This article is devoted to the sociological analysis of the attitudes of religious xenophobia among the most socially and culturally developed part of modern Russian youth, represented by students. The research discourse is formed at the intersection of the problems of ?risk society?, revitalisation of religion, and xenophobia. The main purpose of the study is to obtain a reflexive assessment of the religious characteristics of Russian students in terms of xenophobic reactions, discrimination, and violations of citizens? rights on religious grounds. The method of data collection was a mass survey of Russian students from one of the regions of the Russian Federation. It was revealed that at least 20% of students find some extremist practices around them. The internet is the leading platform for xenophobic and extremist antisocial practices. In the environment that young people observe, religious xenophobia has a much larger scope than it would seem, and the ?isthmus? that brings it into a position of extremism is much narrower than it appears at first glance. The lack of understanding of the continuity between the phenomena of xenophobia and extremism constricts the area of management of the situation and creates the possibility of critical risks of conflicts with destructive consequences.
{"title":"Religious xenophobia in the everyday consciousness of Russian progressive youth: Risk assessment","authors":"I. Shapovalova, S. Lebedev, M. Blagojević","doi":"10.2298/stnv2201097s","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2298/stnv2201097s","url":null,"abstract":"This article is devoted to the sociological analysis of the attitudes of religious xenophobia among the most socially and culturally developed part of modern Russian youth, represented by students. The research discourse is formed at the intersection of the problems of ?risk society?, revitalisation of religion, and xenophobia. The main purpose of the study is to obtain a reflexive assessment of the religious characteristics of Russian students in terms of xenophobic reactions, discrimination, and violations of citizens? rights on religious grounds. The method of data collection was a mass survey of Russian students from one of the regions of the Russian Federation. It was revealed that at least 20% of students find some extremist practices around them. The internet is the leading platform for xenophobic and extremist antisocial practices. In the environment that young people observe, religious xenophobia has a much larger scope than it would seem, and the ?isthmus? that brings it into a position of extremism is much narrower than it appears at first glance. The lack of understanding of the continuity between the phenomena of xenophobia and extremism constricts the area of management of the situation and creates the possibility of critical risks of conflicts with destructive consequences.","PeriodicalId":35694,"journal":{"name":"Stanovnistvo","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81233362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This text contains an account of the first work on theoretical demography in Serbia, which was written in 1862 by Kosta Cukic, a doctor of philosophy from Heidelberg and the first widely recognised Serbian economist. He dealt with this topic in the second volume of his State Economy textbook, the title of which was Economic Policy. Writing about population problems in economic textbooks was a common European practice at that time. Although he wrote for a textbook, his work was not a retelling of generally accepted theories, but a critical discussion of issues that had not been resolved in contemporary science. Therefore, his work can be considered original in the full sense of the word. In the theoretical sense, Cukic relied on Malthus, but also provided significantly different perspectives on many issues. He accepted Malthus?s position that the amount of food is a limiting factor in population growth and that natural fertility is very high due to people?s strong sexual drive. But there were also important differences: in Cukic?s theoretical framework, the iron law of wages does not apply, i.e. wages do not always strive for the existential minimum, as Malthus argued. Cukic also argues that capital affects fertility, since it affects the amount of available resources. Cukic was not a pessimist like Malthus, and instead observed a significant population growth in Europe at the time, without mass famine and pestilence. As we can see, Cukic dealt a lot with Malthus and his theory. This is understandable considering that Malthus was the preeminent theoretician whose work focused on the population problem in those decades, and therefore determination according to his theory and discussion with him was inevitable for anyone who intended to write about population problems. Cukic also dealt with population policy and those aspects of it that were available to the governments of the time: immigration, emigration, and marriage. The basis of his views was strong and consistent liberalism in every respect. Cukic advocated for expanding personal freedoms, such as free decision-making about marriage, and free immigration to the country and emigration from it. In some places he would set minimum technical conditions. ?Personal freedom... is the ideal of the political consciousness of the present time?. Accordingly, he claimed that ?citizens are not just means for governmental purposes?, but on the contrary, it is the government?s duty to ?facilitate and support the aspirations of citizens to particular and general happiness?, thus repeating John Locke?s idea that the state exists for the sake of citizens, and not citizens for the sake of the state. Cukic belonged to a wide circle of authors in the mid-19th century who fundamentally rejected Malthus?s theory: on the one hand, economists who claimed that technological progress and a deepened division of labour would lead to economic progress that would forever postpone the e
