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CONFEDERATION BETWEEN ISRAEL, PALESTINE, AND JORDAN 以色列、巴勒斯坦和约旦联盟
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-10-09 DOI: 10.1177/00438200221128264
Mohammed Abu-Nimer
This essay discusses Ben-Meir's proposal for a confederation and examines both the disadvantages and advantages that such arrangements can offer Israeli and Palestinians and the region in general. Briefly, the confederation proposal suggests gradual agreed-upon political, economic, military, and sociocultural arrangements that will produce a new set of relationships among governments and people in these three societies. I argue that the realpolitik approach that permeates this proposal is certainly useful as an initial step toward a reduced level of violence and de-escalate conflicts. However, it falls short of building trustful relationships and moving people in the direction of healing and reconciliation. There is no doubt that the idea of a confederation as an arrangement to transform the Israeli–Palestinian conflict carries the seeds for a holistic and transformative solution to deeply divided communities and a deep-rooted conflict. However, there are several limitations to Ben-Meir's proposal that require significant additional deliberation and should lead to further modification if its core ideas are to be accepted and endorsed by both Israelis and Palestinians.
本文讨论了Ben-Meir关于邦联的提议,并研究了这种安排可以为以色列和巴勒斯坦以及整个地区提供的缺点和优点。简单地说,邦联建议在政治、经济、军事和社会文化方面逐步达成一致,这将在这三个社会的政府和人民之间产生一套新的关系。我认为,作为减少暴力和使冲突降级的第一步,这一提议中弥漫着的现实政治方法肯定是有用的。然而,它无法建立信任的关系,也无法让人们走向治愈与和解的方向。毫无疑问,作为改变以色列-巴勒斯坦冲突的一种安排的联邦制的想法,为全面和变革性地解决严重分裂的社区和根深蒂固的冲突埋下了种子。但是,本-梅尔的建议有若干限制,需要进行大量的额外审议,如果要使其核心思想得到以色列人和巴勒斯坦人的接受和赞同,就应导致进一步修改。
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引用次数: 0
INTRODUCTION TO THE SPECIAL ISSUE 特刊简介
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-10-03 DOI: 10.1177/00438200221128788
Alon Ben‐Meir
This article introduces the World Affairs 2022 special issue which contains ten contributions, including this one, debating the proposal for an Israeli-Palestinian-Jordanian confederation published in this journal earlier this year. In the present article, I continue and expand some of the arguments in the previous proposal. The notion that the time is not ripe to bring an end to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict is misguided and extremely dangerous. When and how a more conducive environment will be created to restart peace negotiations remains elusive. Even a cursory review of the daily encounters between Israelis and Palestinians in the occupied territories and Gaza point to the intensity of hatred, enmity, and utter contempt they feel toward one another, which if continued unabated will be a recipe for an unprecedented violent conflagration. To avert the inevitable, every concerned individual must do everything humanly possible to help in creating new psychological, political, and physical conditions that would facilitate a dialogue and engender a new momentum to start a process of reconciliation before it is too late. This should eventually lead to the establishment of an independent Palestinian state under the umbrella of an Israeli-Palestinian-Jordanian confederation, where all three countries maintain their independence and can grow and prosper together and live in mutual security and peace.
这篇文章介绍了《2022年世界事务》特刊,其中包含十篇文章,其中包括今年早些时候发表在该杂志上的关于以色列-巴勒斯坦-约旦联盟提案的辩论。在本文中,我继续并扩展了先前提案中的一些论点。认为结束以巴冲突的时机还不成熟的想法是错误的,也是极其危险的。何时以及如何创造一个更有利于重启和平谈判的环境仍然难以捉摸。即使粗略回顾一下以色列人和巴勒斯坦人在被占领土和加沙的日常遭遇,也会发现他们对彼此怀有强烈的仇恨、敌意和彻底的蔑视,如果继续有增无减,这将导致一场前所未有的暴力冲突。为了避免不可避免的情况,每个有关个人都必须尽一切可能帮助创造新的心理、政治和身体条件,以促进对话,并产生新的势头,在为时已晚之前开始和解进程。这将最终导致在以色列-巴勒斯坦-约旦联盟的保护伞下建立一个独立的巴勒斯坦国,在那里,所有三个国家都保持独立,能够共同发展和繁荣,并在相互安全与和平中生活。
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引用次数: 0
AN ISRAELI–PALESTINIAN–JORDANIAN CONFEDERATION 以色列-巴勒斯坦-约旦联盟
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-09-27 DOI: 10.1177/00438200221128276
Majeda Omar
In light of the mounting sense of hopelessness and frustration due to the steady deadlock in efforts for solving the Palestinian–Israeli conflict, several proposals have been advocated in this regard with the aim of arriving at a final solution to this intricate conflict. This article examines the current proposal of an Israeli–Palestinian–Jordanian confederation presented by Prof. Alon Ben-Meir and provides some constructive remarks on a number of themes considered in his proposal.
