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Towards quality metrics for OpenStreetMap 关于OpenStreetMap的质量指标
P. Mooney, P. Corcoran, A. Winstanley
Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI) is currently a "hot topic" in the GIS community. The OpenStreetMap (OSM) project is one of the most popular and well supported examples of VGL Traditional measures of spatial data quality are often not applicable to OSM as in many cases it is not possible to access ground-truth spatial data for all regions mapped by OSM. We investigate to develop measures of quality for OSM which operate in an unsupervised manner without reference to a "trusted" source of ground-truth data. We provide results of analysis of OSM data from several European countries. The results highlight specific quality issues in OSM. Results of comparing OSM with ground-truth data for Ireland are also presented.
志愿地理信息(VGI)是当前GIS界的一个“热门话题”。OpenStreetMap (OSM)项目是VGL中最受欢迎和得到良好支持的例子之一,传统的空间数据质量度量通常不适用于OSM,因为在许多情况下,不可能访问OSM所映射的所有区域的真实空间数据。我们调查开发OSM的质量措施,这些措施以无监督的方式运行,而不参考“可信”的真实数据来源。我们提供了对几个欧洲国家OSM数据的分析结果。结果突出了OSM中特定的质量问题。将OSM与爱尔兰的真实数据进行比较的结果也被提出。
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引用次数: 223
Strabo: a system for extracting road vector data from raster maps Strabo:一个从栅格地图中提取道路矢量数据的系统
Yao-Yi Chiang, Craig A. Knoblock
Raster maps contain valuable road information, which is especially important for the areas where road vector data are otherwise not readily accessible. However, converting the road information in raster maps to road vector data usually requires significant user effort to achieve high accuracy. In this demo, we present Strabo, which is a system that extracts road vector data from heterogeneous raster maps. We demonstrate Strabo's fully automatic technique for extracting road vector data from raster maps with good image quality and the semi-automatic technique for handling raster maps with poor image quality. We show that Strabo requires minimal user input for extracting road vector data from raster maps with varying map complexity (i.e., overlapping features in maps) and image quality.
栅格地图包含有价值的道路信息,这对于道路矢量数据不易获取的地区尤其重要。然而,将栅格地图中的道路信息转换为道路矢量数据通常需要大量的用户努力才能达到高精度。在这个演示中,我们展示了Strabo,这是一个从异构栅格地图中提取道路矢量数据的系统。我们演示了Strabo的全自动技术,用于从具有良好图像质量的栅格地图中提取道路矢量数据,以及用于处理图像质量较差的栅格地图的半自动技术。我们表明,Strabo需要最少的用户输入,从具有不同地图复杂性(即地图中的重叠特征)和图像质量的栅格地图中提取道路矢量数据。
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引用次数: 1
Optimal and topologically safe simplification of building footprints 优化和拓扑安全简化的建筑足迹
J. Haunert, A. Wolff
We present an optimization approach to simplify sets of building footprints represented as polygons. We simplify each polygonal ring by selecting a subsequence of its original edges; the vertices of the simplified ring are defined by intersections of consecutive (and possibly extended) edges in the selected sequence. Our aim is to minimize the number of all output edges subject to a user-defined error tolerance. Since we earlier showed that the problem is NP-hard when requiring non-intersecting simple polygons as output, we cannot hope for an efficient, exact algorithm. Therefore, we present an efficient algorithm for a relaxed problem and an integer program (IP) that allows us to solve the original problem with existing software. Our IP is large, since it has O(m6) constraints, where m is the number of input edges. In order to keep the running time small, we first consider a subset of only O(m) constraints. The choice of the constraints ensures some basic properties of the solution. Constraints that were neglected are added during optimization whenever they become violated by a new solution encountered. Using this approach we simplified a set of 144 buildings with a total of 2056 edges in 4.1 seconds on a standard desktop PC; the simplified building set contained 762 edges. During optimization, the number of constraints increased by a mere 13%. We also show how to apply cartographic quality measures in our method and discuss their effects on examples.