{"title":"The inception of demographic theory in Serbia","authors":"B. Mijatovic","doi":"10.2298/stnv220922006m","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2298/stnv220922006m","url":null,"abstract":"This text contains an account of the first work on theoretical demography in Serbia, which was written in 1862 by Kosta Cukic, a doctor of philosophy from Heidelberg and the first widely recognised Serbian economist. He dealt with this topic in the second volume of his State Economy textbook, the title of which was Economic Policy. Writing about population problems in economic textbooks was a common European practice at that time. Although he wrote for a textbook, his work was not a retelling of generally accepted theories, but a critical discussion of issues that had not been resolved in contemporary science. Therefore, his work can be considered original in the full sense of the word. In the theoretical sense, Cukic relied on Malthus, but also provided significantly different perspectives on many issues. He accepted Malthus?s position that the amount of food is a limiting factor in population growth and that natural fertility is very high due to people?s strong sexual drive. But there were also important differences: in Cukic?s theoretical framework, the iron law of wages does not apply, i.e. wages do not always strive for the existential minimum, as Malthus argued. Cukic also argues that capital affects fertility, since it affects the amount of available resources. Cukic was not a pessimist like Malthus, and instead observed a significant population growth in Europe at the time, without mass famine and pestilence. As we can see, Cukic dealt a lot with Malthus and his theory. This is understandable considering that Malthus was the preeminent theoretician whose work focused on the population problem in those decades, and therefore determination according to his theory and discussion with him was inevitable for anyone who intended to write about population problems. Cukic also dealt with population policy and those aspects of it that were available to the governments of the time: immigration, emigration, and marriage. The basis of his views was strong and consistent liberalism in every respect. Cukic advocated for expanding personal freedoms, such as free decision-making about marriage, and free immigration to the country and emigration from it. In some places he would set minimum technical conditions. ?Personal freedom... is the ideal of the political consciousness of the present time?. Accordingly, he claimed that ?citizens are not just means for governmental purposes?, but on the contrary, it is the government?s duty to ?facilitate and support the aspirations of citizens to particular and general happiness?, thus repeating John Locke?s idea that the state exists for the sake of citizens, and not citizens for the sake of the state. Cukic belonged to a wide circle of authors in the mid-19th century who fundamentally rejected Malthus?s theory: on the one hand, economists who claimed that technological progress and a deepened division of labour would lead to economic progress that would forever postpone the e","PeriodicalId":35694,"journal":{"name":"Stanovnistvo","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83660249","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The subject of this article is the analysis of the relationship between the life course of young people and political participation in Europe. Results show that young people?s transitions in education, work, and family in European countries are directly associated with institutional and non-institutional forms of political participation. Entering new roles and obtaining or losing resources (financial, social, or time) forms a more or less stimulating context for involvement in the political field. The analysis shows that our first hypothesis proved to be correct. Both institutional and non-institutional forms of participation are positively associated with the study expe?rience, and this indicator is the most consistent predictor of both forms of participation. Young people who go through higher education better understand the socio-political con?text and have more knowledge of how they can influence social processes. The transition to the labour market also shows positive associations with political participation, but only with certain practices, so our hypothesis is only partially correct. Young people who work vote more often, are active within parties, contact political representatives, and are active within NGOs. Work provides more financial and social capital, as well as the acquisition of new skills and competencies that are important for engagement. Employment seems to lead to a rationalisation of time and a better understanding of the effects of engagement. The third hypothesis also proved to be (almost) correct, as half of institutional and all non-institutional forms of participa?tion are negatively associated with parenthood. Entering the parental role leads to a certain repackaging of priorities, and the lack of available time reduces the probability of par?ticipation. The fourth hypothesis was (partially) confirmed. With the growth of democracy within society, young people are more willing to participate in almost all forms of non-in?stitutional practices (except for demonstrations) and