Sudebno-Meditsinskaya Ekspertisa最新文献

The study objective was to investigate the tibia fractures morphology depending on the position of victim at the time of injury when falling from height. The article presents the results of mathematical statistics which was carried out to justify scientifically the expert approach to reconstruction of accident circumstances in a fall from height with various landing options. The study results can be used to determine the position of the victim's body at the moment of landing, as well as to specify the height of fall.

An analysis of literature and regulatory documents with identification of problematic issues of expert assessment of stillbirth is presented. The necessity of implementation of explanations into expert regulatory documents and methodological instructions of «neonatality», «signs of recent birth», «neonatal period», «vitality» concepts according to generally accepted criteria in world and Russian medicine has been shown. The importance of explaining the qualification of the antenatal and intranatal fetal death from a forensic point of view has been presented. The significance of improving the unified methodology for producing commission forensic examinations of obstetric and gynecological profile has been determined. The features of determining the age of intrauterine fetal death, taking into account macro- and microscopic changes have been indicated. The need to re-examine the histological archive of autopsy material and afterbirth has been noted. The importance of interdisciplinary cooperation between doctors - forensic experts, pathologists, obstetrician-gynecologists and neonatologists in order to perform commission forensic examinations in cases of stillbirth has been shown.

Objective: To establish organ affiliation of liver microparticles using forensic cytological method based on hepatocytes' morphological characteristics and to determine their species belonging according to the human IgG_total using a quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

Material and methods: Previously dried microparticles (from 0.2×0.1 to 0.2×0.3 cm in size) of the liver taken from the corpses of 8 people without signs of liver disease were examined. The samples were investigated using forensic cytological and quantitative ELISA methods by the «total-IgG-ELISA-HEMA» test-kit.

Results: The possibility of determining organ affiliation of the liver microparticles based on hepatocytes' morphological characteristics stained with acrichine, acridine orange and azure-eosin has been demonstrated. It has been established that the high sensitivity and specificity of quantitative ELISA allow to determine the origin of liver microparticles from human. Optical density and IgG_total concentration in whole extracts were determined, optimal values of minimum and maximum calibration samples, namely 0.078±0.010-2.372±0.019 c.u., were obtained.

Conclusion: The obtained data can be used by experts of forensic biological units in establishing organ and species affiliation of liver microparticles found on trauma guns using forensic cytology and quantitative ELISA methods.

Objective: To study the response of mouse to postmortem local impact (idiomuscular contracture) with determination of the maximum time of its occurrence.

Material and methods: A device in the form of a metal ruler with applied horizontal metric scale was developed and manufactured in order to standardize the test for idiomuscular contracture. Data of 3480 studies performed on 870 corpses of individuals who died at the age of newborn to 97 years were analyzed.

Results and conclusion: There has been no statistically significant difference in height of the idiomuscular tumor depending on the age of death in any of the studied age groups. It has been established that the death age must be determined in forensic medical examination by qualitative indicators of the idiomuscular contracture, considering the age and general physical condition of the deceased.

Objective: To develop the method of quantitative assessment of the solar radiation influence on the dynamics of postmortem corpse's cooling in determining the age of human death by means of a special modification of a finite-difference (layered) mathematical model.

Material and methods: The studies were carried out on replacing corpse objects of different mass (bags made of dense polyethylene filled with black soil) and on real objects of forensic medical examination - adult corpses of different sexes. All the objects were wrapped in fabric of different colors, imitating clothes, and were studied under conditions of direct solar radiation impact on the body. Temperature of the objects was measured with a highly precise (0.001 °C) digital thermometer in dynamics.

Results: On the basis of the created finite-difference mathematical model, the thermodynamics of objects has been studied and the «solar factor» magnitude has been established depending on the body mass, time of year, clothing fabric brightness (its photoperceptive ability). The formula for calculating the «solar factor» magnitude is proposed for use of its value in the process of simulation the corpse's temperature under the influence of solar radiation and determining the human's postmortem interval.

Conclusion: The ratio of the real postmortem interval and its simulated (calculated) values allowed to estimate a possible error in the death age determination, accumulated over 6.4-8.5 h of observations as ±0.42 h (± 25 min).

The aim of this study is to determine the flow pattern characteristics depending on the angle of inclination of the surface on which bloodstains are formed. A large drip of donor human blood 80 µL was used. Experimental rectilinear strip-shaped flow patterns on the glass were obtained. The surface had a inclination of 30°, 45°, 60°, 75°. With increasing inclination angle, the length of the flow patterns increases from 24.5±0.07 to 48.3±0.02 cm, while the width decreases from 0.8±0.04 to 0.5±0.03 cm. The elements of the flow pattern structure are designated «head», «body» and end part. It is proposed to distinguish two types of flow pattern: the first one is formed when blood flows out of wound, the second one is formed when a drip or a limited blood mass falls on vertical or inclined surface.

