International Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry最新文献

Aim: To clinically and radiographically assess the efficacy of photodynamic therapy (PDT) as a novel technique in the root canal treatment (RCT) of primary molars.

Materials and methods: Sixty primary mandibular molars were selected from children aged between 4 and 7 years, each presenting with clinical and radiographic criteria of pulpal necrosis. They were randomly divided into three groups (n = 20): Group I-conventional RCT; group II-PDT; and group III-modified PDT. Participants underwent clinical and radiographic assessments over a 15-month follow-up period at 5-month intervals (5, 10, and 15 months). The results were analyzed using the Chi-square test with a level of significance set at p < 0.05.

Results: Considering the clinical and radiographic success, no statistically significant difference (p > 0.05) was found between the three groups during the follow-up periods. However, PDT and Modified PDT groups showed less root resorption with a statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) with the RCT group at the end of the 15-month follow-up period.

Conclusion: Photodynamic therapy and modified PDT showed effective and comparable clinical and radiographic outcomes to those of conventional root canal therapy in primary molars.

Clinical significance: Photodynamic therapy can be effectively utilized in the endodontic treatment of primary teeth through simple and minimally time-consuming procedures, making it particularly suitable for children.

How to cite this article: Farrag MEA, El Agamy RAA, El Kalla IH, et al. Clinical and Radiographic Evaluation of Photodynamic Therapy in Root Canal Treatment of Primary Molars: A 15-month Randomized Clinical Trial. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2026;19(2):200-209.

Background: This study aimed to evaluate and compare the shear bond strength (SBS) of glass ionomer cement (GIC) to primary molars treated with two commercially available silver diamine fluoride (SDF) solutions, with and without potassium iodide (KI).

Materials and methods: Eighty extracted human primary molars were sectioned, embedded in acrylic resin, and artificially demineralized. The samples were divided into four groups: (I) Kids-e-SDF + dentin conditioner, (II) Kedo SDF + dentin conditioner, (III) Kedo SDF + KI + dentin conditioner, and (IV) dentin conditioner only (control). GIC was applied, and SBS was measured using a universal testing machine after thermocycling. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's post hoc test were used for statistical analysis.

Results: Group III (Kedo SDF + KI) demonstrated the highest SBS (14.15 ± 0.10 MPa), followed by groups I (12.04 ± 0.39 MPa) and II (12.25 ± 0.12 MPa). The control group exhibited the lowest SBS (11.33 ± 0.12 MPa). Statistical analysis confirmed significant differences among all groups (p < 0.05).

Conclusion: The use of SDF significantly enhances GIC bonding to dentin, with the highest SBS observed in the SDF + KI group. The addition of KI may optimize adhesion while mitigating esthetic concerns. These findings support the clinical use of SDF and KI as a promising approach in minimally invasive pediatric restorative dentistry.

How to cite this article: Baldawa H, Ravindran V, Jeevanandan G, et al. Comparative Evaluation of the Shear Bond Strength of Glass Ionomer Cement to Two Commercially Available Silver Diamine Fluoride Solutions in Primary Molars: An In Vitro Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2026;19(2):171-176.

Aim and background: This case report highlights various management strategies for primary double teeth (PDT), focusing on the importance of early intervention and timely care to enhance oral health and overall quality of life in these children.

Case description: An incidental finding of PDT was noted in a 4-year-old boy, and preventive techniques were followed sequentially to interfere with caries initiation in a healthy PDT. In the second case, esthetic rehabilitation of a cariously involved, symptomatic PDT was carried out in a 4-year-old boy, emphasizing the importance and impact of timely intervention in such cases.

Conclusion: This case report not only presents a preventive and minimally invasive strategy to avoid caries initiation in PDT but also explores esthetic rehabilitation for caries-affected PDT, highlighting a comprehensive and innovative approach in managing this condition.

Clinical significance: Precise and early diagnosis of PDT directly influences the treatment outcomes. PDT often increases the risk of dental caries, potentially leading to premature tooth loss. Given its impact on the succedaneous dentition, timely intervention is crucial to prevent long-term complications.

How to cite this article: Sruthi PS, Seetha SM, Syriac G, et al. Fusing the Gap-Strategic Approaches in Managing Primary Double Teeth: A Report of Two Cases. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2026;19(2):244-249.

