Problemy sotsial''noi gigieny i istoriia meditsiny / NII sotsial''noi gigieny, ekonomiki i upravleniia zdravookhraneniem im. N.A. Semashko RAMN, AO ''Assotsiatsiia ''Meditsinskaia literatura''最新文献

Suicide mortality monitoring provides important information that may be interpreted within social determinants of public health. Suicide mortality during the pandemic, contrary to many fears, did not increase, but the situation in the post pandemic period, when new challenges emerged, has not been studied yet. Surveillance in the Northwestern Federal District over the past 7 years has revealed a sharp decline in mortality in 2023 in some subjects, particularly in St. Petersburg (SPb) and Leningrad Oblast (LO). We calculated average annual mortality rates per 100,000 population with confidence intervals (as per Wilson). For detailed analysis we used the division of society into generations - up to 19 years old (generation Z), 20-39 years old (millennials, Y), 40-59 years old (generation X) and gt; 60 years old ("baby boomers" and traditionalists). Suicide indices in LO are significantly higher than in SPb, which is probably due to the higher proportion of rural population. The sharp decrease in mortality in 2023 in both subjects appeared to be most pronounced and statistically significant among men aged 40-59 and over 60. While the mortality rate among women in the older groups is generally decreasing, it is either stable or tends to increase among women under 39 years of age. From the perspective of the role of social integration, according to Durkheim theory, the sharp decline in male suicides can be attributed to increased social cohesion, signs of social optimism, as well as military and economic mobilization during the special military operation. At the same time, when large contingents return from the conflict zone, prevention measures should be considered, taking into account possible jobs competition between young and older male groups, as well as the likelihood of an increase in the prevalence of post traumatic stress disorder.

The article presents the results of the analysis of the dynamics of the age profile of the female population of fertile age and identifies the factors affecting the fertility rates. It is shown that the absolute number of the female population living in the southern territories of the Irkutsk region has decreased. The proportion of the cohort of fertile age women has decreased in general in the population of the total population and in the population of the female population. The reduction in the number of women of fertile age has led to a change in their age structure towards its aging, a decrease in the proportion of young, active reproductive ages. Special fertility rates make it possible to obtain a quantitative characteristic of the intensity of childbirth. Over the 23-year study period, the fertility rates of the female population have increased in general. It was revealed that in the dynamics, maximum fertility has moved to older age groups (25-29 years), characterizing the intensifying demographic processes of the implementation of late motherhood. As a result of applying the index analysis method, it was revealed that in most southern territories of the region such as: Irkutsk, Angarsk, Angarsk district, Shelekhov, Usolye, Usolsky district, Cheremkhovo, Cheremkhovsky district. in the dynamics of 2005-2023. a decrease in the index of the number of births was recorded. On average, by territory, the key factor influencing the decrease in this index was a decrease in the index of the proportion of women of childbearing age in the total number of women. By territory, the contribution of factors to the decrease in the index of the number of births was different. Thus, for such territories as: Irkutsk, Cheremkhovo, Cheremkhovsky district, Usolye, Angarsk, the key factor in decreasing the index of the number of births was a decrease in the index of the proportion of women of childbearing age from all women. For territories such as: Angarsk and Usolsky districts, the factor determining the decrease in the index of the number of births was a decrease in the fertility rate of the female population. In the Irkutsk and Shelekhovsky districts, a positive trend in the increase in the birth rate index has been formed. The leading factor in the increase in the birth rate index in the Irkutsk district is the increase in the index of the proportion of women of fertile age from all women. For the Shelekhovsky district, this is an increase in the average population index. Calculated special coefficients allow us to predict the dynamics of population reproduction in individual territories and are an important link in the development of regional programs for strengthening the demographic potential of the territories of the constituent entity of the Federation.

According to Rosstat, over the past twenty years, there has been a steady decline in the number of hospitals, stations, and emergency medical teams. In 2022, the number of stations decreased by 40% compared to 2000. Given the increase in the incidence of the population and the increase in the proportion of citizens who are in pre-retirement and retirement age, the number of medical staff has stopped covering the need for specialists. The article analyzes statistical data and reveals their dynamics in terms of the number of hospitals, stations and emergency medical teams. The relationship between the number of their staff and the number of people who received medical care has been determined. The structure of medical personnel by groups based on population size has been studied. An analysis of the dynamics of the number of teams and cases of emergency medical care has been performed. As a result of the study, proposals were formulated justifying the need to review the regulatory framework on reducing the professional burden and increasing the salaries of emergency medical personnel in order to attract young specialists and return doctors from commercial medical institutions to hospitals, stations and brigades to meet the need for medical personnel per capita.