鉴于解决巴以冲突的努力陷入僵局,人们越来越感到绝望和沮丧,在这方面提出了几项建议,旨在最终解决这场复杂的冲突。本文审查了Alon Ben Meir教授提出的以色列-巴勒斯坦-约旦联盟的当前提案,并就其提案中考虑的一些主题发表了一些建设性的意见。
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引用次数: 1
IT'S REALLY NOT THE NOW—IT'S THE HOW! 这真的不是现在,而是如何!
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-09-25 DOI: 10.1177/00438200221127031
Tsvi Bisk
In this contribution to the World Affairs 2022 Special Issue, I engage Alon Ben-Meir’s proposal for an Israeli–Palestinian–Jordanian Confederation previously published in this journal and discussed in depth by scholars, diplomats, and policy practitioners in a panel at the March 2022 Policy Studies Organization Middle East Dialog conference in Washington, DC. Given that achieving such a confederation has been sabotaged over and again to date, a critical question is how do we get from here to there without upsetting the irrational passions of both sides? I suggest various practical steps and policies that might mitigate the conflict in ways that could inexorably lead to the final destination of Ben-Meir's confederation.
在《2022年世界事务》特刊的这篇文章中,我引用了阿隆·本·梅尔之前在本刊上发表的关于以色列-巴勒斯坦-约旦联邦的建议,并在2022年3月于华盛顿特区举行的政策研究组织中东对话会议上,由学者、外交官和政策实践者进行了深入讨论。考虑到实现这样一个联盟到目前为止已经被一次又一次地破坏,一个关键的问题是,我们如何在不激怒双方非理性激情的情况下从这里到那里?我建议采取各种切实可行的措施和政策,以缓和冲突的方式,不可避免地导致本-梅尔联邦的最终目的地。
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引用次数: 0
THE U.S. WITHDRAWAL, TALIBAN TAKEOVER, AND ONTOLOGICAL (IN)SECURITY IN AFGHANISTAN 美国撤军、塔利班接管与阿富汗本体论安全
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-09-25 DOI: 10.1177/00438200221125800
Thomas Ameyaw-Brobbey
Security discussions of the Taliban’s second takeover of Afghanistan center on physical security threats, neglecting the ontological aspect related to how security entails the metaphysics of life—being, feeling alive, or having a sense of self. This article examines this ontological threat to the Afghan people to complement the security discussion and open up more avenues of dialog. I use ontological security to explain the Afghans’ behavior toward the Taliban takeover and ask how does the Taliban takeover of Afghanistan pose a security threat to urban Afghans? Why are urbanite Afghans paranoiac about the Taliban presence to the extent that some choose to die by falling from a moving aircraft? I use the ontological security analytical framework and discursive approach to finding answers. I argue that the Taliban takeover creates ontological insecurity that threatens urban Afghans’ sense of ordinary living or being in the world. Specifically, ontological insecurity creates significant and chronic uncertainties and dangers to Afghans. This is especially so regarding the urbanites with higher socioeconomic status, whose being in the world is threatened as their ordinary living conditions are likely to be contested by the Taliban. The contest is asymmetric, favoring the Taliban. Such uncertainty of existential conditions leads to mistrust of Urban Afghans’ basic sense of safety and a misrecognition of their true identity. Thus, their actions and behaviors have been consequent attempts to respond to the anxieties and risks to their existential position. This work contributes to the ontological security literature, helping fill the gap in the security discussions in international relations and serves policy relevance.
