Mohit Somani, M. Datta, G. Ramana, T. Sreekrishnan, Ingo Hölzle
This paper presents the analysis of release of dark-colored leachate from soil-like material (SLM) mined from three old municipal solid waste dump sites of before its reuse as earth-fill. If SLM is to be re-used in earth-fill, the release of dark-colored leachate can cause coloration of the surrounding water bodies. Laboratory studies (in terms of single batch leaching) were undertaken to quantify the release of color and identify the source/cause of the phenomenon. Influence of repeated washing, heating at various temperature, and aeration of SLM on the intensity of release of color was identified. Correlation of color with total dissolved solids and volatile dissolved solids was also established. The intensity of color of water extract from SLM in platinum cobalt unit (PCU) was found to in the range of 288-712, 465-485 and 740-925 from Delhi, Kadapa and Hyderabad dumpsites respectively. In contrast, the intensity of color in water released from local soils was found to be 25-30 PCU. Organic content present in SLM was identified as the primary cause for the release of color. Results showed that large quantity of water (70-120 ml per gram of SLM) was required to cause significant reduction in the intensity of color. Heating of SLM to 500°C was observed to reduce the color very effectively but short-term aeration of SLM did not reduce color. Good correlation of volatile dissolved solids with color was observed which further confirmed the organic content as the main reason for the release of dark-colored leachate from SLM.
{"title":"Factors Affecting the Intensity of Color Released In Water Extract by Soil-Like Material Obtained From Mining of Old MSW Dumps","authors":"Mohit Somani, M. Datta, G. Ramana, T. Sreekrishnan, Ingo Hölzle","doi":"10.5276/jswtm/2022.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5276/jswtm/2022.13","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents the analysis of release of dark-colored leachate from soil-like material (SLM) mined from three old municipal solid waste dump sites of before its reuse as earth-fill. If SLM is to be re-used in earth-fill, the release of dark-colored leachate can cause coloration\u0000 of the surrounding water bodies. Laboratory studies (in terms of single batch leaching) were undertaken to quantify the release of color and identify the source/cause of the phenomenon. Influence of repeated washing, heating at various temperature, and aeration of SLM on the intensity of release\u0000 of color was identified. Correlation of color with total dissolved solids and volatile dissolved solids was also established. The intensity of color of water extract from SLM in platinum cobalt unit (PCU) was found to in the range of 288-712, 465-485 and 740-925 from Delhi, Kadapa and Hyderabad\u0000 dumpsites respectively. In contrast, the intensity of color in water released from local soils was found to be 25-30 PCU. Organic content present in SLM was identified as the primary cause for the release of color. Results showed that large quantity of water (70-120 ml per gram of SLM) was\u0000 required to cause significant reduction in the intensity of color. Heating of SLM to 500°C was observed to reduce the color very effectively but short-term aeration of SLM did not reduce color. Good correlation of volatile dissolved solids with color was observed which further confirmed\u0000 the organic content as the main reason for the release of dark-colored leachate from SLM.","PeriodicalId":35783,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Solid Waste Technology and Management","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43918234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study analyzed the cost – benefit of manure resource utilization using micro-investigation data of 89 large-scale dairy farms in Horinger County and Tumote Zuoqi, Inner Mongolia, China. Results showed that the applicable economic utilization modes of manure resources in smalland medium-scale farms are fertilizer sale and bedding production, respectively. However, the lack of market demand for organic fertilizer and technical equipment restricts their promotion of applicable economic models. Large- and ultra-large-scale farms are using manure resources as fertilizer, which is limited owing to the shortage of supporting cultivated land. Moreover, farms of different scales did not make profit from the utilization of manure resources, where large-scale farms suffered the highest degree of loss. Therefore, this study proposes to strengthen the supervision of, and technical support, for large-scale farms, completely promote tripartite governance, increase technology research, and encourage the implementation of cooperative planting and breeding and other countermeasures.