The article describes the epistemological prerequisites for the use of special knowledge in the field of forensic medicine in the production of forensic graphology examinations in relation to potentially forged signatures. The authors emphasize the existence of functional unity when considering the process of cognition of such objects as a dynamic stereotype and a writing and motor skills in the performance of graphology examinations with a low level of identifying information content between such sciences as the general theory of forensic examination, methodology of forensic graphology and forensic medicine. Some provisions from earlier works of the famous Soviet and Russian scientist, forensic physician and criminologist V.V. Tomilin are given. The article substantiates the need to include the stage of an expert experiment aimed at increasing the level of cognition of a dynamic stereotype implemented through the writing and motor skills of the performer in the structure of forensic graphology examination in relation to potentially forged signatures. This article is a means of legitimization of the idea being developed by the authors on restructuring of the conclusion of the expert graphologist with the inclusion of the expert experiment stage on a methodological basis of the comprehensive use of specialized knowledge in the field of judicial graphology and forensic medicine in the research process.

In 2024, the 200th anniversary of the first domestic work devoted to the study of gunshot injury was celebrated.

Objective: To present little-known information from the biography of its author, Professor P.P. Einbrodt.

Material and methods: Archival documents and open literary sources devoted to the life and work of the scientist were studied. The methods of historical and literary analysis were used.

Results and conclusion: It has been established that P.P. Einbrodt was a graduate of the Imperial Moscow University, where he began teaching anatomy immediately after graduation, and forensic medicine - in 1835-1836. He wrote his main work on forensic medicine, namely «On gunshot wounds», in 1824, when he was a student. A complete and comprehensive description of gunshot wound was given for the first time in Russian medical science, differential diagnostic signs of entry and exit wounds were presented, a forensic classification of gunshot wounds, based on criteria specific to forensic medicine, such as the damaging properties of a traumatic object (gunshot projectile) and the mechanism of damage formation (depending on the velocity of the gunshot projectile, the properties of the body's damaged part), was presented.

The article considers the main phases of traffic injury (TI) described by A.A. Solokhin in 1968 and their modern application in forensic medical and automotive examination. TI is divided into four sequential phase: collision of vehicle with pedestrian, falling on hood, throwing to the ground and sliding on road surface. An additional intermediate phase occurs at high speed which leads to new injuries. Modern specialized literary sources confirm the data on the mechanisms of interaction between vehicle and pedestrian, focusing on the differences in damage depending on the speed and configuration of the vehicle. The researchers also discuss the consequences of braking and the impact of new technologies, such as SRS electronic units and specialized software, on the quality of automotive examination. The use of security cameras helps to establish the circumstances of an accident, that emphasizes the importance of a comprehensive approach to the analysis of TI. The application of video analysis and modeling programs allows to study more detailed the dynamics of interaction and to establish new mechanisms of TI.

Forming wound canal is one of the main signs of gunshot wound. Its features are related to the following differential diagnostic signs: presence of gunshot wound, its intravitality, prescription, direction of projectile (bullet) movement, power of used weapon, etc.

Objective: To study the mechanisms of wound canal formation in gunshot injury, the pattern of damage to the biological tissues of its walls (mainly, blood vessels), the features of hemorrhages forming around it.

Material and methods: An analysis of special medical and criminalistic literature devoted to gunshot wound, materials (photo and video) which were available on specialized websites, as well as morphological studies of gunshot wounds caused in vivo and experimental postmortem injuries (on rabbits) was carried out. Sampling, grouping, frequency analysis and data comparison, light and electron microscopy of lesions were the study methods.

Results: The maximum destructions of vasculature are observed closely to wound canal walls when a gunshot wound is formed. A hemorrhage is usually symmetric from the entry wound and asymmetric from the exit wound. Eccentricity of hemorrhages in the area of exit wounds s can serve as an additional sign for differential diagnosis of injuries. The severity of vessels' trauma is reduced up to partial damage to only one of their walls with distance from wound canal walls. The vascular wall damage begins on its inner surface (intima). The greatest extent of damage in endothelial cells, forming the capillary walls, is in the furthest area from the center of wound canal.

Conclusion: The identified signs should be considered in forensic medical examinations of gunshot wounds, as well as in substantiating expert's findings.