Sudebno-Meditsinskaya Ekspertisa最新文献

Main concepts of "Mathematical modeling of ethanol kinetics" monograph by G.V. Nedugov were analyzed in the article covering relevance, scientific and practical significance. It has been shown that comprehensive analysis of existing and proposed by the author mathematical models for assessing ethanol kinetics presented in the article is a significant contribution to the scientific and practical base of forensic medicine. The possibilities of mathematical models' effective application as a practical solution of forensic medical tasks based on objective mathematical methods were noted. Undoubtedly, the monograph is interesting not only for forensic doctors but also for other specialists of medical and biological sphere.

The article considers compression fractures of the thoracic and lumbar parts of the spine without neurological complications in children considering age features, their diagnosis by X-ray, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and ultrasound, as well as differential diagnosis with degenerative-dystrophic changes of different etiology. Routine X-ray is usually insufficient for forensic medical evaluation of uncomplicated compression fractures of the vertebral bodies without gross deformities, especially to decide the issue of the age of trauma. It is necessary to critically evaluate the established diagnosis and to analyze clinical and instrumental data, considering the completeness and accuracy of the studies to exclude overdiagnosis in the forensic examination of cases of compression fractures of the vertebral bodies. A case report demonstrating the use of MRI to determine the volume and age of trauma is presented.

The article presents a case of a combined type of motor vehicle injury in the driver in the cab of passenger vehicle followed by falling out through the windshield and compression of the body between the overturned car and the ground surface with compression asphyxia development. In postmortem examination multiple incised wounds, scratches, bruises and contused wounds on the face, anterior surface of the chest, upper and lower extremities, hemorrhages in the soft tissues of occipital region of the head and back, closed multi-fragment fracture of the right radial bone in the lower third with displacement of fragments were found. Thus, there were no injuries of the visceral organs and other bones of the skeleton. Classic asphyctic signs and carmine pulmonary edema were also revealed in the corpse's examination. It was concluded based on the obtained data that the pressure force of the motor vehicle did not exceed the threshold of resistance of the bones and visceral organs in this case, and therefore did not lead to their damage, but it caused an obstacle for respiratory movements and led to death from compression asphyxia. Thus, the version of police investigation about circumstances of the motor vehicle accident was confirmed and the cause of death was established on the basis of a comprehensive assessment of the corpse's forensic examination results, analysis of investigative and operational information, data of the accident site inspection.

The forensic medical investigation of occurrence mechanisms (causes) and color spectrum of cadaveric spots in corpses of persons who were victims of general accidental hypothermia remains a relevant topic, causing many discussions in the scientific literature. Issues concerning the color, localization, degree of pronouncement and timing of cadaveric spots occurrence require careful analysis as they are important both for forensic medical practice and criminalistics and for understanding the processes developing in the human body after death. In the investigation of cadaveric spots resulting from general hypothermia, it should be considered that these spots are formed as a result of blood redistribution in tissues. This phenomenon is related to the fact that when the body temperature is lowered, there is a vasoconstriction, which contributes to the accumulation of blood in certain areas, as well as direct primary cryodestruction of erythrocytes in superficial tissues occurs. As a result of this process, spots, which can vary in color from bright red to purple depending on the degree of tissue hypoxia and conversely tissue oxygen saturation as well as time since death, are formed. According to our own observations and literature analysis, cadaveric spots in death from general hypothermia begin to occur on average 1-2 h after death coming. They become most pronounced after 6-12 h, while their maximum brightness is observed after about 24 h. The localization of cadaveric spots usually depends on the body's position and can vary: spots most commonly emerge on the back, buttocks and posterior surfaces of the extremities when laying down without changing the position. The color spectrum of cadaveric spots can change as well. Initially they may have a bright pink-red shade, which over time changes to darker tones such as purple, violet or even black, depending on the environmental impact and tissue condition. These changes may be caused by both the internal processes and influence of external factors such as ambient temperature. The study of the mechanisms of cadaveric spots formation is important for forensic medical practice, as it allows forensic medical experts to determine more accurately the time and cause of death. Understanding of how general hypothermia affects the process of thanatogenesis can help to establish legally significant facts, for example in cases involving accidents or crimes. Thus, the examination of cadaveric spots in victims of general accidental hypothermia is a complex and multifaceted process that requires careful approach and in-depth analysis. This knowledge not only contributes to a more accurate interpretation of forensic medical data, but also broadens the understanding of the pathophysiological changes that occur during cooling in the human body before death, at the time of death and after death from hypothermia.