{"title":"Optimization of Solid Waste Resource Utilization Mode Of Different-scale Dairy Farms from the Cost – Benefit Perspective","authors":"Pei Jie, Qiao Guanghua","doi":"10.5276/jswtm/2022.137","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5276/jswtm/2022.137","url":null,"abstract":"This study analyzed the cost – benefit of manure resource utilization using micro-investigation data of 89 large-scale dairy farms in Horinger County and Tumote Zuoqi, Inner Mongolia, China. Results showed that the applicable economic utilization modes of manure resources in smalland\u0000 medium-scale farms are fertilizer sale and bedding production, respectively. However, the lack of market demand for organic fertilizer and technical equipment restricts their promotion of applicable economic models. Large- and ultra-large-scale farms are using manure resources as fertilizer,\u0000 which is limited owing to the shortage of supporting cultivated land. Moreover, farms of different scales did not make profit from the utilization of manure resources, where large-scale farms suffered the highest degree of loss. Therefore, this study proposes to strengthen the supervision\u0000 of, and technical support, for large-scale farms, completely promote tripartite governance, increase technology research, and encourage the implementation of cooperative planting and breeding and other countermeasures.","PeriodicalId":35783,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Solid Waste Technology and Management","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43602093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this study, Textile industry and Paper industry sludge were collected, studied, analyzed, proportioned and optimized for the production of construction materials like fly ash bricks, paver blocks, concrete blocks etc. Studies were done as per the recommendations of BIS standards. The study shows feasible waste utilization by replacing cement with two industrial sludges (textile and hypo sludge) up to 30% in different building materials like bricks, hollow concrete blocks, paver blocks and other concrete works.
{"title":"Potential Utilization of Industry Waste Through Solidification","authors":"P. Velumani","doi":"10.5276/jswtm/2022.100","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5276/jswtm/2022.100","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, Textile industry and Paper industry sludge were collected, studied, analyzed, proportioned and optimized for the production of construction materials like fly ash bricks, paver blocks, concrete blocks etc. Studies were done as per the recommendations of BIS standards.\u0000 The study shows feasible waste utilization by replacing cement with two industrial sludges (textile and hypo sludge) up to 30% in different building materials like bricks, hollow concrete blocks, paver blocks and other concrete works.","PeriodicalId":35783,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Solid Waste Technology and Management","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44282065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Urbanization has significantly increased the rate of waste generation as well mount pressure on the available resources for continual existence of human on planet earth. This therefore necessitated the conversion of agricultural wastes to usable form. This study is aimed to investigate the influence of alkali pre-treatment on briquettes produced from watermelon peels. The macerated starch-bonded watermelon peel (MSWP) and unmacerated starch-bonded watermelon peel (USWP) samples were molded and analyzed. Proximate analysis, FourierTransform Infrared (FTIR) analysis, Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Calorific values, density and compressive strength, among other properties, were determined for the fabricated briquettes. The recorded calorific values of both MSWP and USWP were 22.43±0.14MJ/Kg and 13.45±0.1 MJ/Kg respectively at p < 0.05. While the volatile matter values were 59.98±0.19 and 67.01±0.32 for MSWP and USWP respectively. It took USWP approximately 15.14 minutes to boil 1000 cm3 of water, while MSWP boiled same quantity of water in 11.219 minutes. Both FTIR and SEM show a morphological restructuring with C-O vibrational stretch of 1037 cm-1 in USWP and at 1019 cm-1 for mercerized MSWP. The finding of this study shows that both the alkali-treated and untreated water melon peel can be used for fuel briquette production. However mercerization improves the combustion property when compared to the untreated briquette samples.