to contact politicians and participate in campaigns more often. A high degree of organisation of political infrastructure and a democratic political culture represent a prerequisite for the existence of democratic practices. The hypotheses with which we examined the associations between context, life events, and participation generally did not prove to be justified. Although the highly educated in democratic societies vote more often and join parties (and similar groups), they participate less often in campaigns and are involved in all non-institutional forms of participation at the same level as those in less democratic societies. The explanation for the lack of differences between old and new democracies in the level of non-institutional participation of the highly educated may lie in the same role played by university education. In both developed and less developed democracies, those who establish or preserv
{"title":"Political participation and life course transitions among young people in Europe","authors":"D. Stanojević, Anja Gvozdanovic","doi":"10.2298/stnv2202049s","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2298/stnv2202049s","url":null,"abstract":"The subject of this article is the analysis of the relationship between the life course of young people and political participation in Europe. Results show that young people?s transitions in education, work, and family in European countries are directly associated with institutional and non-institutional forms of political participation. Entering new roles and obtaining or losing resources (financial, social, or time) forms a more or less stimulating context for involvement in the political field. The analysis shows that our first hypothesis proved to be correct. Both institutional and non-institutional forms of participation are positively associated with the study expe?rience, and this indicator is the most consistent predictor of both forms of participation. Young people who go through higher education better understand the socio-political con?text and have more knowledge of how they can influence social processes. The transition to the labour market also shows positive associations with political participation, but only with certain practices, so our hypothesis is only partially correct. Young people who work vote more often, are active within parties, contact political representatives, and are active within NGOs. Work provides more financial and social capital, as well as the acquisition of new skills and competencies that are important for engagement. Employment seems to lead to a rationalisation of time and a better understanding of the effects of engagement. The third hypothesis also proved to be (almost) correct, as half of institutional and all non-institutional forms of participa?tion are negatively associated with parenthood. Entering the parental role leads to a certain repackaging of priorities, and the lack of available time reduces the probability of par?ticipation. The fourth hypothesis was (partially) confirmed. With the growth of democracy within society, young people are more willing to participate in almost all forms of non-in?stitutional practices (except for demonstrations) and to contact politicians and participate in campaigns more often. A high degree of organisation of political infrastructure and a democratic political culture represent a prerequisite for the existence of democratic practices. The hypotheses with which we examined the associations between context, life events, and participation generally did not prove to be justified. Although the highly educated in democratic societies vote more often and join parties (and similar groups), they participate less often in campaigns and are involved in all non-institutional forms of participation at the same level as those in less democratic societies. The explanation for the lack of differences between old and new democracies in the level of non-institutional participation of the highly educated may lie in the same role played by university education. In both developed and less developed democracies, those who establish or preserv","PeriodicalId":35694,"journal":{"name":"Stanovnistvo","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80585669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Suzana Lovic-Obradovic, H. Rabiei-Dastjerdi, S. Matović
The COVID-19 pandemic escalated in almost all parts of the world over a very short period of time. The speed of the spread was determined by the degree of mobility of the population, while the risk of severe illness or death depended on the population?s demographic characteristics, population health status, and the capacity of the health system to treat patients. This paper aims to assess spatio-temporal patterns of patients with COVID-19 in Serbia at the early stage and whether these patterns are linked to valid public health measures that were enforced during this period. The study adopted the local Moran?s index to identify the spatial grouping of the number of infected at a municipality level and joinpoint regression analysis to identify whether and when statistically significant changes occurred to the number of infected by gender and age groups, and to the number of deaths in the entire population. The results show the polarisation of the spatial grouping of the number of infected. Considering the change in the trend in the number of infected between genders, no significant difference was noticeable. When the age-gender categories of infected were examined, the differences became more significant. In addition, changes in the trend were associated with the tightening or loosening of public health measures.