The paper examines modern approaches to organizing forensic medical examinations in emergency situations involving mass casualties. It is noted that traditional organizational methods under such conditions are insufficiently effective, which necessitates the introduction of new organizational and methodological solutions. The feasibility of using digital technologies in forensic practice is substantiated, including automated registration and documentation systems, three-dimensional modeling, telemedicine, mobile technologies, and artificial intelligence algorithms. Examples of developed software systems and methodologies are presented, demonstrating improved efficiency of forensic medical examinations and enhanced interagency coordination. The implementation of these technologies contributes to the formation of a unified digital space for forensic medical data, optimizes expert procedures, and increases the evidential reliability of forensic conclusions.

The significance of the conducted study is due to the high frequency of injuries caused by the impact of sharp objects. According to our empirical data, stab wounds to the heart account for 36% of the total number of injuries caused by stabbing and cutting instruments. The results of the study of scientific literature indicate that studies of the morphological features of stab injuries to internal organs are presented in isolated works. This study presents experimental data aimed at identifying the morphological signs of pericardial injuries caused by knives with various types of deformations in the tip area. In the course of the work, probabilities for each of the morphological signs were calculated and diagnostic coefficients were developed. The results obtained allow us to identify informative signs that have high prognostic value for determining the nature of the deformation of the tip of the traumatic object or its absence.

The goal: Is to describe the occurrence of the Rhizophagus parallelocollis graveyard beetle in inhumated bodies in forensic practice and to evaluate the potential for establishing an accurate date of burial based on entomological analysis of the presence of Rh. parallelocollis in the remains. Numerous accumulations of graveyard beetle fragments were found in cadavers buried at a depth of 2.0-2.5 meters in the vicinity of Smolensk in 2013. The collected materials consisted mainly of individual body parts (pronotum, head, abdomen, and elytral). The highly developed sense of smell of these beetles allows them to detect corpses and migrate to depths of several meters by freely penetrating wooden coffins and metal boxes. The highest concentration of beetles were observed in hollow structures (skulls, leather shoes). The occurrence of Rh. parallelocollis on inhumation bodies is directly correlated with the duration of time the beetles have spent at the site. The discovery of large numbers of beetle remains (more than 5.000) indicates the age of the buried material and the estimated period of burial - 1941-1945.

The article shows the possibilities of improved version of quantitative absorption-elusion reaction (QAER) developed for determination of the blood traces' group specificity on material evidence when the phenomenon of antibodies block occurs. A similar technique in the form of combination of two immunological reactions, namely absorption-elusion reaction (AER) and quantitative absorption reaction (QAR), was previously used only in the performance of forensic biological examinations of discharge traces. The conducted studies have shown the high efficiency of QAER for determining the group affiliation of blood traces: out of 197 studied objects with a negative CRA result, the presence of an antigen was established in 128 objects using quantitative accounting of the absorption phase, and in the remaining 69 objects, the truth of the negative CRA result was established - the absence of a group factor.

Objective: To develop and implement a method for determining the postmortem interval and the marginal errors of its estimates under conditions of linearly varying external temperature in the format of an online application.

Material and methods: A computer-assissted numerical search for the absolute minimum point of the objective function obtained from a system of nonlinear equations reflecting the results of double rectal or cranioencephalic thermometry of a corpse under conditions of linearly varying external temperature was carried out. The search algorithm was generalized to possible marginal errors in measuring the initial indicators of temperature and time. The code of the online program was compiled in Python 3.

Results: A method based on an iterative nonlinear optimization algorithm for determining the postmortem interval in linearly varying external temperature has been developed. It allows using double rectal or cranioencephalic thermometry to consider the uniqueness of the corpse's cooling conditions using double rectal or cranioencephalic thermometry, as well as to find the degree of uncertainty of computational estimates of the method caused by the impact of measurement errors. The method is implemented in the format of the Warm Bodies Z 2 online application.

Conclusion: The developed method and the online application implementing it are recommended to establish the postmortem interval.

The problem of clonidine, moxonidine, tizanidine determination in forensic studies of biological objects remains due to low therapeutic and toxic concentrations in biological material, that creates certain difficulties in detecting the use of these substances. The study objective is to develop chromato-mass-spectrometry conditions for imidazole derivatives determination in the blood for purposes of forensic chemical and chemical toxicological analysis. The conditions for reliable clonidine, moxonidine, tizanidine identification in the blood using solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography with mass-spectrometry detection are selected. Gas chromatographic and mass spectrometric characteristics of clonidine, moxonidine, tizanidine derivatives which can be used for the purposes of forensic chemical and chemical toxicological analysis were studied.