{"title":"Influence of Alkali Pre-Treatment on Properties Of Watermelon Peels Briquettes","authors":"A. Bamisaye, Ige Ayodeji Rapheal","doi":"10.5276/jswtm/2022.116","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5276/jswtm/2022.116","url":null,"abstract":"Urbanization has significantly increased the rate of waste generation as well mount pressure on the available resources for continual existence of human on planet earth. This therefore necessitated the conversion of agricultural wastes to usable form. This study is aimed to investigate\u0000 the influence of alkali pre-treatment on briquettes produced from watermelon peels. The macerated starch-bonded watermelon peel (MSWP) and unmacerated starch-bonded watermelon peel (USWP) samples were molded and analyzed. Proximate analysis, FourierTransform Infrared (FTIR) analysis, Scanning\u0000 electron microscopy (SEM), Calorific values, density and compressive strength, among other properties, were determined for the fabricated briquettes. The recorded calorific values of both MSWP and USWP were 22.43±0.14MJ/Kg and 13.45±0.1 MJ/Kg respectively at p < 0.05. While\u0000 the volatile matter values were 59.98±0.19 and 67.01±0.32 for MSWP and USWP respectively. It took USWP approximately 15.14 minutes to boil 1000 cm3 of water, while MSWP boiled same quantity of water in 11.219 minutes. Both FTIR and SEM show a morphological restructuring\u0000 with C-O vibrational stretch of 1037 cm-1 in USWP and at 1019 cm-1 for mercerized MSWP. The finding of this study shows that both the alkali-treated and untreated water melon peel can be used for fuel briquette production. However mercerization improves the combustion\u0000 property when compared to the untreated briquette samples.","PeriodicalId":35783,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Solid Waste Technology and Management","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49244745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The effects of ultrasonication on the precipitation of precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC) based on mineral carbonation are investigated in a CaCl2-NH4Cl-NH3-H2O system. The experimental results show that high ultrasonic power can delay the induction period of the reaction, and that the pH and conductivity change little as the ultrasonic power changes. The structure of PCC changes from mature, large and spherical particles into aggregates composed of a large number of loose crystals, and a larger proportion of vaterite transforms into calcite under an ultrasonic power of 0% to 30%, which leads to the ultrasonic scouring action. When the ultrasonic power is increased to 60% and 90%, the particle size of PCC decreases, and the proportion of vaterite increases as the ultrasonic power increased further as a result of the high saturation during the prolonged induction period induced by ultrasonication and of the high-power ultrasonic waves shattering the agglomerates rather than scouring the crystal surface.
{"title":"The Effects of Ultrasonication on the Precipitation Of Precipitated Calcium Carbonate (PCC) Through Mineral Carbonation in a CaCl2-NH4 Cl-NH3-H2O SYSTEM","authors":"Zhibo Tong, Zhaojun Tan, Jiang Wang","doi":"10.5276/jswtm/2022.110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5276/jswtm/2022.110","url":null,"abstract":"The effects of ultrasonication on the precipitation of precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC) based on mineral carbonation are investigated in a CaCl2-NH4Cl-NH3-H2O system. The experimental results show that high ultrasonic power can delay the\u0000 induction period of the reaction, and that the pH and conductivity change little as the ultrasonic power changes. The structure of PCC changes from mature, large and spherical particles into aggregates composed of a large number of loose crystals, and a larger proportion of vaterite transforms\u0000 into calcite under an ultrasonic power of 0% to 30%, which leads to the ultrasonic scouring action. When the ultrasonic power is increased to 60% and 90%, the particle size of PCC decreases, and the proportion of vaterite increases as the ultrasonic power increased further as a result of the\u0000 high saturation during the prolonged induction period induced by ultrasonication and of the high-power ultrasonic waves shattering the agglomerates rather than scouring the crystal surface.","PeriodicalId":35783,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Solid Waste Technology and Management","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46743854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The in-vessel composting is considered as an environmentally sound method for the treatment and disposal of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) as it produces good quality compost with lesser environmental impacts. In this study, the process was accelerated and the composting time was reduced using various industrial organic wastes as inoculums in a vertical in-vessel reactor with stirrer arrangement. This study examined the process kinetics which aims to show the interdependency between biological, chemical & physical factors. It is also the extension of the previous work which dealt with composting of the organic fraction of municipal solid waste. The rate of degradation of volatile solids, TOC and C/N ratio are presented in First-order kinetic model and reaction rate constants are determined. The different inoculums used are yeast sludge, spent wash, distillery effluent and sugar sludge. Yeast sludge has the highest R2 values such as 0.979, 0.978 and 0.986 for VS, TOC and C/N ratio respectively. The R2 value of C/N ratio for the sugar sludge is 0.983. From the kinetic study, it can be concluded that the yeast sludge can be a better option when compared with other sludge to accelerate the process of composting.
