Sudebno-Meditsinskaya Ekspertisa最新文献

Objective: To study pathohistological changes and evaluate the intensity of the immunohistochemical (IHC) reaction in soft tissues in explosive gas-detonation wounds of the lower extremities along the conditional zones within the topographic-anatomical levels of damage.

Material and methods: Biological material from 16 corpses of individuals (men aged 25-36 years) who died from explosive trauma with gas-detonation damage to the lower extremities was examined using forensic histology and ICG research methods.

Results: The pathohistological picture of soft tissue damage to the lower extremities resulting from gas-detonation exposure during explosive trauma was clarified and supplemented; additional diagnostic signs (markers) of vitality and soft tissue reaction were identified over the conditional zones within the topographic and anatomical levels of damage using the IHC method.

Conclusion: The obtained data can be used in the practice of forensic medical examination in identifying and substantiating diagnostic signs of gas-detonation wounds of the lower extremities.

The importance of the issues of proper medical care registration determined the choice of investigation of the features of forensic medical examinations in assessing the timing of dental care provision based on an analysis of the legislative regulatory framework and court practice on dentistry as the research objective. The study of legislative regulatory documents, official websites of 15 insurance companies and 1800 conclusions of forensic medical experts in civil cases regarding the poor-quality dental care delivery for the 2013-2022 period allowed to reveal the lack of a clear definition of treatment time terms and criteria for completion of dental treatment. Issues of delay in treatment are considered in more than 3% of dental-related court cases, and there is a significant number of complaints about the quality of forensic medical examinations in the matter of the groundlessness of experts' findings by reference to legislative regulations.

Objective: To find out the regularities of solar radiation impact on the corpse's temperature field by means of a finite-element simulation of this physical process.

Material and methods: A finite-element simulation of the temperature field of the corpse's head was performed using the ELCUT 6.5 application.

Results: A two-dimensional finite-element model of finding the postmortem temperature field of the head under conditions of convective heat exchange with and without solar radiation, considering the cyclical dynamics of the external temperature and surface density of the heat flow, as well as the presence of shadow zone on the corpse, has been developed. It has been proven during simulation that solar radiation, depending on the heat flow density and the integral sum of absorbed thermal radiation, is accompanied by a proportional heating of the corpse's superficial tissues on the insolation side with delayed change in the temperature gradients' directions and asymmetric temperature field formation. Diffused solar radiation is enough for change of the corpse's cooling dynamics even if its location is not under direct sunlight.

Conclusion: It is recommended to use the finite-element simulation of corpse's cooling in determining the age of death under conditions of combined postmortem heat exchange with the presence of solar radiation.

Forensic diagnosis of drowning as a death cause is a complicated expert task in some cases. Diatom test is still the «gold standard» of drowning diagnosis. Systematic analysis of studies published in the period 2000-2024 in PubMed and Springer Link international databases in English and Russian was carried out to investigate existing scientific developments related to forensic diatomology. The article presents data on current methods of diatom extraction with regard to effectiveness and safety. The obtained results can be used both to form the development direction of this scientific issue, and to realize in practice - introduction of methods into expert practice.

Forensic histological studies cover a wide range of scientific and practical tasks: from the time of occurrence of damage and the properties of the damaging factor to the verification of the cause and genesis of death in somatic pathology, traumatic and burn disease. The subject of forensic histology includes a variety of changes in bacterial and viral infections, including in children. The professional level of forensic histological examinations depends on the quality of methodological recommendations and specialized forensic literature. These include the manual Forensic Histology, published in St. Petersburg in 2024.

The article addresses the issue of the preservation of biological traces of various origins (saliva, blood, sweat) over time in the context of the application of dactyloscopic methods. It is emphasized that both fingerprint identification and DNA analysis extracted from traces play a key role in forensic investigations. Particular attention is given to the evaluation of the effectiveness and compatibility of various chemical visualization methods for latent fingerprints with subsequent STR profiling. Comparative data are presented on the impact of reagents on the preservation of genetic material, and practical recommendations are discussed for selecting optimal conditions to integrate dactyloscopic and molecular genetic analyses. As a research objective, an analysis was conducted of the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of DNA extracted from biological samples treated with various chemical reagents used in dactyloscopy. The purpose of the research is to determine the optimal time interval after processing during which DNA remains suitable for genetic analysis. The necessity of a comprehensive approach is substantiated, involving the studying of the condition of biological traces before and after chemical treatment, as well as the monitoring of changes over time. The results obtained may contribute to the development of effective methodological approaches for conducting forensic genetic and dactyloscopic expertises, as well as to enhancing the reliability and validity of expert conclusions.

Objective: To analyze the main anthropometric indicator - body length of children and adolescents - with a view to applying the current regional standard in the practice of forensic medical examinations in the constituent entity of the Volga Federal District.

Material and methods: Analysis of retrospective regional standards of the «body length» anthropometric indicator in 218 109 children and adolescents in 1944/45 and 1959/60, biometric systematics of the indicator for the modern population of children and adolescents aged 7-17 years (11 392 cases) in the Nizhny Novgorod Region were performed.

Results: Significant increases in the indicators of body length have been found in all age-sex groups. Evaluation tables, which allow to more argumentatively carry out age-sex identifications of anthropometric indicators im appropriate examinations, have been proposed.

Conclusion: It has been shown that modern environmental factors of natural and anthropogenic character make a corresponding contribution to the modifications of physical development's indicators in general and position body length in particular in the population of children and adolescents of the Nizhny Novgorod Region.

Examination of the corpses of people who died from general hypothermia in conditions of non-obviousness often causes difficulties in forensic evaluation. The article presents the reports of forensic medical experts and personal observations in relation to corpses of individuals who died from hypothermia on land (150 observations), and the personal photo archives of A.Yu. Chudakov. The signs of fatal general cold injury, obtained in conditions of human presence, on land (sometimes with combined cooling, pre-soaking in water), have been supplemented and specified by descriptions of various body positions (postures). The nature of postmortem postures of corpses of people has been evaluated. The data recorded in the reports of the corpses' examination at the site of detection (on the scene) were relevant for analysis.

The objective of the study is to develop the methodology for conducting intralaboratory quality control of total IgG investigations in establishing species of the blood by quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using the Russian «IgG-total-ELISA-BEST» kit. A sequential 3-step algorithm presented by the article's authors can be used by experts of forensic biological units in carrying out quantitative ELISA to reveal possible errors that could invalidate the obtained results.

The history of formation and organization of the department of forensic medicine and development of forensic medical activity in the Urals remain to date poorly explored, there are no scientific studies in this direction. The article presents the biography of professor Ustinov Porphyriy Vasilyevich, the founder of the department of forensic medicine at the Sverdlovsk State Medical Institute, who headed it from 1935 to 1971. Professor was a leading forensic scientist who stood at the origins of domestic forensic science.