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Comparison of Landfill Site Suitability Assessment Using Ahp and Fuzzy Ahp Methods Ahp法与模糊Ahp法评价垃圾填埋场适宜性的比较
Q4 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2021-11-01 DOI: 10.5276/jswtm/2021.746
S. Fatima, Z. H. Ash’aari, M. Ramli, A. H. Sharaai, M. Chaudhry
Landfill site selection is a multi-criteria decision problem and has strategic value for various countries. The conventional method for landfill site selection is not enough to address the vague nature of linguistic assessment. An integrated Fuzzy AHP method was used to resolve this issue. Suitability maps produced by conventional Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and integrated Fuzzy AHP methods were compared and validated, which adds a new dimension in the waste management field. Various environmental, socio-economic, and infrastructure factors were used as predictors, which included groundwater level, soil type, slope, land cover, distance to settlements, railways, roads, surface water sources, airport, power lines, wells, and protected areas. Relative Operation Characteristic (ROC) analyses gave results of 0.77 and 0.86 for the suitability maps of AHP and Fuzzy AHP, respectively. The landfill site suitability maps produced from this study could help urban planners, engineers, decision-makers, and land-use developers to make suitable decisions. Furthermore, the resulted integrated model showed the best suitability that could be implemented to resolve the fundamental landfill siting problems in other cities of Pakistan.
垃圾填埋场选址是一个多标准决策问题,对各国都具有战略价值。传统的垃圾填埋场选址方法不足以解决语言评估的模糊性。采用模糊层次分析法解决了这一问题。对传统层次分析法(AHP)和综合模糊AHP法生成的适宜性图进行了比较和验证,为废物管理领域增加了一个新的维度。各种环境、社会经济和基础设施因素被用作预测因素,包括地下水位、土壤类型、坡度、土地覆盖、与定居点、铁路、道路、地表水源、机场、电线、水井和保护区的距离。AHP和模糊AHP的适用性图的相对操作特征(ROC)分析结果分别为0.77和0.86。这项研究产生的垃圾填埋场适宜性地图可以帮助城市规划者、工程师、决策者和土地利用开发商做出适当的决定。此外,所得到的综合模型显示出最佳的适用性,可用于解决巴基斯坦其他城市的基本垃圾填埋场选址问题。
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引用次数: 1
Production of Pyrolytic Oil from Cassava Peel Wastes 木薯皮废渣生产热解油的研究
Q4 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2021-11-01 DOI: 10.5276/jswtm/2021.726
B. Adeboye, S. Obayopo, A. Asere, I. Okediran
This study investigated the production of pyrolytic oil from cassava peel wastes. Pyrolysis is a very important thermochemical method for converting biomass into biofuel. In recent times, the production of biofuel has taken center stage due to concerns over the sustainability of conventional energy sources. Pyrolysis has received much attention by researchers because it can be used to optimize the production of high calorific value pyrolytic oil. A fixed bed pyrolysing unit was constructed for the production of liquid fuel in this study. Cassava peels were pyrolysed in the reactor. The temperature of reaction was varied to investigate the effect of temperature variation on the product distribution in terms of the percentage weight distribution and the calorific value of the pyrolytic oil. A maximum pyrolytic oil yield of 28.4 wt.% was obtained at 500 °C. The effect of temperature changes on calorific value was also investigated and it was observed that the maximum calorific value of 29.7 MJ/kg was obtained at 600°C.