{"title":"Kinetics of MSW Biodegradation with Different Inocula In Laboratory In-Vessel Reactor","authors":"V. Damodharan, J. Padmapriya","doi":"10.5276/jswtm/2022.65","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5276/jswtm/2022.65","url":null,"abstract":"The in-vessel composting is considered as an environmentally sound method for the treatment and disposal of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) as it produces good quality compost with lesser environmental impacts. In this study, the process was accelerated and the composting time was reduced\u0000 using various industrial organic wastes as inoculums in a vertical in-vessel reactor with stirrer arrangement. This study examined the process kinetics which aims to show the interdependency between biological, chemical & physical factors. It is also the extension of the previous work\u0000 which dealt with composting of the organic fraction of municipal solid waste. The rate of degradation of volatile solids, TOC and C/N ratio are presented in First-order kinetic model and reaction rate constants are determined. The different inoculums used are yeast sludge, spent wash, distillery\u0000 effluent and sugar sludge. Yeast sludge has the highest R2 values such as 0.979, 0.978 and 0.986 for VS, TOC and C/N ratio respectively. The R2 value of C/N ratio for the sugar sludge is 0.983. From the kinetic study, it can be concluded that the yeast sludge can be a\u0000 better option when compared with other sludge to accelerate the process of composting.","PeriodicalId":35783,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Solid Waste Technology and Management","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45140100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Paulo Henrique Franco Rocha, Ana Keuly Luz Bezerra, J. M. Moita Neto
The World Health Organization recommends home care for patients with Covid-19 who have mild symptoms. In home confinement, the infected continue their routine of consumption and generation of waste. Public services must be adjusted to deal with the collection and management of contaminated waste and thus reduce likely additional impacts. In order to verify whether Brazilian municipalities are aware of the recommendations for the protection of urban solid waste collectors, this study analyzed the capacity of municipalities to adapt to the set of official recommendations for the management of contaminated household solid waste by Covid 19. Using a hypothetical-deductive method of bibliographic, documentary and exploratory character, theoretical aspects related to the management of solid waste are initially addressed; second, documentary research in the SNIS 2018, ANVISA, CONAMA, ABES and ABRELPE databases. It was found that Covid-19 exposed the pre-existing problems and deficiencies in public cleaning and MSW management in Brazil. It was clear that the management of MSW in small Brazilian municipalities is similar, as well as the indicators of MSW management reveal problems when compared to the PNRS of Brazil. Such disorder is aggravated by the lack of planning for the integrated management of urban solid waste.
