Sudebno-Meditsinskaya Ekspertisa最新文献

Prerequisite for a valid forensic medical assessment of gunshot wound is knowledge of the mechanisms of its formation under different conditions, in particular - under condition of the bullet's impact through the obstacle.

Objective: To find the most accurate prognostic criterion of wound severity arising from high-energy local exposure to the tissues and organs of the human's chest and abdomen through such a special obstacle as body armour.

Material and methods: Shooting of protective body compositions and experimental animals with ammunition and spherical firing mechanisms with varying impact load, video recording of the occurring high-speed processes, computational diagnosis were carried out.

Results: The characteristics of the forming local rear deformation section without penetration of protective composition of ceramic armour panel have been established. It has been shown that this formation has a round shape, high speed of movement, limited height and large impact impulse. Simulation of impact action with spherical firing mechanisms with different mass showed the possibility of formation of similar damage at different values of kinetic, specific energy and impulse of local impact, as well as damage at similar energy and impulse values in experimental animals. The dependence of the after-penetration local contusion trauma severity is most accurately described by means of such a new criterion as the given specific impulse.

Conclusion: It is advisable to use the new «specific impulse» criterion as the main prognostic criterion of after-penetration local contusion trauma severity.

To assess the age of a living person in forensic medicine, many different methods can be used, one of the most popular is the assessment of dental status, and the most accessible and widespread method of its assessment is the Demirjian method, based on the assessment of the stages of tooth development.

Objective: To diagnose the age of majority using the Demirjian method in the Russian population.

Material and methods: The stages of development of the third molar on 645 OPTG from male and female individuals were analyzed using the Demirjian classification.

Results: The results of the study showed that it is possible to determine the fact of the 18th birthday with a 70% probability by the stage of development of the G tooth. According to the stage of development, H is 98% likely to conclude that the subject is of age.

Conclusion: The Demirjian method for estimating third molars can be successfully used for a comprehensive assessment of the fact of reaching adulthood in the Russian population.

Microcrystalloscopy, though often viewed as a historical technique, continues to offer unique advantages in forensic and toxicological analysis. Its ability to provide rapid, low-cost, and visually distinctive identification of chemical compounds makes it especially relevant in contexts where high-end instrumentation is limited or unavailable. Originally developed in the 19th century, the method gained formal forensic recognition through the work of Maria Dmitrievna Shvaikova, whose legacy remains foundational to the field. In commemoration of Shvaikova's 120th anniversary, we call for renewed scientific attention, collaborative standardization efforts, and broader educational inclusion. Far from being obsolete, microcrystalloscopy represents a flexible, underutilized asset with continued relevance in global forensic science. This review re-examines microcrystalloscopy through a modern lens, highlighting how its core strengths: morphological specificity and operational simplicity, can complement contemporary analytical techniques. We explore recent advancements that are reshaping the method's application. Special attention is given to its evolving role in detecting synthetic drugs, toxicants in biological fluids, and adulterated drug mixtures. Looking forward, we argue that microcrystalloscopy's future depends not on competing with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) or liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), but on serving as a strategic, complementary tool within a tiered analytical framework.

The issue of the effect of prenatal and perinatal pathological processes on the intestinal microbiome of the fetus and newborn requires increased attention.

Objective: To analyze the results of scientific research reflecting the influence of the intestinal microbiome of a newborn on the stages of postembryonic development.

Material and methods: A search for contemporary scientific studies relevant to the review's objectives was conducted in the scientific citation systems eLibrary (RSCI), Web of Science, PubMed, and Scopus. Thirty-three publications relevant to the review's subject matter were analyzed and included in the list.

Results and conclusion: The idea of meconium non-sterility due to maternal-fetal transplantental microbial transition has been confirmed. The diagnostic value of detecting violations of the taxonomic composition of the microbiome lies in optimizing disease prevention and treatment strategies.

