Sudebno-Meditsinskaya Ekspertisa最新文献

The history of formation and organization of the department of forensic medicine and development of forensic medical activity in the Urals remain to date poorly explored, there are no scientific studies in this direction. The article presents the biography of professor Ustinov Porphyriy Vasilyevich, the founder of the department of forensic medicine at the Sverdlovsk State Medical Institute, who headed it from 1935 to 1971. Professor was a leading forensic scientist who stood at the origins of domestic forensic science.

Objective: To analyze the main anthropometric indicator - body length of children and adolescents - with a view to applying the current regional standard in the practice of forensic medical examinations in the constituent entity of the Volga Federal District.

Material and methods: Analysis of retrospective regional standards of the «body length» anthropometric indicator in 218 109 children and adolescents in 1944/45 and 1959/60, biometric systematics of the indicator for the modern population of children and adolescents aged 7-17 years (11 392 cases) in the Nizhny Novgorod Region were performed.

Results: Significant increases in the indicators of body length have been found in all age-sex groups. Evaluation tables, which allow to more argumentatively carry out age-sex identifications of anthropometric indicators im appropriate examinations, have been proposed.

Conclusion: It has been shown that modern environmental factors of natural and anthropogenic character make a corresponding contribution to the modifications of physical development's indicators in general and position body length in particular in the population of children and adolescents of the Nizhny Novgorod Region.

Examination of the corpses of people who died from general hypothermia in conditions of non-obviousness often causes difficulties in forensic evaluation. The article presents the reports of forensic medical experts and personal observations in relation to corpses of individuals who died from hypothermia on land (150 observations), and the personal photo archives of A.Yu. Chudakov. The signs of fatal general cold injury, obtained in conditions of human presence, on land (sometimes with combined cooling, pre-soaking in water), have been supplemented and specified by descriptions of various body positions (postures). The nature of postmortem postures of corpses of people has been evaluated. The data recorded in the reports of the corpses' examination at the site of detection (on the scene) were relevant for analysis.

The study objective was to investigate the tibia fractures morphology depending on the position of victim at the time of injury when falling from height. The article presents the results of mathematical statistics which was carried out to justify scientifically the expert approach to reconstruction of accident circumstances in a fall from height with various landing options. The study results can be used to determine the position of the victim's body at the moment of landing, as well as to specify the height of fall.

An analysis of literature and regulatory documents with identification of problematic issues of expert assessment of stillbirth is presented. The necessity of implementation of explanations into expert regulatory documents and methodological instructions of «neonatality», «signs of recent birth», «neonatal period», «vitality» concepts according to generally accepted criteria in world and Russian medicine has been shown. The importance of explaining the qualification of the antenatal and intranatal fetal death from a forensic point of view has been presented. The significance of improving the unified methodology for producing commission forensic examinations of obstetric and gynecological profile has been determined. The features of determining the age of intrauterine fetal death, taking into account macro- and microscopic changes have been indicated. The need to re-examine the histological archive of autopsy material and afterbirth has been noted. The importance of interdisciplinary cooperation between doctors - forensic experts, pathologists, obstetrician-gynecologists and neonatologists in order to perform commission forensic examinations in cases of stillbirth has been shown.

Objective: To establish organ affiliation of liver microparticles using forensic cytological method based on hepatocytes' morphological characteristics and to determine their species belonging according to the human IgG_total using a quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

Material and methods: Previously dried microparticles (from 0.2×0.1 to 0.2×0.3 cm in size) of the liver taken from the corpses of 8 people without signs of liver disease were examined. The samples were investigated using forensic cytological and quantitative ELISA methods by the «total-IgG-ELISA-HEMA» test-kit.