研究了利用木薯果皮废弃物生产热解油的工艺。热解是将生物质转化为生物燃料的一种重要热化学方法。近年来,由于对传统能源可持续性的担忧,生物燃料的生产已成为人们关注的焦点。热解技术因其可用于高热值热解油的优化生产而受到研究人员的广泛关注。本研究建立了一套用于生产液体燃料的固定床热解装置。木薯皮在反应器中进行了热解。通过改变反应温度,考察温度变化对产物质量百分比分布和热解油热值分布的影响。在500℃时,热解油收率最高可达28.4 wt.%。研究了温度变化对热值的影响,发现在600℃时热值最高可达29.7 MJ/kg。
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引用次数: 1
Study on Strength and Deformation Characteristics of Expansive Soils Treated with Lime-biomass Ash 二灰处理膨胀土的强度和变形特性研究
Q4 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2021-11-01 DOI: 10.5276/jswtm/2021.653
Deheng Zhang, Fenqiang Xu, Yan Zhang, Fang Li
This paper investigates the strength deformation of the lime-biomass ash treated expansive soils. The unconfined compressive strength, one-dimensional compression of the modified expansive soil of compaction were studied. The results showed that the maximum dry density and optimum moisture content of expansive soil decreased with the increase of lime and biomass ash content; The unconfined compressive strength test results show that there is no remarkable change in the unconfined compressive strength of the soils immediately treated with biomass ash, but the sample after 7 days of curing period of strength has been greatly improved, especially after the addition of lime is more obvious; the compression coefficient, the rebound coefficient of the saturated expansive soil with lime-biomass ash is significantly smaller than saturated expansive soil. The compressive modulus of the modified expansive soil increases with the increase of vertical pressure, which reflects the hardness of the improved expansive soil.
研究了石灰-生物质灰处理膨胀土的强度变形特性。对改良膨胀土的无侧限抗压强度、一维抗压性能进行了研究。结果表明:膨胀土的最大干密度和最佳含水率随石灰和生物质灰分含量的增加而减小;无侧限抗压强度试验结果表明,立即加生物质灰处理的土的无侧限抗压强度变化不显著,但养护期7天后的试样强度有较大提高,特别是加石灰后的强度提高更为明显;石灰-生物质灰饱和膨胀土的压缩系数、回弹系数均显著小于饱和膨胀土。改良膨胀土的压缩模量随竖向压力的增大而增大,反映了改良膨胀土的硬度。
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引用次数: 0
An Assessment of the Effectiveness of Fema's Pilot Program for Debris Removal After Hurricanes Fema飓风后碎片清除试点项目的有效性评估
Q4 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2021-11-01 DOI: 10.5276/jswtm/2021.643
Julia Crowley
Hurricane debris poses significant challenges in the post-disaster environment and can result in a variety of debris types. The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) has put forth efforts to address these challenges through the development of their Pilot Program for Debris Removal that provides guidance and incentives for United States communities to develop FEMA-approved debris management plans. While the literature supports the need for pre-event debris management planning, there appears to be a lack of research that evaluates the effectiveness of FEMA-approved debris management plans in the post-disaster environment. The purpose of this research is therefore to assess the effectiveness of plans developed under the guidance of FEMA's Pilot Program in preparing communities for post-hurricane debris management. Counties that received major disaster declarations for hurricanes between 2011 and 2019 were surveyed to assess their participation in the Pilot Program. The results suggest that the Pilot Program is overall an effective means for preparing communities for post-hurricane debris management.