{"title":"A population-based spatio-temporal analysis of the early COVID-19 dynamic in Serbia","authors":"Suzana Lovic-Obradovic, H. Rabiei-Dastjerdi, S. Matović","doi":"10.2298/stnv2201001l","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2298/stnv2201001l","url":null,"abstract":"The COVID-19 pandemic escalated in almost all parts of the world over a very short period of time. The speed of the spread was determined by the degree of mobility of the population, while the risk of severe illness or death depended on the population?s demographic characteristics, population health status, and the capacity of the health system to treat patients. This paper aims to assess spatio-temporal patterns of patients with COVID-19 in Serbia at the early stage and whether these patterns are linked to valid public health measures that were enforced during this period. The study adopted the local Moran?s index to identify the spatial grouping of the number of infected at a municipality level and joinpoint regression analysis to identify whether and when statistically significant changes occurred to the number of infected by gender and age groups, and to the number of deaths in the entire population. The results show the polarisation of the spatial grouping of the number of infected. Considering the change in the trend in the number of infected between genders, no significant difference was noticeable. When the age-gender categories of infected were examined, the differences became more significant. In addition, changes in the trend were associated with the tightening or loosening of public health measures.","PeriodicalId":35694,"journal":{"name":"Stanovnistvo","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80569241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper examines entrepreneurial intentions in the context of life course transitions among undergraduate students enrolled in the economics and electrical engineer?ing faculties of the University of Belgrade. The entrepre?neurial intention model is built upon the theory of planned behaviour, examining the associations between students? willingness to become an entrepreneur, their attitudes and perceptions about the importance of subjective norms, and perceived behavioural control variables. The data comes from a self-administered survey. The results show that attitudes towards entrepreneurship and behavioural control factors form positive and statistically significant associations with students? future entrepreneurial orien?tation, while subjective norms and risk-willingness add a little explanatory power to the initial regression models. In order to better understand the initial stage of life course transitions among the students, single regressions are estimated. All the factors appear as statistically significant with meaningful coefficient values, further showing that entrepreneurial prediction is highly gendered and depends on what faculty the student attends. This paper reveals for policy practitioners the main characteristics of young en?trepreneurs-to-be and their understanding of the process of creating a business venture.
{"title":"Planned behaviour, gender, and attitudes towards entrepreneurship among business economics and electrical engineering students","authors":"Kosovka Ognjenovic","doi":"10.2298/stnv2202121o","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2298/stnv2202121o","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines entrepreneurial intentions in the context of life course transitions among undergraduate students enrolled in the economics and electrical engineer?ing faculties of the University of Belgrade. The entrepre?neurial intention model is built upon the theory of planned behaviour, examining the associations between students? willingness to become an entrepreneur, their attitudes and perceptions about the importance of subjective norms, and perceived behavioural control variables. The data comes from a self-administered survey. The results show that attitudes towards entrepreneurship and behavioural control factors form positive and statistically significant associations with students? future entrepreneurial orien?tation, while subjective norms and risk-willingness add a little explanatory power to the initial regression models. In order to better understand the initial stage of life course transitions among the students, single regressions are estimated. All the factors appear as statistically significant with meaningful coefficient values, further showing that entrepreneurial prediction is highly gendered and depends on what faculty the student attends. This paper reveals for policy practitioners the main characteristics of young en?trepreneurs-to-be and their understanding of the process of creating a business venture.","PeriodicalId":35694,"journal":{"name":"Stanovnistvo","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74169129","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper examines marital market preferences and opportunities, given the gender asymmetry of education and the limited supply of equally educated partners (especially in the higher education segment), and explores selection patterns resulting from new composite changes for at-risk populations entering into a marriage. Specifically, we are researching mixed marriages by education and changes in the patterns of that selection in the former Yugoslav republics. The assessment of the impact of changes in educational characteristics by gender on patterns of marital pairing and the reduction of the level of educational hypergamy was performed by analysing the movement of F-index and H-index values from 1970 to 2020 and their correlation coefficient. The results showed that educational hypergamy is declining in all countries and that the decline in hypergamy is positively associated with the predominance of women among highly educated individuals.