{"title":"Household Solid Waste: an Assessment Of the Impacts of Covid-19 on Preventive Practices In Brazilian Public Management","authors":"Paulo Henrique Franco Rocha, Ana Keuly Luz Bezerra, J. M. Moita Neto","doi":"10.5276/jswtm/2022.47","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5276/jswtm/2022.47","url":null,"abstract":"The World Health Organization recommends home care for patients with Covid-19 who have mild symptoms. In home confinement, the infected continue their routine of consumption and generation of waste. Public services must be adjusted to deal with the collection and management of contaminated\u0000 waste and thus reduce likely additional impacts. In order to verify whether Brazilian municipalities are aware of the recommendations for the protection of urban solid waste collectors, this study analyzed the capacity of municipalities to adapt to the set of official recommendations for the\u0000 management of contaminated household solid waste by Covid 19. Using a hypothetical-deductive method of bibliographic, documentary and exploratory character, theoretical aspects related to the management of solid waste are initially addressed; second, documentary research in the SNIS 2018,\u0000 ANVISA, CONAMA, ABES and ABRELPE databases. It was found that Covid-19 exposed the pre-existing problems and deficiencies in public cleaning and MSW management in Brazil. It was clear that the management of MSW in small Brazilian municipalities is similar, as well as the indicators of MSW\u0000 management reveal problems when compared to the PNRS of Brazil. Such disorder is aggravated by the lack of planning for the integrated management of urban solid waste.","PeriodicalId":35783,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Solid Waste Technology and Management","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42566468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper, a non-ionic surfactant, Triton 100 (TX-100), was employed for the remediation of waste drilling mud and the effects of various parameters on the petroleum hydrocarbon removal efficiencies were determined. Contact time, surfactant concentration, and temperature were considered as the three significant factors affecting the removal efficiencies of different fractions of petroleum hydrocarbons. The results suggested that a contact time of 30 minutes is quite sufficient for the remediation of waste drilling mud while the effect of temperature was negligible. Increasing the surfactant concentration may also increase the efficiency of the drilling mud remediation to a certain point. It was concluded that in optimized conditions, the petroleum hydrocarbon removal efficiencies of up to 70% can be achieved using the Triton 100.
{"title":"Remediation of Waste Drilling Mud Using Surfactantenhanced Washing: Influencing Factors and Petroleum Hydrocarbon Removal","authors":"H. H. Nejad","doi":"10.5276/jswtm/2022.90","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5276/jswtm/2022.90","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, a non-ionic surfactant, Triton 100 (TX-100), was employed for the remediation of waste drilling mud and the effects of various parameters on the petroleum hydrocarbon removal efficiencies were determined. Contact time, surfactant concentration, and temperature were considered\u0000 as the three significant factors affecting the removal efficiencies of different fractions of petroleum hydrocarbons. The results suggested that a contact time of 30 minutes is quite sufficient for the remediation of waste drilling mud while the effect of temperature was negligible. Increasing\u0000 the surfactant concentration may also increase the efficiency of the drilling mud remediation to a certain point. It was concluded that in optimized conditions, the petroleum hydrocarbon removal efficiencies of up to 70% can be achieved using the Triton 100.","PeriodicalId":35783,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Solid Waste Technology and Management","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48768065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Phindile Madikizela, Chidinma Iheanetu, R. Laubscher, Jonathan Britton, R. Tandlich
In this study, alkali modified coal fly ash (MFA) and unmodified coal fly ash (unMFA) were applied, as pit latrine additives to eliminate faecal coliforms from synthetic faeces (SF), which were used as a proxy for real pit latrine waste. The X-ray diffractogram spectrum showed that mullite and quartz were converted into hydroxysilicate. Two separate studies were run over a period of seven weeks. The first study had the treatment combinations of SF: MFA, SF: unMFA, SF: MFA: synthetic greywater (SGW), SF: unMFA: SGW, SF: MFA: synthetic urine (SU), SF: unMFA: SU and SF (as a control) while the second study consisted of the combinations of SF: MFA, SF: unMFA, SF: MFA: lime (6g), SF: unMFA: lime (12g), SF: MFA: lime (24g), SF: unMFA: lime (50g) respectively. The pH in both studies ranged between 7.07 and 12.38. The average initial concentrations of faecal coliforms from each of the experimental treatments ranged from 9.96 x 106 to 1.06 x107 ± 2 x106 cfu/g of dry weight on the first day of the experiment. However, they were removed completely after 7 days with no regrowth for a period of 7 weeks indicating removal of faecal coliforms to level below the detection limits of the enumeration technique used. On the first study on the fourth week, faecal coliforms reappeared in the pit latrine treatment SF: MFA: SU (5.60 x 105 ± 8.66 x 105 cfu/g dry weight) followed by SF: MFA (1.78 x 105 ± 2.89 x 105 cfu/g dry weight) but thereafter could not be detected (detection limit was 545 cfu/ g dry weight of SF) for the remainder of the study. The concentration of chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonium, phosphate ranged between 6.35 x102 ± 1.26x102 – 22.11 x102, 0.116±0.091 – 21.38 x102 ± 1.77x102 and 1.35x102 ±0.348 – 31.18x102 ±0.348 mg/g of dry weight respectively while nitrate concentration was zero. In conclusion, both studies showed that MFA and unMFA can be used as pit latrine additives for the removal of pathogenic microorganisms, however, the contents of the pit latrine might have an influence on how fast and effective the additive might be as shown in the first study where SU or SGW were introduced.