飓风残骸对灾后环境构成重大挑战,并可能导致各种类型的残骸。联邦紧急事务管理局(FEMA)通过制定碎片清除试点计划来应对这些挑战,该计划为美国社区制定FEMA批准的碎片管理计划提供了指导和激励。虽然文献支持有必要进行灾前碎片管理规划,但似乎缺乏评估FEMA批准的碎片管理计划在灾后环境中的有效性的研究。因此,本研究的目的是评估在FEMA试点项目指导下制定的计划在为社区做好飓风后碎片管理准备方面的有效性。对2011年至2019年间收到飓风重大灾害申报的县进行了调查,以评估其参与试点项目的情况。研究结果表明,试点项目总体上是为社区做好飓风后碎片管理准备的有效手段。
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引用次数: 0
Characterization, Concentration of Biochar and Titanspheres and Heavy Metals Assessment of Quercus Suber Cork Powder Fly Ash Fractions Quercus Suber软木粉煤灰级分的生物炭和二氧化钛的表征、浓度及重金属评价
Q4 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2021-11-01 DOI: 10.5276/jswtm/2021.605
Renato Guimarães, A. Guedes, B. Valentim
Cork powder is categorized in the group of the biodegradable fraction of products and waste. In Portugal, the cork powder production ranges between 32 000 and 37 000 tons/year and is used as fuel, which generates ash. For this ash characterization and possible recycling, sieving (dry and wet) and pre-treatments (ultrasounds and polycarboxylate) were tested in order to concentrate biochar, titanspheres and assess the fractions more suitable for fertilizer material. The samples were characterized via a combination of techniques: SEM/EDS, RLM, XRF, MRS and ICP-MS. For size-fractionation of cork powder fly ash, dry sieving is not an efficient method, however, improved efficiency, especially in the <25 μm size-fraction, can be attained by preceding wet sieving with a combined pre-treatment of ultrasounds and polycarboxylate. A sequence method was applied for biochar concentration and purification, however the amount of final biochar obtained is very low (1%wt.). The ICP-MS results indicate that the use of cork powder ash as fertilizer material in plant crops intended for human and animal consumption is not recommended, whereas other uses in soils are possible.
软木粉可分为可生物降解的产品和废物部分。在葡萄牙,软木粉的产量在32000-37000吨/年之间,用作燃料,产生灰烬。为了进行灰分表征和可能的回收,测试了筛分(干和湿)和预处理(超声波和聚羧酸盐),以浓缩生物炭、钛球并评估更适合用作肥料材料的组分。通过组合技术对样品进行了表征:SEM/EDS、RLM、XRF、MRS和ICP-MS。对于软木粉煤灰的粒度分级,干筛分不是一种有效的方法,然而,通过之前的湿筛分和超声波和聚羧酸盐的联合预处理,可以提高效率,尤其是在<25μm粒度的部分。生物炭的浓缩和纯化采用了顺序法,但最终获得的生物炭量非常低(1%重量)。ICP-MS结果表明,不建议在人类和动物食用的植物作物中使用软木粉灰作为肥料,而在土壤中使用其他用途也是可能的。
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引用次数: 0
Alkaline Hydrothermal Synthesis of Zeolite from Class F Coal Fly Ash F类粉煤灰碱性水热合成沸石
Q4 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2021-11-01 DOI: 10.5276/jswtm/2021.674
L. Panda, S. Dash, B. Kar, Snigdha Panigrahi, I. Mohanty
Coal Fly ash is an industrial waste produced from coal-based thermal power plants. Of the total amount of fly ash generated, a small fraction is used as a supplement to Portland cement and rest of the fly ash is used as landfill. One of the novel ways of utilizing coal fly ash is through zeolitization, zeolites being hydrated aluminosilicates, and coal fly ash a rich source of alumina and silica. Coal fly ash obtained from the thermal power plant of NTPC Kaniha is subjected to alkaline hydrothermal treatment and the resulted zeolite is characterized for chemical analysis, crystal structure, thermal stability, FTIR studies, ion exchange capacities, etc. After zeolitization surface area of the product increases due to the formation of more pores and channels and also there is an increase in its crystallinity. When subjected to temperature its crystallinity first increases and then decreases and after a particular temperature the crystalline character almost vanishes. The resulted zeolite is found to be NaP1 zeolite with a high ion exchange capacity. High cation exchange (CEC) values ensure the adsorption of heavy metals by zeolites which can be used for the treatment of wastewater and industrial waste material. Thus zeolites can be hydrothermally synthesized from an industrial waste like coal fly ash at a much cheaper cost of production. The synthesized zeolite can be used for cation exchange, adsorption catalysis, and a host of other industrial applications.