Computed tomography is one of the leading methods of neurovisualization. A number of issues remain unclear, especially regarding the use of computed tomography results in forensic practice, despite the long existence of this method. The formation age of traumatic intracranial subdural hematomas (TISDHs) is one of such issues. The article presents the results of own study on the possibilities of age determination of acute TISDHs using the data of a head computed tomography. The authors concluded that the investigation of this issue is promising, identified certain parameters of TISDHs that should be considered when determining the age of TISHDs in acute period.

Objective: To describe the method of corpses' tissues impedance study. Study objects were corpses of male and female humans, model biological objects (pigs) with a known postmortem period; a study subject - tissues impedance indicators. Diagnostic areas were skin/musculocutaneous flap, cartilaginous tissue and tendon. The proposed method allows to methodologically more correctly record the dynamics of whole corpse's tissues impedance in a long postmortem period. The use of model biological objects allows: to standardize the data obtained from the experiment on such criteria as date of death, age of the object, thickness of subcutaneous adipose tissue and a number of other characteristics; to expand the database of impedance indicators and carry out a full statistical analysis thereof.

The article shows the role of long-lasting postmortem spinal reflexes' potential in rigor mortis development on an example of fatal railway injury. Strokes with metal rod on both biceps caused a spinal reflex (forearms' flexion in elbow joints and fingers) instead of an idiomuscular tumor with simultaneous development of a pronounced rigor mortis of the upper limbs on the decapitated corpse of a 20-year-old woman 7.25 h after death.

The article presents the results of an experimental study of the stability of total PSA in samples from sperm dried on gauze, diluted with distilled water. The goal of the work was to establish the dynamics of activity and stability of total PSA samples in the prepared extracts. The research material included samples of seminal fluid dried on gauze. The study was carried out using a quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Measurements in the samples were carried out 5 times during the working day. The results obtained allowed us to prove a significant decrease in total PSA activity in extracts from sperm stains on gauze for 6 hours at room temperature (+18-20 °C). The results of the study, confirmed by statistical analysis data, can be taken into account in the case of using the quantitative enzyme immunoassay method to determine the presence of sperm on material evidence during forensic biological examinations.

A variant of calculating the error in determining the postmortem period of a person caused by the accuracy of measuring the temperatures of the corpse and the external environment, and its consideration during the examination based on the example of practical forensic medical observation, is presented. The calculation method is implemented on the basis of the C. Henssge mathematical model. The authors of the article implemented an algorithm for calculating the instrumental error of determining of the postmortem interval using the thermal method in the form of Microsoft Excel sheet for practical application.

Due to the difficulty of proving the composition of crimes related to occupying the highest position in the criminal hierarchy, a study was conducted aimed at searching for morphogenetic features of criminals in this category. Research material: fingerprint cards of 46 «thieves in law». Comparative material: fingerprint cards of 97 serial killers and 1.032 law-abiding citizens. The types of papillary patterns were recognized in the fingerprints. Based on the frequency analysis, numerous intergroup differences of dermatoglyphic signs were revealed (statistically significant at the level of p<0.05). The «thieves in law» are characterized by the presence of a transitional type of pattern, the relatively frequent occurrence of arc and curl types of patterns, left-sided asymmetry of pattern types on the fingers of the radial group, right-sided asymmetry on the fingers of the ulnar group, the minimum severity of the radial-ulnar gradient on the fingers of the right hand and its maximum severity on the fingers of the left hand. In total, 17 diagnostically significant signs were found for the differential diagnosis of «thieves in law» with law-abiding citizens and 11 more signs with serial killers. An integral assessment of the informativeness of a complex of diagnostically significant dermatoglyphic signs showed that on their basis, in 1/3 of cases, a probabilistic (p≈0.90) judgment about the group affiliation of the examined person is possible. The diagnostic results should be considered as the basis for a more complete and comprehensive (criminological, social, psychological, medical and biological) study of the identity of the person being checked (the criminal).