在本研究中，使用碱改性粉煤灰（MFA）和未改性粉灰（unMFA）作为坑厕添加剂，从合成粪便（SF）中消除粪便大肠菌群，这些粪便被用作真正坑厕废物的替代品。X射线衍射图谱表明，莫来石和石英转变为羟基硅酸盐。两项独立的研究在七周内进行。第一项研究采用SF:MFA、SF:unMFA、SF:MFA：合成灰水（SGW）、SF:unMFA:SGW、SF:MFA:合成尿（SU）、SF:unMFA:SU和SF的处理组合（作为对照），而第二项研究分别采用SF:MVA、SF:unMFA、SF：MFA:石灰（6g）、SF：unMFA：石灰（12g）、SF:MVA：石灰（24g）、SF:unMFA:石灰（50g）的组合。两项研究的pH值均在7.07至12.38之间。实验第一天，每个实验处理的粪便大肠菌群的平均初始浓度范围为9.96 x 106至1.06 x107±2 x106 cfu/g干重。然而，它们在7天后被完全去除，在7周内没有再生，这表明粪便大肠菌群的去除水平低于所用计数技术的检测限。在第四周的第一项研究中，坑式厕所处理SF:MFA:SU（5.60 x 105±8.66 x 105 cfu/g干重）中再次出现粪便大肠菌群，然后是SF:MFA（1.78 x 105±2.89 x 105 cfug/g干重），但此后在研究的剩余时间内无法检测到（检测限为545 cfu/g SF干重）。硝酸盐浓度为零时，化学需氧量（COD）、铵、磷酸盐的浓度范围分别为6.35 x102±1.26x102–22.11 x102、0.116±0.091–21.38 x102±1.77x102和1.35x102±0.348–31.18x102±0.348 mg/g干重。总之，两项研究都表明，MFA和unMFA可以用作坑厕添加剂，用于去除病原微生物，然而，坑厕的含量可能会影响添加剂的速度和有效性，如引入SU或SGW的第一项研究所示。
{"title":"Assessment of Alkali Modified Coal Fly Ash As a Potential Pit Latrine Additive for Elimination of Pathogens Using Synthetic Faeces As Proxy","authors":"Phindile Madikizela, Chidinma Iheanetu, R. Laubscher, Jonathan Britton, R. Tandlich","doi":"10.5276/jswtm/2022.75","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5276/jswtm/2022.75","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, alkali modified coal fly ash (MFA) and unmodified coal fly ash (unMFA) were applied, as pit latrine additives to eliminate faecal coliforms from synthetic faeces (SF), which were used as a proxy for real pit latrine waste. The X-ray diffractogram spectrum showed that\u0000 mullite and quartz were converted into hydroxysilicate. Two separate studies were run over a period of seven weeks. The first study had the treatment combinations of SF: MFA, SF: unMFA, SF: MFA: synthetic greywater (SGW), SF: unMFA: SGW, SF: MFA: synthetic urine (SU), SF: unMFA: SU and SF\u0000 (as a control) while the second study consisted of the combinations of SF: MFA, SF: unMFA, SF: MFA: lime (6g), SF: unMFA: lime (12g), SF: MFA: lime (24g), SF: unMFA: lime (50g) respectively. The pH in both studies ranged between 7.07 and 12.38. The average initial concentrations of faecal\u0000 coliforms from each of the experimental treatments ranged from 9.96 x 106 to 1.06 x107 ± 2 x106 cfu/g of dry weight on the first day of the experiment. However, they were removed completely after 7 days with no regrowth for a period of 7 weeks indicating\u0000 removal of faecal coliforms to level below the detection limits of the enumeration technique used. On the first study on the fourth week, faecal coliforms reappeared in the pit latrine treatment SF: MFA: SU (5.60 x 105 ± 8.66 x 105 cfu/g dry weight) followed by\u0000 SF: MFA (1.78 x 105 ± 2.89 x 105 cfu/g dry weight) but thereafter could not be detected (detection limit was 545 cfu/ g dry weight of SF) for the remainder of the study. The concentration of chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonium, phosphate ranged between 6.35\u0000 x102 ± 1.26x102 – 22.11 x102, 0.116±0.091 – 21.38 x102 ± 1.77x102 and 1.35x102 ±0.348 – 31.18x102 ±0.348 mg/g of dry weight respectively while nitrate concentration\u0000 was zero. In conclusion, both studies showed that MFA and unMFA can be used as pit latrine additives for the removal of pathogenic microorganisms, however, the contents of the pit latrine might have an influence on how fast and effective the additive might be as shown in the first study where\u0000 SU or SGW were introduced.","PeriodicalId":35783,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Solid Waste Technology and