Aim and background: This case report evaluates the clinical efficacy of advanced platelet-rich fibrin (A-PRF) in managing multiple anterior tooth avulsions in a pediatric patient, addressing the significant challenge of achieving favorable long-term outcomes in complex dental trauma cases.

Case description: A 10-year-old female presented with three avulsed mandibular anterior teeth (31, 32, 41) following playground trauma. Treatment involved A-PRF membrane preparation from autologous blood, socket lining with A-PRF prior to replantation, and flexible splinting. Follow-up extended to 36 months with comprehensive clinical and radiographic monitoring. Tooth 31 maintained pulp vitality throughout the follow-up period. Tooth 32 developed periapical complications requiring endodontic treatment with mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) apexification. Tooth 41 showed early apical resorption necessitating endodontic treatment and surgical apicectomy with zinc bioactive glass placement. All three teeth demonstrated complete healing with excellent periodontal support and absence of replacement resorption or ankylosis.

Conclusion: Advanced platelet-rich fibrin demonstrated transformative clinical outcomes, achieving 100% tooth survival rates compared to conventional 15-30% success rates in multiple avulsion cases. The sustained growth factor release and biological scaffold properties fundamentally enhanced healing trajectories and warrant integration into standard trauma protocols.

Clinical significance: This case provides evidence for A-PRF as a reproducible, cost-effective intervention that significantly improves outcomes in complex pediatric dental trauma management.

How to cite this article: Mareddy AR, Reddy VN, Rehaman T, et al. Novel Application of Advanced Platelet-rich Fibrin in Multiple Avulsed Lower Anterior Teeth: a 36-month Follow-up Case Report. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2026;19(2):255-261.

Aim and background: Dental caries is the most prevalent oral healthcare problem worldwide, especially in pediatric patients. To manage dental caries, typical oral hygiene methods are not enough in many cases. So as to regenerate the tooth structure, remineralization is required. Thus, the aim of this in vivo study was to evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy and salivary pH change with Curodont^TM Protect and compare it with an effective remineralizing agent, GC Tooth Mousse.

Materials and methods: Both the GC Tooth Mousse (group I) and the Curodont^TM Protect remineralizing agent (group II) were tested in an in vivo investigation to determine their antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans. Calculating the total viable bacterial colonies by visual inspection with a HiMedia Laboratories Private Limited digital colony counter (LA6660) for statistical analysis allowed us to estimate the antibacterial effectiveness.We used a pocket pH meter to measure the pH of saliva both before and after the treatment. The parametric tests of significance (Wilcoxon paired test/paired t-test) were used for inferential statistics.

Results: The presample count of GC Tooth Mousse and Curodont^TM Protect was compared and was found to be nonsignificant with a p-value of 0.7. The postsample count of GC Tooth Mousse and Curodont^TM Protect, on the other hand, was shown to be statistically significant (p < 0.001). The pre- and post-pH of GC Tooth Mousse and Curodont^TM Protect was compared and was found to be nonsignificant with a p-value of 0.1.

Conclusion: When tested against S. mutans, the Curodont^TM Protect tooth remineralizing agent proved to be more effective than the GC Tooth Mousse remineralizing agent.

How to cite this article: Sharma M, Garg P, Vats V, et al. An In Vivo Study to Compare and Evaluate the Antimicrobial Efficacy and pH Change of GC Tooth Mousse and Curodont^TM Protect against Streptococcus mutans. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2026;19(2):156-163.

Aim and objectives: This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to compare the retention rates of composite resin pit and fissure sealants placed on permanent molars prepared using air abrasion versus traditional acid etching methods.

Methods: A comprehensive search was conducted across multiple databases, including MEDLINE (via PubMed), Cochrane Library, Scopus, and Web of Science since inception to date, but only in English. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with at least a 1-year follow-up, involving permanent molars treated with either air abrasion or acid etching prior to sealant placement, were included. Data extraction and risk of bias assessments were performed independently by two reviewers using the Cochrane Risk of Bias 2 (RoB 2) tool. Meta-analysis was performed using RevMan 5.3 with log odds ratios (ORs) as effect size metrics.

