Sudebno-Meditsinskaya Ekspertisa最新文献

Crimes against the sexual integrity of the individual represent one of the most serious forms of violence.

Objective: To perform a retrospective epidemiological analysis with the systematization of analytical data on the performed forensic medical examinations (FMEs) of survivors of sexual abuse in order to increase the effectiveness of the system of preventive measures against such crimes.

Material and methods: The data from the industry statistical report №42 were analyzed. The dynamics and territorial specificity of the number of performed FMEs in the cases of sexual crimes in the Russian Federation (RF) for the period from 2003 to 2023 have been studied.

Results: The analysis allowed to reveal a decrease (-2.49%) in the total number of performed FMEs and in physical examinations of living persons in all studied federal districts of the RF and individual municipal entities of the Central Federal District. An analysis of the dynamics of changes in the number and frequency of performed FMEs and examinations on determination of sexual conditions allowed to identify a tendency to decrease their number, both in absolute (-0.71%) and relative (-0.89%) terms in almost all federal districts. The exceptions were the Northwestern, Far Eastern and Siberian Federal Districts, where there has been an increase in indicators. Heterogeneous results were obtained when studying the dynamics of indicators of performed FMEs on determination of sexual conditions (crimes) in certain entities of the Central Federal District.

Conclusion: The obtained results indicate a steady tendency to decrease in in the number of FMEs carried out in the cases of sexual crimes in the period from 2003 to 2023 both in the Russian Federation as a whole and in the majority federal districts.

The observed deviations in the indicators from the average annual values in the Russian Federation (both upwards and downwards) emphasize the need for further research of the factors contributing to changes in the level of sexual crimes in certain entities.

The authors used a practical example to consider proper criminal-legal assessment of causality in multiple violations committed by different doctors at different stages of providing medical care. The consideration utilized the dialectical methods of cognition, analysis, generalization, systems approach, methods of induction, deduction, comparison, statistics, and special legal methods.

The article considers adopted forensic models of the victim's fall from standing position on the back and their adequacy to the real conditions. A frame-by-frame analysis of 250 video recordings of cases of victims' falls from standing position on the back - both spontaneous and with a preliminary given acceleration was performed. It has been noted that the most commonly used today forensic models do not correspond to the real dynamics of the fall.

The aim: Of the work was to consider scientific data on the excess content of certain elements in residents of the Republic of Karelia in terms of the possibility of determining the probable territory of residence and pathologies associated with the elemental composition of the body. It has been established that the study of the composition and structure of chemical elements in the «human-habitat» biosystem in relation to a specific area can make it possible to solve a number of interdisciplinary problems. A pronounced specificity of the elemental composition of the body in the population of the Republic of Karelia was revealed in comparison with the parameters of the physiological norm characteristic of residents of central Russia. One of the characteristic features is the excess content of mercury, boron and lead; boron - in persons aged 20-25 and 60+ years, and lead and mercury - only in persons over 60 years of age. Based on an analysis of the level of macro- and microelements in the body of a particular person in comparison with data on the patterns of their distribution in various geochemical areas, including the Republic of Karelia, forensic medical diagnostics of ethno-territorial population groups and individual differentiation of human remains is possible.

Under conditions of growing global instability and mass migration, which provoke the occurrence of emergencies, the problem of age estimation has acquired particular importance for forensic medical and medico-social practice. This study presents modern approaches for age determination in living persons using radiological, morphometric and mathematical methods, as well as digital technologies and artificial intelligence. Age estimation models were developed and tested based on X-rays of the hand and thyroid cartilage, radiographs of the third molar and upper and lower canines, MRI scans of the carpal bones, and CT images of the skull and knee joint. The implementation of artificial intelligence algorithms and neural network technologies made it possible to increase diagnostic accuracy and automate the process of expert evaluation. The results obtained demonstrate the high effectiveness of the proposed methods and their practical applicability for personal identification in emergency situations and migration crises.

The article presents information about the life and activity of the outstanding scientist, professor L.O. Barsegyants.

