prevention measures, for example, in the design of a ventilation system. The study of the process of formation of explosive concentrations was carried out on the basis of an experiment and subsequent comparison of its results with a calculation model. In the course of the studies, it was established that the coefficient of turbulent diffusion, due to which explosive mixtures are formed, exceeds the coefficient of molecular diffusion by two orders of magnitude or more and is at least 4∙10–3 m2/s. The applied mathematical model and calculation scheme adequately describe the course of the experiments. Determination of the turbulent diffusion coefficient will allow assessing the state of the gas-air environment in the room and determining the required measures to prevent a possible emergency explosion.","PeriodicalId":35650,"journal":{"name":"Bezopasnost'' Truda v Promyshlennosti","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42765937","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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