Sudebno-Meditsinskaya Ekspertisa最新文献

The article presents the results of experimental study of the features of injuries of clothing imitators (coarse calico) and parts of the human body as a result of shots from smoothbore 12-gauge firearms (12×70) with cartridges, equipped with metal alloy and plastic bullets. The distinctive features of morphology of experimental gunshot injuries caused by bullets of different construction have been given.

Thalamus and basal nuclei are deep structures of the brain which play a crucial role in regulating consciousness level. Traumatic injuries in them occur in craniocerebral injury (CCI), post-traumatic alterations - at the 2nd stage of dislocation syndrome. Non-traumatic hemorrhages are most often located in these structures. The existing methods of the brain autopsy study have not been effective enough for their focused detailed examination.

Objective: To develop the rational and effective method of thalamus and basal nuclei autopsy examination for identification of pathomorphological changes and their characteristics.

Material and methods: The brain of 42 males and 31 females aged 18-65 years who died due to CCI at different times of post-traumatic period, as well as 22 males and 25 females aged 35-68 years who died due to various causes of non-violent death, was examined according to autopsy data. The cases were divided into 2 groups for study of the thalamus and basal nuclei: in the 1st group (69 observations) the brain was examined by traditional methods (Virchow, Pitre, Fisher), in the 2nd group (51 observations) - by own developed method.

Results: In the 1st study group hemorrhages in thalamus were found in 15% of cases, in basal nuclei - in 12%, in the 2nd group -hemorrhages in thalamus were identified in 32%, in basal nuclei - in 21% of observations. The application of newly developed method of thalamus and basal nuclei autopsy examination has shown its advisability and efficacy.

Conclusion: The method of autopsy study of the thalamus and basal nuclei has been developed and proposed for practice that will allow to increase the objectivity and evidence of forensic medical examination of the corpse.

The world literature data characterizing the problem of stillbirth are summarized and systematized in this article. We studied scientific publications of the first half of the 20th century discussing issues that are still relevant today: the feasibility of creating a unified system for consideration of the stillbirth criteria, the importance of managing pregnant women in the antenatal period, the need for comprehensive training of doctors in order to prevent stillbirth. Attention has been focused on the features of performing forensic and coroner's autopsies of fetuses and deceased newborns. The current state of the problem of stillbirth has been considered. The importance of using theoretical knowledge in the field of obstetrics and gynecology, pathological anatomy for the purposes of forensic medical practice has been noted.

Two expert reports of medical malpractice cases, in one of which there was a conclusion about the presence of a direct causal relationship with the natural course of the disease, and the other - with the incorrect actions of the doctor, were analyzed. Methodological approaches to solving such issues are discussed. It is recommended to use the logical method of hypothetical elimination of incorrect actions of medical professionals in order to avoid errors.

The importance of the issues of proper medical care registration determined the choice of investigation of the features of forensic medical examinations in assessing the timing of dental care provision based on an analysis of the legislative regulatory framework and court practice on dentistry as the research objective. The study of legislative regulatory documents, official websites of 15 insurance companies and 1800 conclusions of forensic medical experts in civil cases regarding the poor-quality dental care delivery for the 2013-2022 period allowed to reveal the lack of a clear definition of treatment time terms and criteria for completion of dental treatment. Issues of delay in treatment are considered in more than 3% of dental-related court cases, and there is a significant number of complaints about the quality of forensic medical examinations in the matter of the groundlessness of experts' findings by reference to legislative regulations.

Forensic histological studies cover a wide range of scientific and practical tasks: from the time of occurrence of damage and the properties of the damaging factor to the verification of the cause and genesis of death in somatic pathology, traumatic and burn disease. The subject of forensic histology includes a variety of changes in bacterial and viral infections, including in children. The professional level of forensic histological examinations depends on the quality of methodological recommendations and specialized forensic literature. These include the manual Forensic Histology, published in St. Petersburg in 2024.

The article addresses the issue of the preservation of biological traces of various origins (saliva, blood, sweat) over time in the context of the application of dactyloscopic methods. It is emphasized that both fingerprint identification and DNA analysis extracted from traces play a key role in forensic investigations. Particular attention is given to the evaluation of the effectiveness and compatibility of various chemical visualization methods for latent fingerprints with subsequent STR profiling. Comparative data are presented on the impact of reagents on the preservation of genetic material, and practical recommendations are discussed for selecting optimal conditions to integrate dactyloscopic and molecular genetic analyses. As a research objective, an analysis was conducted of the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of DNA extracted from biological samples treated with various chemical reagents used in dactyloscopy. The purpose of the research is to determine the optimal time interval after processing during which DNA remains suitable for genetic analysis. The necessity of a comprehensive approach is substantiated, involving the studying of the condition of biological traces before and after chemical treatment, as well as the monitoring of changes over time. The results obtained may contribute to the development of effective methodological approaches for conducting forensic genetic and dactyloscopic expertises, as well as to enhancing the reliability and validity of expert conclusions.

Objective: To find out the regularities of solar radiation impact on the corpse's temperature field by means of a finite-element simulation of this physical process.

Material and methods: A finite-element simulation of the temperature field of the corpse's head was performed using the ELCUT 6.5 application.

Results: A two-dimensional finite-element model of finding the postmortem temperature field of the head under conditions of convective heat exchange with and without solar radiation, considering the cyclical dynamics of the external temperature and surface density of the heat flow, as well as the presence of shadow zone on the corpse, has been developed. It has been proven during simulation that solar radiation, depending on the heat flow density and the integral sum of absorbed thermal radiation, is accompanied by a proportional heating of the corpse's superficial tissues on the insolation side with delayed change in the temperature gradients' directions and asymmetric temperature field formation. Diffused solar radiation is enough for change of the corpse's cooling dynamics even if its location is not under direct sunlight.

Conclusion: It is recommended to use the finite-element simulation of corpse's cooling in determining the age of death under conditions of combined postmortem heat exchange with the presence of solar radiation.

Forensic diagnosis of drowning as a death cause is a complicated expert task in some cases. Diatom test is still the «gold standard» of drowning diagnosis. Systematic analysis of studies published in the period 2000-2024 in PubMed and Springer Link international databases in English and Russian was carried out to investigate existing scientific developments related to forensic diatomology. The article presents data on current methods of diatom extraction with regard to effectiveness and safety. The obtained results can be used both to form the development direction of this scientific issue, and to realize in practice - introduction of methods into expert practice.

The objective of the study is to develop the methodology for conducting intralaboratory quality control of total IgG investigations in establishing species of the blood by quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using the Russian «IgG-total-ELISA-BEST» kit. A sequential 3-step algorithm presented by the article's authors can be used by experts of forensic biological units in carrying out quantitative ELISA to reveal possible errors that could invalidate the obtained results.