关于塔利班第二次接管阿富汗的安全讨论集中在人身安全威胁上,忽略了与安全如何包含生命形而上学相关的本体论方面——存在、感觉活着或有自我意识。本文探讨了这种对阿富汗人民的本体论威胁,以补充安全讨论,开辟更多的对话渠道。我用本体论安全来解释阿富汗人对塔利班接管的行为,并问塔利班接管阿富汗如何对阿富汗城市构成安全威胁?为什么城市化的阿富汗人对塔利班的存在感到偏执,以至于有些人选择从移动中的飞机上坠落而死?我使用本体论安全分析框架和话语方法来寻找答案。我认为,塔利班的接管造成了本体论的不安全感,威胁到城市阿富汗人的普通生活或存在感。具体而言,本体论的不安全感给阿富汗人带来了重大和长期的不确定性和危险。社会经济地位较高的城市居民尤其如此,他们在世界上的生存受到威胁,因为他们的普通生活条件可能会受到塔利班的挑战。这场竞争是不对称的,有利于塔利班。这种生存条件的不确定性导致了对城市阿富汗人基本安全感的不信任,以及对他们真实身份的错误认识。因此,他们的行动和行为是对他们生存地位的焦虑和风险的回应。这项工作有助于本体论安全文献,有助于填补国际关系中安全讨论的空白,并为政策相关性服务。
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引用次数: 2
THE ISRAELI-PALESTINIAN-JORDANIAN CONFEDERATION ALTERNATIVE 以色列-巴勒斯坦-约旦联盟的替代方案
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-09-21 DOI: 10.1177/00438200221127038
H. Schenker
There is an international consensus that the two-state solution, the establishment of a Palestinian state in the West Bank and Gaza with East Jerusalem as its capital, should be the basis for the resolution of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Given the current right-wing tendencies within Israeli politics, I ask if the way to break the current impasse in Israeli-Palestinian relations might be to try to return the Jordanian factor to the equation as Alon Ben-Meir has recently proposed.
国际社会一致认为,两国解决方案,即在约旦河西岸和加沙建立一个以东耶路撒冷为首都的巴勒斯坦国,应该是解决以巴冲突的基础。鉴于以色列政治中目前的右翼倾向,我想知道打破以巴关系目前僵局的方法是否是像阿隆·本·梅尔最近提出的那样,尝试将约旦因素重新纳入等式。
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引用次数: 0
LETTER TO THE EDITOR 给编辑的信
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-09-15 DOI: 10.1177/00438200221125240
Andreas Umland
THE number of unemployed registered last week at the Labour Exchanges was 1 1/4 millions; and to these must be added the three-quarters of a million workers now on short time. Even these figures, however, are an under-estimate of the seriousness of the present social disease, for, in spite of doles, the Labour Exchanges are still not attractive enough to recruit every fit subject. The question for civilisation and not merely for England is what our effective governing classes propose to do about it. Mr. Arthur Kitson, whom we are glad to be able to regard as a partner in our attempt to disseminate the true principles of financial and social economics before it is too late, writing in the “Times Trade Supplement" last week, declared that the Government’s confession of inability to cure unemployment unfitted them for office. The complete remedy, he said, is childishly simple; and it can only be either indifference or unwillingness on the part of responsible people that prevents its adoption. But if that is, as it stems to be, the case, we may be ,certain that the disease will not permit this attitude to be maintained.. In the absence of the cure, one of two courses will shortly be imperative: either the distractions of an external war, the locus of which is already, we affirm, being prepared ; or something approximating to the “ heavy civil war ” suggested by the Moscow International. Events of this kind, being largely “ unconscious ” in the psycho-analytic sense, are not merely speculative, nor are their normal agents their real authors. They belong to the world of psychology and obey strict psychological laws. Unemployment at a certain intensity produces a dissatisfaction which is reflected in “ revolt ” on the one side, and in an increasing “militarism7’ on the other side. At a higher degree of intensity, the ‘‘ revolt ” becomes articulate and simultaneously the Government thinks of war. With another turn of the screw the choice between war without and war within becomes imperative; and, in the case of our own country, the decision may be said to have been already made.