粉煤灰是燃煤火力发电厂产生的工业废物。在产生的飞灰总量中,一小部分用作硅酸盐水泥的补充,其余的飞灰用作垃圾填埋场。利用粉煤灰的一种新方法是通过沸石化,沸石是水合铝硅酸盐,而粉煤灰是氧化铝和二氧化硅的丰富来源。对从卡尼哈NTPC热电厂获得的粉煤灰进行了碱性水热处理,对所得沸石进行了化学分析、晶体结构、热稳定性、FTIR研究、离子交换容量等表征。沸石化后,由于形成更多的孔和通道,产物的表面积增加,结晶度也增加。当经受温度时,其结晶度首先增加,然后降低,并且在特定温度之后,结晶特性几乎消失。发现所得沸石是具有高离子交换能力的NaP1沸石。高阳离子交换(CEC)值确保沸石对重金属的吸附,沸石可用于处理废水和工业废料。因此,沸石可以从工业废物(如粉煤灰)中以更便宜的生产成本进行水热合成。合成的沸石可用于阳离子交换、吸附催化和许多其他工业应用。
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引用次数: 0
Glass Waste / Activated Carbon Composite Prepared by Chemical Activation for Suitable Use in Wastewater Treatment from Heavy Metals 化学活化法制备玻璃废料/活性炭复合材料用于重金属废水处理
Q4 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2021-11-01 DOI: 10.5276/jswtm/2021.768
M. Rashed, A. A. Gad, A. Abdeldaiem
Composite for treatment of Cd2+, Cu2+, Fe2+, Pb2+ and Zn2+ from polluted water was synthesized by chemical activation of waste glass powder (TGP) and activated carbon (AC) using acetic acid, HCl and NaOH. Different AC to TGP ratios (1:1, 2:1, and 1:2 w/w, respectively) were used for the preparation of the composite C(AC/TGP) The composite was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and BET surface measures. The effect of various variables (solution temperature, amount of adsorbent, initial metal concentration, contact time and pH of the solution) on metal adsorption was investigated. The results revealed that the composite C(AC/ TGP)3 with the AC/ TGP ratio (2:1 w/w) was more effective in removing heavy metals than the others. The adsorption efficiency of the metal adsorption increased with the increasing contact time, pH, and adsorbent dosage. Maximum adsorption of the metals was achieved at contact time 30 min, adsorbent dose 1.5 g and pH 7. Adsorption isotherms (Tempkin, Langmuir, D-R, and Freundlich) fitted well to describe the adsorption of the studied metals by composite C(AC/ TGP)3. The kinetic of heavy metal adsorption follows a pseudo-second order pattern. Applying the optimum adsorption parameters of the prepared composite to well water results in 99-100% elimination of the studied heavy metals.
以废玻璃粉(TGP)和活性炭(AC)为原料,用乙酸、盐酸和氢氧化钠进行化学活化,合成了处理污水中Cd2+、Cu2+、Fe2+、Pb2+和Zn2+的复合材料。采用不同的AC与TGP比例(分别为1:1、2:1和1:2 w/w)制备复合材料C(AC/TGP)。通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)和BET表面测量对复合材料进行了表征。研究了各种变量(溶液温度、吸附剂用量、初始金属浓度、接触时间和溶液pH)对金属吸附的影响。结果表明,AC/TGP比例为2:1 w/w的复合材料C(AC/TGP)3对重金属的去除效果优于其他复合材料。金属吸附的吸附效率随着接触时间、pH值和吸附剂用量的增加而增加。金属的最大吸附在接触时间30分钟、吸附剂剂量1.5克和pH 7时实现。吸附等温线(Tempkin、Langmuir、D-R和Freundlich)很好地描述了复合材料C(AC/TGP)3对所研究金属的吸附。重金属吸附的动力学遵循伪二阶模式。将所制备的复合材料应用于井水中的最佳吸附参数可使所研究的重金属去除99-100%。
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引用次数: 0
Organic Solid Waste in a Hotel in the City of João Pessoa, Brazil: Generation Rate and Measures to Reduce the Amount of Disposal in Landfill 巴西若昂佩索阿市一家酒店的有机固体废物:产生率和减少垃圾填埋量的措施
Q4 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2021-11-01 DOI: 10.5276/jswtm.2021.760
Igor do Nascimento Quaresma, G. B. A. Júnior, R. D. de Sena, Fabiana Costa Bezerra
National (Brazilian) Solid Waste Policy classifies these items according to their origin into 11 categories, including waste from commercial enterprises, such as hotels, a major waste generator in the sector. The objective of this paper is to analyze the generation rate of organic waste in a hotel and the reduction in its amount to be sent to landfill, according to the measures of decentralized composting and vermicomposting. The study obtained the amount of organic solid waste generated in the hotel from daily weighting along seven months, which allowed to calculate its generation rate and plan implementation measures. Results showed that, in average, 173.26 kg/day of organic waste were generated and taking into account the average population of 169 persons in the hotel, a generation rate of 1,02 kg/person. day was obtained. Decentralized vermicomposting required 0.91x10-3 m3 to process 1 kg of organic waste comparing with the same value for the composting process: 2.07x10 -3 m3. Given these figures, vermicomposting proved advantageous for composting process for providing good quality vermicompost with lower volume requirement than the composting process.