Objective: To study the histological changes in lung of rats, evaluate their dynamics and determine the Bax and Bcl-2 genes expression in bronchial epithelium, alveolar type 1 cells and neutrophils at different times after the administration of baclofen.

Material and methods: The experiment was conducted on 20 mature (at the age of 20 weeks) male Wistar rats with a mass of 290-350 g, distributed in 4 groups (5 rats in each). Animals in the control group did not receive baclofen. Rats in experimental groups received baclofen at a dose of 85 mg/kg: in the 1st group, the experiment duration was 3 hours (time to maximum observed blood drug concentration); in the 2nd group - 4.5 h (drug half-life and time to maximum observed concentration of the main drug's metabolite - beta-[p-chlorophenyl])-gamma-hydroxybutyric acid in the blood); in the 3rd group - 24 h.

Results: A complex of pathological reactions developed in lungs of experimental animals when baclofen muscle relaxant was administered, namely circulatory disturbances at all levels of the microvasculature (venular and capillary congestion, hemorrhages in the interalveolar septums, alveoli, sludge), emphysema, sites of which punctuated with atelectases and dystelectases. The complex of pathological changes in the lungs had a certain dynamics and reached its highest severity by the 24th hour. Bax expression was strong, while Bcl-2 expression was moderate in the immunohistochemical (IHC) study of bronchical epithelium and alveolar type 1 cells, Bax and Bcl-2 expression in neutrophils was moderate in rats of the 1st group. The expression of Bax and Bcl-2 was strong in the bronchial epithelium and alveolar type 1 cells, the expression of Bax in neutrophils was moderate, and BCL-2 - strong in animals of the 2nd group. The expression of Bax in bronchial epithelium and alveolar type 1 cells was moderate, expression of Bcl-2 in bronchial epithelium and alveolar type 1 cells - strong, expression of Bax in neutrophils - weak and expression of Bcl-2 - strong among the rats of the 3rd group.

Conclusion: The complex of pathological changes in lungs had a certain dynamic. Data on the histological changes in lungs in combination with the results of the chemical study, can be used to diagnose the poisoning by baclofen and to establish the time since the drug was administered. The results obtained during the IHC study suggest the involvement of apoptosis in the development of lesion of bronchial epithelium and alveolar type 1 cells. In addition, the expression of Bcl-2 in epithelial cells may play a role in the process of their regeneration.

Objective: To study the incidence of sudden cardiac death (SCD) among overall and primary morbidity of diseases of the circulatory system (DCS) during the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as several years before it in urban and rural populations of the Penza region.

Material and methods: Statistical analysis of data using correlation (Pearson's coefficient), regression methods, t-test was performed to determine the significance of results.

Results: The higher incidence of DCS among men in urban areas has been found. COVID-19 morbidity did not cause an increase in the incidence of SCD in the rural population in comparison with primary DCS morbidity, which was strongly correlated with the prevalence of novel coronavirus infection.

Objective: To study forensic characteristic of drowning mortality cases in the Russian Federation for the period from 2013 to 2022.

Material and methods: Dynamics and territorial specificity of drowning (in absolute values and in terms of 100 thous. population), proportion of histological examinations, cases of ethanol detection in the blood upon the occurrence of death by drowning and the proportion of children under 14 years among deceased from drowning.

Results and conclusion: The evidence suggests the necessity for intersectoral approaches of preventive measures creation. The results of the study could be used to establish a monitoring system as part of a national water safety strategy.

Comparing pace and standard of living of the world population these days and in the end of the last century, it's quiet true that there has been a significant increase. Therewith, the number of deaths from cardiovascular diseases has increased in recent decades. Scientists around the world attribute this fact to the increase in the number of people with overweight and other metabolic disorders. Unhealthy lifestyle, namely unbalanced diet, stress, bad habits (smoking, alcohol abuse) leads to metabolic disorders and metabolic syndrome development, that, in turn, can be the main risk factor for complications of associated diseases leading to fatal outcome. The present study gives a forensic description of sudden death in metabolic syndrome, its pathomorphological features were investigated, the causes of death were shown, as well as their relationship with biochemical abnormalities in the body.