上周在劳工交易所登记的失业人数为1/4百万;除此之外,还必须增加75万名短期工人。然而,即使是这些数字也低估了当前社会疾病的严重性,因为尽管有救济金,但劳工交易所仍然没有足够的吸引力来招募每一个合适的对象。文明的问题,而不仅仅是英格兰的问题,是我们有效的统治阶级建议如何应对。Arthur Kitson先生,我们很高兴能够将他视为我们的合作伙伴,在为时过晚之前传播金融和社会经济学的真正原理,在《泰晤士报贸易增刊》上撰文“上周,他宣布,政府承认无法解决失业问题,这让他们不适合担任公职。他说,完全的补救措施非常简单;只有负责任的人漠不关心或不愿意阻止它被采用。但如果事实确实如此,我们可以肯定,这种疾病不会允许这种态度。”o维护。。在没有治愈方法的情况下,两种方法中的一种很快就会成为当务之急:要么是外部战争的干扰,我们肯定,这场战争的根源已经做好了准备;或者类似于莫斯科国际组织提出的“严重内战”。这类事件在很大程度上是心理分析意义上的“无意识”事件,不仅是推测性的,它们的正常代理人也不是真正的作者。他们属于心理学的世界,遵循着严格的心理规律。失业达到一定程度会产生不满情绪,这种不满情绪一方面表现为“叛乱”,另一方面则表现为“军国主义7”的加剧。失业达到更高程度时,“叛乱”变得清晰可见,同时政府也想到了战争。随着另一轮螺丝钉的转动,在外部战争和内部战争之间做出选择变得势在必行;就我们自己的国家而言,可以说已经做出了决定。
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引用次数: 0
SAME RIDE, DIFFERENT RIDERS 同样的旅程,不同的骑手
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-08-09 DOI: 10.1177/00438200221111793
Sahand E. P. Faez, W. Wong
Mainstream international relations definitions commonly assume that states are identical units in a constant state of competition for survival to increase their power. Yet, such a one-sided approach fails to fully consider that the internal structures and contexts of states at different times and under different leaders exert considerable effects on how states act in the international arena and on the foreign policies that shape their identities, priorities, and thus relations with other states. We begin by questioning such theoretical assumptions and then apply a more appropriate reformulation to the case of Turkey's changing trade policy with the European Union (EU). Examining Gül's administration (2007–2014) and Erdoğan's (2014–2020), we look at whether a change in Turkish leadership resulted in a significant change in trade policy and led to a change in the dynamics of its foreign relations approach. Turkey's relations with the members of the EU are assessed (via panel data estimations) as the volume of trade between Turkey and EU members. The data consists of 25 European states’ GDP, Exchange Rate, and Inflation Rate for 2000–2020. We find a significant difference in Turkey's behavior in terms of trade with the EU members between the two administrations under study. This suggests the need to rethink some central theoretical assumptions in certain mainstream international relations perspectives.
主流的国际关系定义通常假设国家是处于不断竞争生存状态的相同单位,以增加其权力。然而,这种片面的做法没有充分考虑到,不同时期和不同领导人领导下的国家的内部结构和背景,对国家在国际舞台上的行为,以及塑造其身份、优先事项和与其他国家关系的外交政策,都会产生相当大的影响。我们首先对这些理论假设提出质疑,然后对土耳其与欧盟(EU)之间不断变化的贸易政策进行更适当的重新表述。通过对土耳其政府(2007-2014年)和Erdoğan(2014-2020年)的考察,我们将了解土耳其领导层的更迭是否导致了贸易政策的重大变化,并导致了其外交关系方式的动态变化。土耳其与欧盟成员国的关系是通过土耳其与欧盟成员国之间的贸易量来评估的(通过面板数据估计)。数据包括欧洲25个国家2000-2020年的GDP、汇率和通货膨胀率。我们发现,在研究的两届政府之间,土耳其在与欧盟成员国贸易方面的行为存在显著差异。这表明有必要重新思考某些主流国际关系观点中的一些核心理论假设。
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引用次数: 0
NARRATIVE EMPATHY 叙事移情
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-07-27 DOI: 10.1177/00438200221107018
M. McBeth, D. Lybecker, Jessica M. Sargent
Understanding the reasoning behind diverse views grows empathy and can help strengthen democracy. This study examines narratives and their influence on individuals, to see if individuals only empathize with narratives from those with whom they share identity. Using an experimental design, we test empathy with working class climate change narratives. Results showed participants who agreed with anthropogenic climate change, who were given both evidence and a narrative, empathized with the narrator (either an organic farmer or a mechanic) that told a pro-climate change narrative. The greatest empathy was for the mechanic telling a pro-climate change narrative. Conversely, participants who did not agree with human-caused climate change and who were given evidence without narrative had more empathy for the organic farmer (over the mechanic) who told a pro-climate change narrative. Overall, we found some identity issues negatively influenced empathy, but we also found examples where individuals moved beyond their identity.