国家(巴西)固体废物政策根据其来源将这些物品分为11类,其中包括商业企业产生的废物,如酒店,这是该行业的主要废物产生者。本文的目的是根据分散堆肥和蚯蚓堆肥的措施,分析酒店有机废物的产生率和送往垃圾填埋场的有机废物量的减少。该研究从七个月的每日加权中获得了酒店产生的有机固体废物的数量,从而可以计算其产生率并计划实施措施。结果显示,平均每天产生173.26公斤的有机废物,考虑到酒店169人的平均人口,产生率为1,02公斤/人。天。分散式蚯蚓堆肥处理1公斤有机废物需要0.91x10-3立方米,而堆肥过程的相同值为2.07x10-3立方米。鉴于这些数字,蚯蚓堆肥被证明对堆肥过程有利,因为它提供了比堆肥过程更低体积要求的优质蚯蚓堆肥。
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引用次数: 0
Review of Impurity Removal Methods in Steel Scrap Recycling 废钢回收中除杂方法综述
Q4 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2021-11-01 DOI: 10.5276/jswtm/2021.732
Zhijiang Gao, S. Sridhar, D. Spiller, P. Taylor
Impurities, such as copper and tin, have been identified as barriers limiting the use of recycled steel scrap for producing certain grades of steel product. Their accumulation during the whole recycling process could induce detrimental effects on the surface quality of downstream steel products, resulting from the formation and penetration of Cu-enriched liquid phase into grain boundaries, which would appear at 0.1wt% Cu content or above during hot working. In order to eliminate such detrimental effects, impurity removal methods have been researched considering the physical separation and chemical treatment at different stages of steel scrap recycling. For physical separation, apart from regular shredding and magnetic separation, common types of sensor-based sorting technology are discussed referring to the feasibility and efficiency. For chemical treatment, different technologies are introduced and classified according to the existent state of steel scrap during the removing process. As a result, in this review, possibilities and limitations of these methods have been presented and evaluated based on their removal mechanism to weigh their applicability. It becomes evident that sensor-based sortation would be feasible for impurity removal if specific physical or chemical characteristics can be identified and applied to distinguish impurities from Fe shreds. Considering the chemical treatment, most of the reviewed technologies were explored with laboratory scale, demonstrating limited industrial applicability due to the involving either high temperature or vacuum or complex process.