The article presents approaches to developing a marketing strategy for a medical organization based on the analysis of medical services market segmentation. Marketing activities of a private medical organization (PMO) include market segmentation assessment, market situation analysis, and competitor identification. The main marketing activity for any PMO is the study of the medical services market and its segments. The key objects of segmentation are medical services, patients, and the PMO itself. Correlation and regression analysis is used to assess key factors affecting the competitive capabilities of the PMO. A comprehensive assessment of the PMOs marketing and management activities made it possible to determine its correct positioning in the medical services market using an algorithm to support management decision-making on determining the cost of a specific consultative, diagnostic, or treatment service using the aggregate summation of sales volume, consumer demand, and competitors price range.

By the beginning of the 20th century, plague was still a terrible enemy of mankind, striking ruthlessly at cities and claiming many lives. However, the causative agent of the disease had already been discovered and the medical community was gradually beginning to develop science-based approaches to sanitary protection, although quarantine in ports was still the main anti-epidemic measure. A number of countries had already established specialized institutions, conducted scientific research, trained specialists in handling pathogens of particularly dangerous infections, and maintained and published reports. In this regard, it seems very useful and instructive to compare the experience of elimination of plague outbreaks in the Japanese and Russian empires. This article, based on extant historical documents, examines the experience of plague outbreaks in the cities of Yokohama and Odessa in 1902. Since both cities are port cities and were often the scene of battles with particularly dangerous infections, such a comparison is the most correct, although rather limited, due to the paucity of extant information. Nevertheless, the results show that quarantine is no longer considered the only measure to combat plague, ceding the pedestal to disinfection, microbiological monitoring and epizootological surveillance. In particular, participants in those events conclude that a plague epizootic on rats is possible, and that the hygienic condition of cities must be improved. Clinical techniques and health education are improved, but failures by the sanitary services of each state are also revealed.

The article examines the relationship between improving the quality of life and the development of human capital as key factors of sustainable social progress. Special attention is paid to the issues of health and the healthcare system as the central elements of the infrastructure that ensures the realization of the potential of the individual and society. Based on interdisciplinary analysis (economic, sociological, demographic), the concept of a synergetic effect arising from a coordinated policy in the field of public health and human development is substantiated. The conclusion is drawn about the need for an integrative approach in social policy aimed at improving living standards through investments in health, education and well being.

The article presents the results of an empirical study on the use of neural network technologies by elderly university teachers representing medical and sociological sciences. The study is based on survey data from 524 academic professionals, with a focus on 60 respondents aged 60 and older. Special attention is given to the comparative analysis of digital activity, engagement with generative AI, and preferred tools (GPT, DeepSeek, GigaChat, etc.). The findings show that medical educators are more likely to use neural networks in research, while sociologists integrate them more into teaching practices. The selection of these two disciplines is justified as representative for analyzing digital adaptation in academia. The article concludes with limitations and directions for future research.

The accessibility of web resources for people with disabilities is a key element in creating an inclusive digital space. In the modern world, where the internet plays an important role in everyday life, ensuring equal and free access to online resources for all categories of users, including people with disabilities, becomes a priority task. For this purpose, international standards WCAG (Web Content Accessibility Guidelines) were developed, which contain recommendations for creating websites that are convenient for perception and use by people with various types of health impairments, such as problems with vision, hearing, or motor skills. The goal of the work is to study the accessibility barriers of Russian internet resources for persons with visual and hearing impairments and to propose measures for their elimination in accordance with international WCAG standards. In Russia, the issue of web resource compliance with these standards remains relevant, especially against the backdrop of an increasing number of users with disabilities. The growth of this population category underscores the need to adapt websites to their needs. However, many Russian web resources still do not meet accessibility requirements, which creates barriers for people with disabilities.

This article substantiates the relevance of ethical understanding and regulatory restrictions on the process of implementing a system of cognitive expert systems in healthcare. The key provisions of the axiological approach to digital healthcare strategies are defined, which should take into account national and regional conditions with mandatory dynamic interaction of all stakeholders, guaranteeing, among other things, international pluralism and basic community. Based on the analysis of a number of systems, it was revealed that the main thing in the process of developing and using expert systems is the correctness, reliability of medical information and professional assessment of the results of the systems activities. Which not only does not contradict, but also accepts the solution to the problem with the mandatory systematic inclusion of basic ethical standards in the process of developing technical solutions based on artificial intelligence and active parallel legislative initiative.