理解不同观点背后的原因可以增强同理心,并有助于加强民主。这项研究考察了叙事及其对个人的影响,以了解个人是否只对与他们有共同身份的人的叙事感同身受。通过实验设计,我们用工人阶级的气候变化叙事来测试同理心。结果显示,同意人为气候变化的参与者,他们得到了证据和叙述,对讲述支持气候变化叙述的叙述者(有机农民或机械师)感同身受。最令人同情的是机械师讲述了一个支持气候变化的故事。相反,不同意人为气候变化的参与者,以及在没有叙述的情况下获得证据的参与者,对讲述支持气候变化的叙述的有机农民(而不是机械师)更有同情心。总的来说,我们发现一些身份问题对同理心产生了负面影响,但我们也发现了个人超越身份的例子。
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引用次数: 22
NOTE FROM THE EDITOR 编辑的笔记
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-07-27 DOI: 10.1177/00438200221110716
E. Norman
At the time of writing this Editor’s Note, it has been but a few weeks since the horrifying school shooting in Uvalde, Texas on May 24, 2022, that killed 19 children and two teachers, and the supermarket massacre of ten people in Buffalo, New York ten days earlier. Both lone gunmen were 18 years old and both used legally acquired AR-15-style weapons (Edmondson 2022). The events catapulted gun control debates again into the headlines and culminated in swift legislation proposals in Congress. On June 8, 2022, a bitterly divided House—voting largely along party lines—approved a stricter gun control bill package by 223 to 204 votes but also revealed the partisan chasm that continues to afflict passing effective firearms control legislation in the United States. Among other things, the bill would ban under-21s from legally purchasing semiautomatic rifles, increase requirements for gun storage in private households, and prohibit the sale of magazines holding over 15 rounds (Edmondson 2022). The acrimonious arguments in the House were predictably partisan with Democrats focusing on protecting children from gun violence while Republicans highlighted that the proposal would violate Second Amendment rights. Representative Jim Jordan (R-OH; cited in Edmondson 2022), opined that protecting children “is important—it sure is. But this bill doesn’t do it. What this bill does is take away Second Amendment rights, God-given rights, protected by our Constitution, from law-abiding American citizens.”
在撰写本编者按时,距离2022年5月24日得克萨斯州乌瓦尔德发生的导致19名儿童和两名教师死亡的可怕校园枪击案,以及十天前纽约州布法罗市发生的超市屠杀十人事件,只有几周的时间了。两名单独的枪手都是18岁,都使用了合法获得的AR-15型武器(Edmondson 2022)。这些事件使枪支管制辩论再次成为头条新闻,并在国会迅速提出立法提案。2022年6月8日,分歧严重的众议院以223票对204票通过了一项更严格的枪支管制法案,但也揭示了党派分歧,这一分歧继续困扰着美国通过有效的枪支管制立法。除其他外,该法案将禁止21岁以下儿童合法购买半自动步枪,增加私人家庭对枪支储存的要求,并禁止销售容纳15发以上子弹的弹匣(Edmondson 2022)。不出所料,众议院的激烈争论带有党派色彩,民主党人专注于保护儿童免受枪支暴力,而共和党人则强调该提案将侵犯第二修正案的权利。众议员吉姆·乔丹(俄亥俄州共和党人;《埃德蒙森2022》引用)认为,保护儿童“很重要——确实如此。但这项法案并没有做到这一点。这项法案所做的是剥夺守法的美国公民的第二修正案权利,即受宪法保护的上帝赋予的权利。”
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引用次数: 0
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