Results: The possibility of determining organ affiliation of the liver microparticles based on hepatocytes' morphological characteristics stained with acrichine, acridine orange and azure-eosin has been demonstrated. It has been established that the high sensitivity and specificity of quantitative ELISA allow to determine the origin of liver microparticles from human. Optical density and IgG_total concentration in whole extracts were determined, optimal values of minimum and maximum calibration samples, namely 0.078±0.010-2.372±0.019 c.u., were obtained.

Conclusion: The obtained data can be used by experts of forensic biological units in establishing organ and species affiliation of liver microparticles found on trauma guns using forensic cytology and quantitative ELISA methods.

Objective: To study the response of mouse to postmortem local impact (idiomuscular contracture) with determination of the maximum time of its occurrence.

Material and methods: A device in the form of a metal ruler with applied horizontal metric scale was developed and manufactured in order to standardize the test for idiomuscular contracture. Data of 3480 studies performed on 870 corpses of individuals who died at the age of newborn to 97 years were analyzed.

Results and conclusion: There has been no statistically significant difference in height of the idiomuscular tumor depending on the age of death in any of the studied age groups. It has been established that the death age must be determined in forensic medical examination by qualitative indicators of the idiomuscular contracture, considering the age and general physical condition of the deceased.

Objective: To develop the method of quantitative assessment of the solar radiation influence on the dynamics of postmortem corpse's cooling in determining the age of human death by means of a special modification of a finite-difference (layered) mathematical model.

Material and methods: The studies were carried out on replacing corpse objects of different mass (bags made of dense polyethylene filled with black soil) and on real objects of forensic medical examination - adult corpses of different sexes. All the objects were wrapped in fabric of different colors, imitating clothes, and were studied under conditions of direct solar radiation impact on the body. Temperature of the objects was measured with a highly precise (0.001 °C) digital thermometer in dynamics.

Results: On the basis of the created finite-difference mathematical model, the thermodynamics of objects has been studied and the «solar factor» magnitude has been established depending on the body mass, time of year, clothing fabric brightness (its photoperceptive ability). The formula for calculating the «solar factor» magnitude is proposed for use of its value in the process of simulation the corpse's temperature under the influence of solar radiation and determining the human's postmortem interval.

Conclusion: The ratio of the real postmortem interval and its simulated (calculated) values allowed to estimate a possible error in the death age determination, accumulated over 6.4-8.5 h of observations as ±0.42 h (± 25 min).

Under conditions of growing global instability and mass migration, which provoke the occurrence of emergencies, the problem of age estimation has acquired particular importance for forensic medical and medico-social practice. This study presents modern approaches for age determination in living persons using radiological, morphometric and mathematical methods, as well as digital technologies and artificial intelligence. Age estimation models were developed and tested based on X-rays of the hand and thyroid cartilage, radiographs of the third molar and upper and lower canines, MRI scans of the carpal bones, and CT images of the skull and knee joint. The implementation of artificial intelligence algorithms and neural network technologies made it possible to increase diagnostic accuracy and automate the process of expert evaluation. The results obtained demonstrate the high effectiveness of the proposed methods and their practical applicability for personal identification in emergency situations and migration crises.

The aim: Of the work was to consider scientific data on the excess content of certain elements in residents of the Republic of Karelia in terms of the possibility of determining the probable territory of residence and pathologies associated with the elemental composition of the body. It has been established that the study of the composition and structure of chemical elements in the «human-habitat» biosystem in relation to a specific area can make it possible to solve a number of interdisciplinary problems. A pronounced specificity of the elemental composition of the body in the population of the Republic of Karelia was revealed in comparison with the parameters of the physiological norm characteristic of residents of central Russia. One of the characteristic features is the excess content of mercury, boron and lead; boron - in persons aged 20-25 and 60+ years, and lead and mercury - only in persons over 60 years of age. Based on an analysis of the level of macro- and microelements in the body of a particular person in comparison with data on the patterns of their distribution in various geochemical areas, including the Republic of Karelia, forensic medical diagnostics of ethno-territorial population groups and individual differentiation of human remains is possible.