铜和锡等杂质已被确定为限制使用回收废钢生产某些等级钢铁产品的障碍。在整个回收过程中,它们的积累可能会对下游钢铁产品的表面质量产生不利影响,这是由于富铜液相的形成和渗透到晶界中,在热加工过程中,当Cu含量为0.1wt%或以上时,就会出现这种情况。为了消除这种有害影响,研究了在废钢回收的不同阶段进行物理分离和化学处理的杂质去除方法。对于物理分离,除了常规切碎和磁选之外,还讨论了常见类型的基于传感器的分选技术的可行性和效率。在化学处理方面,根据废钢在去除过程中的存在状态,对不同的工艺进行了介绍和分类。因此,在这篇综述中,介绍了这些方法的可能性和局限性,并根据其去除机制对其进行了评估,以衡量其适用性。很明显,如果能够识别特定的物理或化学特性并将其应用于区分杂质和铁碎片,则基于传感器的分选对于杂质去除是可行的。考虑到化学处理,大多数综述的技术都是在实验室规模上进行的,由于涉及高温、真空或复杂工艺,表明其工业适用性有限。
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引用次数: 1
Investigating the Effect of Leaching from an Active Landfill on Groundwater Quality Using Geophysical and Geochemical Approach in Abeokuta, Southwestern Nigeria 利用地球物理和地球化学方法研究尼日利亚西南部Abeokuta活性垃圾填埋场的浸出对地下水质量的影响
Q4 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2021-11-01 DOI: 10.5276/jswtm/2021.682
O. T. Olurin, S. A. Ganiyu, O. S. Hammed, F. O. Ogunsanwo, D.S. Akangbe, A. Bolaji
Investigation of groundwater contamination from an active landfill was carried out in Saje, Abeokuta Ogun state, Nigeria using geophysical and geochemical methods. Four resistivity traverses picked up within the landfill. Wenner array electrode configuration was adopted and the data were interpreted using RES2DINV program. Quantitative valuations were accomplished by geochemical and hydrogeochemical facies of groundwater samples collected from ten dug wells in the arcade of Saje landfill. Fifteen parameters were analysed in the groundwater samples. The results of the 2D resistivity analysis showed that there is a constant and progressive increase in the depth of migration of the contaminants generated from this landfill site into the subsurface environment as its ages. The results of both physical and chemical parameters of the water analysis revealed that all the parameters were 100% in compliance with the World Health Organization (WHO) and Nigerian Standard of Drinking Water Quality (NSDWQ) standard permissible limits for drinking, water except for pH (90%), Calcium (80%) and Lead (80%). The classification of water samples of the study area using Piper Trilinear diagram revealed that 70% of the analysed water samples are of CaHCO3 (fresh water) type, 20% are of CaCl2 type and 10% are CaMgCl type. The calculated values of irrigation parameters such as; Magnesium Absorption Ratio, Sodium Absorption Ratio, Total dissolve solid, Soluble Sodium Percentage, Kelly's Ratio and Permeability Index for most of the groundwater samples were found to be suitable for irrigation. The groundwater quality index evaluation acquired for the study area ranges from 3.8 – 18.1. This study established that the groundwater around this region is 100% suitable for drinking purposes.
利用地球物理和地球化学方法,对尼日利亚阿贝奥库塔奥贡州萨耶的一个活跃垃圾填埋场的地下水污染进行了调查。在垃圾填埋场内采集了四条电阻率导线。采用温纳阵列电极配置,采用RES2DINV程序对数据进行解释。通过对赛济填埋场拱廊区10口挖井的地下水地球化学和水文地球化学相进行定量评价。对地下水样品中的15个参数进行了分析。二维电阻率分析结果表明,随着填埋场年龄的增长,填埋场产生的污染物向地下环境的迁移深度呈不断递增的趋势。水的物理和化学参数分析结果表明,除pH值(90%)、钙(80%)和铅(80%)外,所有参数均100%符合世界卫生组织(WHO)和尼日利亚饮用水质量标准(NSDWQ)的饮用水允许限量标准。利用Piper三线性图对研究区水样进行分类,分析水样中70%为CaHCO3(淡水)型,20%为CaCl2型,10%为CaMgCl型。灌溉参数的计算值为;大部分地下水样品的镁吸收比、钠吸收比、总溶解固形物、可溶性钠百分比、凯利比和渗透指数适合灌溉。研究区地下水水质指标评价范围为3.8 ~ 18.1。本研究确定该地区周边地下水100%适合饮用。
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引用次数: 0
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Journal of Solid Waste Technology and Management
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