{"title":"The decline of educational hypergamy in the former Yugoslav republics","authors":"Vera Gligorijević, D. Bakić","doi":"10.2298/stnv2201069g","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2298/stnv2201069g","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines marital market preferences and opportunities, given the gender asymmetry of education and the limited supply of equally educated partners (especially in the higher education segment), and explores selection patterns resulting from new composite changes for at-risk populations entering into a marriage. Specifically, we are researching mixed marriages by education and changes in the patterns of that selection in the former Yugoslav republics. The assessment of the impact of changes in educational characteristics by gender on patterns of marital pairing and the reduction of the level of educational hypergamy was performed by analysing the movement of F-index and H-index values from 1970 to 2020 and their correlation coefficient. The results showed that educational hypergamy is declining in all countries and that the decline in hypergamy is positively associated with the predominance of women among highly educated individuals.","PeriodicalId":35694,"journal":{"name":"Stanovnistvo","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91317739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The aim of this paper is to analyse the lifecycle, generation?al, and period effects on emancipative value preferences in Serbia. The data used in the analysis was collected in the World Values Survey (WVS), conducted in Serbia in 1996 (N = 1,280), 2006 (N = 1,220), and 2017 (N = 1,046), respectively. As a proxy measure of the respondents? life?cycle stage, the recoded age variable (young/middle-aged/ elderly) was used. Based on the age period during which a person spent their formative years (15-24 years of age), a sixfold typology of political generation membership was constructed. The year in which the survey was conduct?ed was used as a measure of period effects. The results indicate that emancipative values were more likely to be embraced by younger respondents (r = .22**) and in survey waves after 2000 (r = .17**), and less by the members of the socialist generation (p < .01) than by those generations who spent their formative years after 2000, omnibus F(5, 3440) = 58.19**. The results reveal a complex relation?ship between lifecycle, generational, and period effects on emancipative values and call into question the exclusive importance that is usually attributed to generational differences in theory. The conclusion outlines possible implications for the theory of human empowerment and practical implications for the possibility of value change in Serbian society.
{"title":"Lifecycle, generational, and period effects on emancipative values in Serbia","authors":"Z. Pavlović","doi":"10.2298/stnv2202029p","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2298/stnv2202029p","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this paper is to analyse the lifecycle, generation?al, and period effects on emancipative value preferences in Serbia. The data used in the analysis was collected in the World Values Survey (WVS), conducted in Serbia in 1996 (N = 1,280), 2006 (N = 1,220), and 2017 (N = 1,046), respectively. As a proxy measure of the respondents? life?cycle stage, the recoded age variable (young/middle-aged/ elderly) was used. Based on the age period during which a person spent their formative years (15-24 years of age), a sixfold typology of political generation membership was constructed. The year in which the survey was conduct?ed was used as a measure of period effects. The results indicate that emancipative values were more likely to be embraced by younger respondents (r = .22**) and in survey waves after 2000 (r = .17**), and less by the members of the socialist generation (p < .01) than by those generations who spent their formative years after 2000, omnibus F(5, 3440) = 58.19**. The results reveal a complex relation?ship between lifecycle, generational, and period effects on emancipative values and call into question the exclusive importance that is usually attributed to generational differences in theory. The conclusion outlines possible implications for the theory of human empowerment and practical implications for the possibility of value change in Serbian society.","PeriodicalId":35694,"journal":{"name":"Stanovnistvo","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84029738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper presents new data on the age structure of hospitalised SARI (severe acute respiratory infection) patients, with or without COVID-19, broken down by gender, place of infection, and region. The leading hypothesis that COVID-19 deaths are overestimated despite the high share of excess deaths was confirmed, bringing to light the important issue of the demographic breakdown of the population at risk. Thus, the main reason for the decreasing number of COVID-19 deaths is to be sought within the exhausted demographic pool of the elderly population in 2020, when the mortality rate was 19% higher compared to the previous five-year period (2015-2019). Demographic disparities across regions are immense and statistically explain the differences in the ?infected versus deceased? ratio. The excess mortality in 2020 was unusually high, but the projected value for 2020 based on the mortality pattern across age groups from 2015 to 2019 contributed up to one-third of the surplus. So, for one-quarter of alleged COVID-19 deaths (roughly 600 out of some 3,300 in 2020), death was expected to take place in 2020 anyway.