我们提出了一种优化方法来简化以多边形表示的建筑足迹集。我们通过选择其原始边的子序列来简化每个多边形环;简化环的顶点由选定序列中连续(可能扩展)边的交点定义。我们的目标是最小化所有受用户定义误差容限的输出边的数量。由于我们之前表明,当需要不相交的简单多边形作为输出时,这个问题是np困难的,我们不能指望得到一个有效的、精确的算法。因此,我们提出了一个有效的松弛问题算法和一个整数程序(IP),使我们能够用现有的软件来解决原始问题。我们的IP很大,因为它有O(m6)个约束,其中m是输入边的数量。为了保持较小的运行时间,我们首先考虑一个只有O(m)个约束的子集。约束条件的选择保证了解的一些基本性质。在优化过程中,只要遇到新的解决方案违反了被忽略的约束,就会添加这些约束。使用这种方法,我们在4.1秒内在标准台式电脑上简化了144座建筑的2056条边;简化的建筑集包含762条边。在优化过程中,约束的数量仅增加了13%。我们还展示了如何在我们的方法中应用制图质量度量,并讨论了它们对实例的影响。
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引用次数: 46
GeoLinked data and INSPIRE through an application case geolink数据和INSPIRE通过一个应用案例
Luis Manuel Vilches Blázquez, B. Villazón-Terrazas, Víctor Saquicela, A. D. León, Óscar Corcho, Asunción Gómez-Pérez
In this paper we present the process that has been followed for the development of an application that makes use of several heterogeneous Spanish public datasets that are related to three themes of INSPIRE Directive, specifically Administrative Units, Hydrography, and Statistical Units. Our application aims at analysing existing relations between the Spanish coastal area and different statistical variables such as population, unemployment, dwelling, industry, and building trade. Besides providing methodological guidelines for the generation, publishing and exploitation of Linked Data from such datasets, we provide an important innovation with respect to other similar processes followed in other initiatives by dealing with the geometrical information of features.
在本文中,我们介绍了开发应用程序所遵循的过程,该应用程序利用了与INSPIRE指令的三个主题相关的几个异构西班牙公共数据集,特别是行政单位、水文和统计单位。我们的应用程序旨在分析西班牙沿海地区与人口、失业、居住、工业和建筑贸易等不同统计变量之间的现有关系。除了为从这些数据集中生成、发布和利用关联数据提供方法指导外,我们还通过处理特征的几何信息,为其他类似过程提供了重要的创新。
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引用次数: 47
Location recommendation for location-based social networks 基于位置的社交网络的位置推荐
Mao Ye, Peifeng Yin, Wang-Chien Lee
In this paper, we study the research issues in realizing location recommendation services for large-scale location-based social networks, by exploiting the social and geographical characteristics of users and locations/places. Through our analysis on a dataset collected from Foursquare, a popular location-based social networking system, we observe that there exists strong social and geospatial ties among users and their favorite locations/places in the system. Accordingly, we develop a friend-based collaborative filtering (FCF) approach for location recommendation based on collaborative ratings of places made by social friends. Moreover, we propose a variant of FCF technique, namely Geo-Measured FCF (GM-FCF), based on heuristics derived from observed geospatial characteristics in the Foursquare dataset. Finally, the evaluation results show that the proposed family of FCF techniques holds comparable recommendation effectiveness against the state-of-the-art recommendation algorithms, while incurring significantly lower computational overhead. Meanwhile, the GM-FCF provides additional flexibility in tradeoff between recommendation effectiveness and computational overhead.
本文通过利用用户和位置/场所的社会和地理特征,研究了大规模基于位置的社交网络中实现位置推荐服务的研究问题。通过对Foursquare(一个流行的基于位置的社交网络系统)收集的数据集的分析,我们观察到用户和他们在系统中最喜欢的位置/地点之间存在很强的社会和地理空间联系。因此,我们开发了一种基于朋友的协同过滤(FCF)方法,用于基于社交朋友对地点的协同评级进行位置推荐。此外,我们提出了一种基于Foursquare数据集中观测到的地理空间特征的启发式方法的FCF技术,即地理测量FCF (GM-FCF)。最后,评估结果表明,所提出的FCF技术家族与最先进的推荐算法相比具有相当的推荐效果,同时产生的计算开销显着降低。同时,GM-FCF在推荐有效性和计算开销之间提供了额外的灵活性。
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引用次数: 510
On continuous monitoring top-k unsafe moving objects 关于连续监测top-k不安全移动物体
Jian Wen, V. Tsotras
With the wide usage of location tracking systems, continuously tracking relationships among moving objects over their location changes is possible and important to many real applications. This paper proposes a novel continuous location-based query, called the continuous top-k unsafe moving objects query or CTUO. This query continuously monitors the k most unsafe moving objects, where the unsafety of an object (protectee) is defined by the difference between its safety requirement and the protection provided by protection forces (protectors) around it. Compared with the traditional top-k queries where the score of an object represents its own characteristics, CTUO describes the relationships between protectees and protectors, which introduces computational challenges since naively all objects should be inspected to answer such a query. To avoid this, two efficient algorithms, GridPrune and GridPrune-Pro, are proposed based on the basic pruning technology from the Threshold Algorithm. Experiments show that the proposed algorithms outperform the naive solution with nearly two orders of magnitude on I/O savings.