Management","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46777462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Use of plastics for many day to day applications has replaced traditional materials like glass or metal. Among the five most common plastics, i.e., Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET), Low-density polyethylene (LDPE), Linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) and High-density polyethylene (HDPE), all forms of polyethylene are used in packaging and production of different products like shopping bags, food wrappers, water bottles etc. essentially used in day to day life. Thermoplastics unlike thermosets are used extensively as they can be recycled again with reheating process and hence cost effective. Aggregation of this on landfill area due to its natural resistance to degradation affects soil fertility by resisting penetration of water and air into the earth. Various procedures and techniques exist to manage plastic waste, yet natural bioremediation is broadly an acknowledged eco-accommodating strategy. In the current investigation, nineteen different fungal strains were screened with different types of polyethylene materials (powders and beads of HDPE, LDPE & LLDPE) to determine their potential of biodegradation. Degradation of polyethylene material was determined by observing the zone of clearance and weight reduction. Results indicated ten fungal strains to be potential in degrading polyethylene which could be considered promising to be used for sustainable plastic waste management.
{"title":"Screening of Fungal Microbiome to Identify Potential Polyethylene Degrading Fungi","authors":"M. Mewada, S. Albert, Amee Taunk, K. Bhatt","doi":"10.5276/jswtm/2021.619","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5276/jswtm/2021.619","url":null,"abstract":"Use of plastics for many day to day applications has replaced traditional materials like glass or metal. Among the five most common plastics, i.e., Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET), Low-density polyethylene (LDPE), Linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) and High-density polyethylene\u0000 (HDPE), all forms of polyethylene are used in packaging and production of different products like shopping bags, food wrappers, water bottles etc. essentially used in day to day life. Thermoplastics unlike thermosets are used extensively as they can be recycled again with reheating process\u0000 and hence cost effective. Aggregation of this on landfill area due to its natural resistance to degradation affects soil fertility by resisting penetration of water and air into the earth. Various procedures and techniques exist to manage plastic waste, yet natural bioremediation is broadly\u0000 an acknowledged eco-accommodating strategy. In the current investigation, nineteen different fungal strains were screened with different types of polyethylene materials (powders and beads of HDPE, LDPE & LLDPE) to determine their potential of biodegradation. Degradation of polyethylene\u0000 material was determined by observing the zone of clearance and weight reduction. Results indicated ten fungal strains to be potential in degrading polyethylene which could be considered promising to be used for sustainable plastic waste management.","PeriodicalId":35783,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Solid Waste Technology and Management","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48799045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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