Problemy sotsial''noi gigieny i istoriia meditsiny / NII sotsial''noi gigieny, ekonomiki i upravleniia zdravookhraneniem im. N.A. Semashko RAMN, AO ''Assotsiatsiia ''Meditsinskaia literatura''最新文献

Against the background of a large-scale modernization of primary health care, introduction of new treatment and diagnostic methods and clinical guidelines, primary care physicians have an increasing need to improve professional skills, expand horizons and adapt to a rapidly changing reality, requiring the development of meta-skills, for example, critical thinking and research competencies. The purpose of the study was to assess the possibility of developing meta-skills among primary care providers through an educational project exemplified by the "Scientific Laboratory: Moscow Polyclinic" urban project.

Purpose - to study Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS) indicators on tobacco consumption and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on them.

Materials and methods: In 2022, 2,453 residents were surveyed (men - 1137, women - 1316) aged from 15 to 86 years (average age - 43,0 ± 16,4 years). There were 58,9% city dwellers, 41,1% villagers. The GATS technique was used. The results of the 2022 survey were compared with 2019. Mathematical and statistical processing included descriptive statistics and calculation of the χ2 distribution.

Results: Over the past three years, the share of smokers has not changed (19,0% in 2022 vs 19,9% in 2019). At the same time, there were significantly more women smoking (7,4% vs 5,4%), and fewer men smoking (32,4% vs 36,7%). The number of smokers has significantly increased in the age group 65+, among women, as well as among persons aged 45-64 years. In 2022, smokers made fewer attempts to quit smoking. The number of users of electronic nicotine delivery systems increased (7.1% vs 5.4%), especially among men (9.5% vs 6.0%); a noticeable increase was observed in the 45-64 age group (2.8% vs 0.9%).

Conclusion: During the COVID-19 pandemic, the proportion of smokers of both sexes in the older age group has increased significantly. The number of users of electronic nicotine delivery systems has increased. Many indicators of assistance to the population in quitting tobacco use and prevention of smoking among the adult population have worsened.

Based on data from official statistics and the "Selective Observation of Population Health" implemented by Rosstat, the article analyzes the dynamics of life expectancy and healthy life expectancy in the regions of Russia in the period from 2019 to 2023, with special attention paid to the position of Moscow in the structure under study.

The aim of this study was to examine the level of salt consumption among various population groups in Moscow. The study was conducted using the 24-hour dietary recall method (24hDR) and the food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) over the course of one year. The results showed that 49.6% of Muscovites have excessive salt consumption, with this phenomenon being more prevalent among men (60.3%) compared to women (41.9%). Data analysis revealed significant consumption of high-salt foods and dishes, highlighting the need for monitoring and adjusting salt intake in the diet to prevent hypertension and cardiovascular diseases.

The authors analyze the number, dynamics and structure of medical personnel providing psychiatric and psychological care in organizations subordinate to the Moscow Healthcare Department in 2009-2023, evaluate the changes in the bed fund and the number of visits, and predicts the number of medical personnel at the end of 2025. It was concluded that the resource provision psychiatric and psychological care in Moscow is at a high level, and in 15 years the number of employed doctors in the field has increased by 26.44%. The changes in the structure were influenced by a decrease in the number and proportion of psychotherapists and an increase in the number of psychologists. Psychiatric and psychological care in the capital has changed its focus from inpatient therapy to inpatient replacement: the number of discharged patients from day hospitals in 2013-2023 increased in 2.42 times, and at the same time, over the same period, the hospital bed stock and bed days spent, on the contrary, decreased by 46.04% and 45.70%, respectively. It is expected that by the end of 2025, the number of medical personnel in the industry will increase by 12%.

The study of the process of professional development of medical specialists does not lose its relevance, since this process needs constant improvement of its mechanisms for the formation and use of the professional and qualification potential of the personnel of medical organizations. Of great interest is the analysis of this process in dynamics (over a five-year period), which allows us to identify not only its current shortcomings, but also those that are sustainable. Special attention is paid to persistent imperfections.

The personnel shortage in domestic medical organizations continues to be a key problem in healthcare. Modern research in the field of personnel policy reflects a predominantly random choice of specialty by a graduate after graduating from a medical university - 30% of young specialists leave the profession, often noting that the specialty «did not suit». There is a growing need for job profiling in order to more effectively distribute personnel in various sectors of economic activity.

Knowledge of the epidemiology of Duchenne muscular dystrophy is advisable for planning measures to improve the diagnosis and treatment of this disease. Purpose: to study the epidemic situation of Duchenne muscular dystrophy, as well as the average age of its diagnosis in the Russian Federation. The problem of accuracy of statistical estimates is due to heterogeneous diagnostic criteria. The development of unified diagnostic criteria (male gender and mutation carrier) is required. It is advisable to consider the issue of screening the level of creatine phosphokinase in young children with subsequent targeted examination of children with high levels, including testing for carriage of the Duchenne muscular dystrophy mutation.

Introduction: Diseases of the endocrine system continue to be an acute social problem for the state. The negative trend in the prevalence of diabetes mellitus, as well as the increase in the number of cases among adolescents and people of working age, should be the main driver for building a sustainable health care system.

Objective: to analyze the incidence of type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus in the adult population of Moscow and the Russian Federation in the period 2013-2022 according to official statistics.

Materials and methods: A statistical analysis of the official statistics of the Federal State Budgetary Institution «TSNIIOIZ» of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation and the Center for Medical Statistics (CMS) of Moscow was carried out.

Results: During the period of termination of the implementation of the Federal Target program «Diabetes Mellitus» in 2013-2022, the indicators of primary and general morbidity of DM1 and 2 in the adult population of Moscow throughout the analyzed period were statistically significantly lower than similar indicators for the Russian Federation as a whole.

Conclusion: The results of the analysis of the incidence of diabetes mellitus among the adult population aged 18 years and older in Moscow are characterized by a more pronounced decrease in primary morbidity and an outstripping increase in the overall incidence of DM1 and DM2, which requires further improvement of measures aimed at preventing the development of diabetes and its complications, improving measures to account for identified diseases and subsequent routing of patients.

Many countries around the world are faced with the problem of a shortage of medical workers due to insufficient investment in medical education, inconsistencies between training and employment strategies for medical personnel and the needs of the healthcare system, complicated by the lack of human resources for healthcare in remote areas and the migration of medical workers. One of the tools for developing medical personnel and forming a stable workforce is mentoring, which should be used throughout the working life of employees, and not only during the adaptation process of young employees. The purpose of the study is to identify the role of mentoring in reducing staff turnover and forming a sustainable workforce.