{"title":"COVID-19 and excess mortality: Was it possible to lower the number of deaths in Slovenia?","authors":"Damir Josipovic","doi":"10.2298/stnv2101017j","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2298/stnv2101017j","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents new data on the age structure of hospitalised SARI (severe acute respiratory infection) patients, with or without COVID-19, broken down by gender, place of infection, and region. The leading hypothesis that COVID-19 deaths are overestimated despite the high share of excess deaths was confirmed, bringing to light the important issue of the demographic breakdown of the population at risk. Thus, the main reason for the decreasing number of COVID-19 deaths is to be sought within the exhausted demographic pool of the elderly population in 2020, when the mortality rate was 19% higher compared to the previous five-year period (2015-2019). Demographic disparities across regions are immense and statistically explain the differences in the ?infected versus deceased? ratio. The excess mortality in 2020 was unusually high, but the projected value for 2020 based on the mortality pattern across age groups from 2015 to 2019 contributed up to one-third of the surplus. So, for one-quarter of alleged COVID-19 deaths (roughly 600 out of some 3,300 in 2020), death was expected to take place in 2020 anyway.","PeriodicalId":35694,"journal":{"name":"Stanovnistvo","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88944822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this text, the gender dimension of low fertility is considered on the basis of the relevant literature and statistical data regarding the impact of employment on reproductive behaviour in postmodern societies. A review of fertility rates and employment rates of women with young children from 2010 onwards leads to several interesting observations. For example, during the period of study, the birth rate in Hungary increased, while it decreased in Finland by 0.4 children per woman. The most stable and relatively high fertility rates are observed in France and Sweden. At the same time, the employment rate of women with children aged three to five grew in Hungary, but the employment rate of those with children under the age of three was extremely low. In countries with higher fertility, the lowest employment rates for women with children under the age of three are in Finland and France, but they are about four times higher than the rate in Hungary. During the observed period, the employment of mothers remained stable at a relatively high level in Sweden, Norway, and the Netherlands, without differences in female employment according to the age of their children. The fertility rates in these countries are relatively high. The results of empirical research in European countries suggest that the gender dimension of low fertility cannot be understood outside the specific social context, nor without considering the conditions at the micro level. Central to this consideration is the link between low fertility and women?s employment, as raising children is still gender-specific to an extent. However, men can participate in parenthood not only in terms of their reproductive behaviour, but also their right to participate in raising children. In addition, this text identifies negative perceptions of employment that refer to the modalities of worklife balance and the uncertainty regarding female and male employment. Both aspects produce certain effects on the socioeconomic position of the family, which can influence decisions relating to parenthood and the number of children the parents would like to have. In terms of taking action on low birth rates, it could be concluded that endangering families? economic status and reproducing patriarchal gender regimes are not favourable outcomes. This article provides a framework for more concrete research into these issues in Serbian society.
{"title":"Understanding the gender dimension of low fertility: Employment and childbearing in Europe","authors":"A. Šobot","doi":"10.2298/stnv200831005s","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2298/stnv200831005s","url":null,"abstract":"In this text, the gender dimension of low fertility is considered on the basis of the relevant literature and statistical data regarding the impact of employment on reproductive behaviour in postmodern societies. A review of fertility rates and employment rates of women with young children from 2010 onwards leads to several interesting observations. For example, during the period of study, the birth rate in Hungary increased, while it decreased in Finland by 0.4 children per woman. The most stable and relatively high fertility rates are observed in France and Sweden. At the same time, the employment rate of women with children aged three to five grew in Hungary, but the employment rate of those with children under the age of three was extremely low. In countries with higher fertility, the lowest employment rates for women with children under the age of three are in Finland and France, but they are about four times higher than the rate in Hungary. During the observed period, the employment of mothers remained stable at a relatively high level in Sweden, Norway, and the Netherlands, without differences in female employment according to the age of their children. The fertility rates in these countries are relatively high. The results of empirical research in European countries suggest that the gender dimension of low fertility cannot be understood outside the specific social context, nor without considering the conditions at the micro level. Central to this consideration is the link between low fertility and women?s employment, as raising children is still gender-specific to an extent. However, men can participate in parenthood not only in terms of their reproductive behaviour, but also their right to participate in raising children. In addition, this text identifies negative perceptions of employment that refer to the modalities of worklife balance and the uncertainty regarding female and male employment. Both aspects produce certain effects on the socioeconomic position of the family, which can influence decisions relating to parenthood and the number of children the parents would like to have. In terms of taking action on low birth rates, it could be concluded that endangering families? economic status and reproducing patriarchal gender regimes are not favourable outcomes. This article provides a framework for more concrete research into