随着位置跟踪系统的广泛应用,连续跟踪移动物体之间的位置变化是可能的,并且对许多实际应用非常重要。本文提出了一种新的基于位置的连续查询,称为连续top-k不安全移动对象查询(CTUO)。该查询连续监控k个最不安全的移动物体,其中物体(被保护人)的不安全性由其安全要求与周围保护力(保护人)提供的保护之间的差异来定义。与传统的top-k查询(对象的分数代表其自身特征)相比,CTUO描述了被保护者和被保护者之间的关系,这引入了计算挑战,因为天真地需要检查所有对象来回答这样的查询。为了避免这一问题,基于阈值算法的基本剪剪技术,提出了GridPrune和GridPrune- pro两种高效的剪剪算法。实验表明,本文提出的算法在I/O节省上比原始解决方案节省了近两个数量级。
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引用次数: 2
Ontuition: intuitive data exploration via ontology navigation 直观:通过本体导航进行直观的数据探索
M. Adelfio, Michael D. Lieberman, H. Samet, K. Firozvi
Ontuition, a system for mapping ontologies, is presented. Transforming data to a usable format for Ontuition involves recognizing and resolving data values corresponding to concepts in multiple ontological domains. In particular, for datasets with a geographic component an attempt is made to identify and extract enough spatio-textual data that specific lat/long values to dataset entries can be assigned. Next, a gazetteer is used to transform the textually-specified locations into lat/long values that can be displayed on a map. Non-spatial ontological concepts are also discovered. This methodology is applied to the National Library of Medicine's very popular clinical trials website (http://clinicaltrials.gov/) whose users are generally interested in locating trials near where they live. The trials are specified using XML files. The location data is extracted and coupled with a disease ontology to enable general queries on the data with the result being of use to a very large group of people. The goal is to do this automatically for such ontology datasets with a locational component.
提出了本体映射系统ontutorial。将数据转换为可用于on学费的格式涉及识别和解析与多个本体域中的概念相对应的数据值。特别是,对于具有地理成分的数据集,尝试识别和提取足够的空间文本数据,以便可以为数据集条目分配特定的lat/long值。接下来,使用地名表将文本指定的位置转换为可在地图上显示的纬度/长度值。非空间本体论概念也被发现。这种方法被应用于美国国家医学图书馆非常受欢迎的临床试验网站(http://clinicaltrials.gov/),该网站的用户通常对在他们居住的地方附近进行试验感兴趣。试验使用XML文件指定。提取位置数据并将其与疾病本体相结合,以实现对数据的一般查询,其结果可用于非常大的人群。我们的目标是通过位置组件自动完成这些本体数据集。
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引用次数: 4
Automatic construction and multi-level visualization of semantic trajectories 语义轨迹的自动构建和多层次可视化
Zhixian Yan, Lazar Spremic, D. Chakraborty, C. Parent, S. Spaccapietra, K. Aberer
With the prevalence of GPS-embedded mobile devices, enormous amounts of mobility data are being collected in the form of trajectory - a stream of (x,y,t) points. Such trajectories are of heterogeneous entities - vehicles, people, animals, parcels etc. Most applications primarily analyze raw trajectory data and extract geometric patterns. Real-life applications however, need a far more comprehensive, semantic representation of trajectories. This paper demonstrates the automatic construction and visualization capabilities of SeMiTri - a system we built that exploits 3rd party information sources containing geographic information, to semantically enrich trajectories. The construction stack encapsulates several spatio-temporal data integration and mining techniques to automatically compute and annotate all meaningful parts of heterogeneous trajectories. The visualization interface exhibits different levels of data abstraction, from low-level raw trajectories (i.e. the initial GPS trace) to high-level semantic trajectories (i.e. the sequence of interesting places where moving objects have passed and/or stayed).