these issues in Serbian society.","PeriodicalId":35694,"journal":{"name":"Stanovnistvo","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89777185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Various factors can motivate and encourage individuals to leave their country of origin and engage in the process of international migration. Large migration flows over the past few years, which are a consequence of the so-called refugee crisis in 2015, have resulted in a significant increase in academic interest in international migration. Although many factors can encourage international migration, people?s desire to increase their standard of living is undoubtedly one of the most important causes. This empirical study analyses the economic determinants of net international migration. It was conducted using techniques of econometric analysis of panel data on an extensive balanced panel data sample covering 136 countries over a period of 30 years (1990-2019). Although this study focuses on the analysis of the economic determinants of net international migration, it is necessary to point out that in this case it is not a one-way impact. Apart from the fact that economic indicators affect international migration, it is indisputable that there is an effect in the opposite direction, i.e. that migration flows significantly affect the economic performance of the origin and destination country. This influence can be realised through different mechanisms. The potential presence of reverse causality generates a problem of potentially endogenous regressors, which must be considered when selecting model estimation techniques. The estimation of the models was performed using the following two techniques that allow cross-section dependence: (i) standard common correlated effects pooled estimator (CCEP), which is based on the application of the ordinary least squares method; and (ii) modified common correlated effects pooled estimator, which is based on the application of the two-stage least squares method, allowing the presence of endogenous regressors. The obtained findings suggest that the impact of the unemployment rate on net international migration is negative. Estimates generated by the standard CCEP technique (as well as by the modified CCEP technique) show that an increase in the unemployment rate of 1% results in a decrease in net international migration by about 0.03 migrants (0.06 migrants) per 1,000 inhabitants. Education has a positive impact on net international migration. The standard CCEP technique (modified CCEP technique) points to the fact that a 1% increase in education results in an increase in net international migration of about 0.01-0.02 migrants (0.003 migrants) per 1,000 inhabitants. The level of development of the migrant network has a positive effect on net international migration. The standard and modified CCEP technique show that increasing the stock of migrants by 1% increases net international migration by about 0.04-0.05 migrants, i.e. by about 0.01 migrants per 1,000 inhabitants. Finally, estimates obtained using the standard CCEP technique suggest that a 1% increase in per capita gros
{"title":"Net international migration: A panel analysis of economic determinants","authors":"Ivana Ostojic, P. Petrović, G. Nikolić","doi":"10.2298/stnv2102083o","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2298/stnv2102083o","url":null,"abstract":"Various factors can motivate and encourage individuals to leave their country of origin and engage in the process of international migration. Large migration flows over the past few years, which are a consequence of the so-called refugee crisis in 2015, have resulted in a significant increase in academic interest in international migration. Although many factors can encourage international migration, people?s desire to increase their standard of living is undoubtedly one of the most important causes. This empirical study analyses the economic determinants of net international migration. It was conducted using techniques of econometric analysis of panel data on an extensive balanced panel data sample covering 136 countries over a period of 30 years (1990-2019). Although this study focuses on the analysis of the economic determinants of net international migration, it is necessary to point out that in this case it is not a one-way impact. Apart from the fact that economic indicators affect international migration, it is indisputable that there is an effect in the opposite direction, i.e. that migration flows significantly affect the economic performance of the origin and destination country. This influence can be realised through different mechanisms. The potential presence of reverse causality generates a problem of potentially endogenous regressors, which must be considered when selecting model estimation techniques. The estimation of the models was performed using the following two techniques that allow cross-section dependence: (i) standard common correlated effects pooled estimator (CCEP), which is based on the application of the ordinary least squares method; and (ii) modified common correlated effects pooled estimator, which is based on the application of the two-stage least squares method, allowing the presence of endogenous regressors. The obtained findings suggest that the impact of the unemployment rate on net international migration is negative. Estimates generated by the standard CCEP technique (as well as by the modified CCEP technique) show that an increase in the unemployment rate of 1% results in a decrease in net international migration by about 0.03 migrants (0.06 migrants) per 1,000 inhabitants. Education has a positive impact on net international migration. The standard CCEP technique (modified CCEP technique) points to the fact that a 1% increase in education results in an increase in net international migration of about 0.01-0.02 migrants (0.003 migrants) per 1,000 inhabitants. The level of development of the migrant network has a positive effect on net international migration. The standard and modified CCEP technique show that increasing the stock of migrants by 1% increases net international migration by about 0.04-0.05 migrants, i.e. by about 0.01 migrants per 1,000 inhabitants. Finally, estimates obtained using the standard CCEP technique suggest that a 1% increase in per capita gros","PeriodicalId":35694,"journal":{"name":"Stanovnistvo","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90688058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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