随着嵌入gps的移动设备的普及,大量的移动数据以轨迹的形式被收集——一个(x,y,t)点流。这样的轨迹是异质实体——车辆、人、动物、包裹等。大多数应用程序主要分析原始轨迹数据并提取几何模式。然而,现实生活中的应用需要更全面的、语义化的轨迹表示。本文展示了SeMiTri的自动构建和可视化功能,SeMiTri是我们开发的一个系统,利用包含地理信息的第三方信息源,在语义上丰富轨迹。构建堆栈封装了多种时空数据集成和挖掘技术,可以自动计算和注释异构轨迹的所有有意义的部分。可视化界面展示了不同级别的数据抽象,从低级的原始轨迹(即初始GPS轨迹)到高级语义轨迹(即移动对象经过和/或停留的有趣位置的序列)。
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引用次数: 19
Analyzing semantic locations cloaking techniques in a probabilistic grid-based map 基于概率网格地图的语义位置隐藏技术分析
M. Damiani, C. Silvestri, E. Bertino
The protection of semantic positions, for instance that an individual is inside a hospital, is a challenging privacy issue. For example, it can be shown that popular protection mechanisms, like location cloaking, can be easily defeated when certain mobility patterns are known, e.g., certain places are more or less popular than other places. To prevent this kind of attack, novel semantic location cloaking heuristics are being investigated. These methods are built on the knowledge of population distribution and sensitive locations. In this demonstration, we present SAWL (Semantics-aware Location cloaking), a tool supporting the comparison of semantic location cloaking methods over real and synthetic spatial scenarios.
保护语义位置(例如,某人在医院内)是一个具有挑战性的隐私问题。例如,可以证明,当某些移动模式已知时,可以很容易地击败流行的保护机制,如位置隐身,例如,某些地方比其他地方更受欢迎或更不受欢迎。为了防止这种攻击,人们正在研究一种新的语义位置隐藏启发式方法。这些方法是建立在种群分布和敏感位置的知识基础上的。在这个演示中,我们展示了语义感知位置隐身(semantic -aware Location cloaking),这是一个支持在真实和合成空间场景中比较语义位置隐身方法的工具。
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引用次数: 6
Geospatial editing over a federated cloud geodatabase for the state of NSW 在新南威尔士州联邦云地理数据库上进行地理空间编辑
K. K. Janakiraman, M. Orgun, Abhaya C. Nayak
Geospatial information changes continually, and geospatial datasets become outdated and unsuitable for decision support due to inadequate data quality. They are also costly to maintain. There is a growing demand for accurate and consistent geospatial information in critical sectors such as emergency response. Within the land fabric geospatial vector data context, the ownership of data is distributed vertically among many government agencies by thematic types and horizontally by different administrative domains. A geospatial transaction, that updates changes, say for example, the release of a portion of forest-land for residential development, could inherently span across multiple agencies, infringing the jurisdictional responsibilities of individual agencies who own the participating data layers. Unauthorized editing and even publishing of updated data takes place in different organizations, unaware of editing taking place in other agencies. While updating of geospatial datasets for improved accuracy and distribution takes place, the legal aspects are generally ignored. In the context of current jurisdictional structure, to avoid duplicate geospatial editing as well as to support legally binding transaction, a geodatabase must transcend organizational boundaries and become truly federated. In addition, it needs to support a mechanism for versioned geospatial editing and more importantly support commits that could span many days. In this paper, we present a versioned editing model for a geospatial cloud database environment. The paper also discusses a new data workflow paradigm that utilizes the salient features of cloud for updating geospatial data addressing the issues highlighted. This is followed by a succinct discussion of the controlled investigation of the paradigm for the case of Australia's NSW state.
地理空间信息不断变化,由于数据质量不足,地理空间数据集已经过时,不适合用于决策支持。它们的维护成本也很高。在诸如应急反应等关键部门,对准确和一致的地理空间信息的需求日益增加。在土地结构地理空间矢量数据上下文中,数据的所有权按主题类型垂直分布在许多政府机构之间,并按不同的管理领域横向分布。地理空间交易,更新变化,例如,释放一部分林地用于住宅开发,本质上可能跨越多个机构,侵犯拥有参与数据层的单个机构的管辖责任。未经授权的编辑甚至发布更新的数据发生在不同的组织中,而不知道其他机构正在进行编辑。在更新地理空间数据集以提高准确性和分布的同时,法律方面通常被忽视。在当前管辖权结构的背景下,为了避免重复的地理空间编辑以及支持具有法律约束力的事务,地理数据库必须超越组织边界并成为真正的联邦。此外,它还需要支持版本化的地理空间编辑机制,更重要的是,它还需要支持可能跨越许多天的提交。本文提出了一种地理空间云数据库环境下的版本化编辑模型。本文还讨论了一种新的数据工作流范例,该范例利用云的显著特征来更新地理空间数据,解决了突出的问题。接下来是对澳大利亚新南威尔士州案例的对照调查的简要讨论。
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引用次数: 5
期刊
ACM SIGSPATIAL International Workshop on Advances in Geographic Information Systems
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