Results: Four RCTs were included in the review. Meta-analysis revealed no statistically significant difference in sealant retention between air abrasion and acid etching. The combined log OR was -0.727 [95% confidence interval (CI): -2.055 to 0.602], indicating a slight, nonsignificant trend favoring acid etching. Heterogeneity was moderate across studies. The overall quality of evidence was rated as moderate using the grading of recommendations, assessment, development, and evaluations (GRADE) framework.

Conclusion: There is no clear advantage of air abrasion over acid etching regarding the retention of fissure sealants on permanent molars. While air abrasion presents a minimally invasive alternative, acid etching remains the more established and effective technique. Further high-quality RCTs with larger sample sizes and standardized methodologies are needed to confirm these findings and explore other clinically relevant outcomes.

How to cite this article: Raut V, Sharma D, Jain AK, et al. Comparative Evaluation of the Retention Rates of Composite Resin Pit and Fissure Sealants Placed on Permanent Molars Treated with Air Abrasion and Acid Etching: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2026;19(2):271-277.

Background: Early childhood caries (ECC) is a multifactorial disease and a major public health concern. Saliva, a noninvasive diagnostic medium, plays a vital role in oral health. Nitric oxide (NO), beyond its physiological functions, exhibits potent antimicrobial properties and may serve as a biomarker for caries activity.

Aim: To estimate salivary NO levels in children with ECC and severe ECC (S-ECC) before and after total oral rehabilitation.

Design: Sixty-six physically and mentally healthy children aged 3-5 years were categorized into three groups: group I (caries-free), group II (ECC), and group III (S-ECC). Salivary NO and dietary nitrate were assessed at baseline. Groups II and III were reassessed at 1 week and 3 months postrehabilitation.

Results: Baseline salivary NO and dietary nitrate levels were significantly higher in the caries-free group (p < 0.05). A significant increase in NO levels was observed in ECC and S-ECC groups at 3 months postrehabilitation (p < 0.05), but not at 1 week (p > 0.05).

Conclusion: Higher NO levels in caries-free children and postrehabilitation increase in NO suggest its potential as a prognostic biomarker.

How to cite this article: Priya K, Saha S, Rai K, et al. Comparative Evaluation of Salivary Nitric Oxide in Caries-free and Affected Children before and after Total Oral Rehabilitation. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2026;19(2):238-243.

Aims and background: Dental anxiety is a prevalent obstacle to receiving effective dental care in children, especially in those who are preschool-aged. Social stories have been utilized as a tool to alleviate anxiety in children; however, their use in dentistry, specifically the comparison between custom- and ready-made formats, has not been thoroughly examined. This research aims to evaluate the effectiveness of custom-made social stories compared to ready-made ones in reducing dental anxiety in children aged 3-5 years during their initial dental appointment.

Materials and methods: A total of 100 children between the ages of 3 and 5 years who were visiting the pediatric dental outpatient department (OPD) for the first time were divided into two groups using a simple random selection method (lottery method): group A (custom-made social stories) and group B (ready-made social stories). Each group included 50 children. Anxiety levels were evaluated both before and after the intervention using the Facial Image Scale (FIS). The custom story depicted the actual clinic environment and the treating dentist, whereas the ready-made story was obtained from the Boston Medical Center website.

Results: The preoperative FIS scores indicated no significant difference between the two groups. However, the postoperative evaluation revealed a noteworthy reduction in dental anxiety for both groups, with a greater reduction shown in the custom-made group, with a p-value of 0.803.

Conclusion: Custom-made social stories proved to be considerably more effective than ready-made ones in alleviating dental anxiety in children during their first dental visit. The effectiveness is likely attributed to the personalization of the stories, which included specific visuals from the clinic and the involvement of familiar caregivers.

Clinical significance: Utilizing personalized social stories serves as a straightforward, economical, and gentle method for guiding behavior that can significantly enhance a child's experience and willingness during dental visits. Including these stories in standard pediatric procedures could improve clinical effectiveness and lessen the difficulties associated with dental anxiety.

How to cite this article: Kaavya IS, George S, Anandaraj S, et al. Effectiveness of Custom-made Social Stories over Ready-made Social Stories in Reducing Dental Anxiety among 3-5-year-old Children: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2026;19(2):150-155.

Background: Composite resins have seen significant development. In pediatric dentistry, direct composite resin restorations are becoming a crucial component of conservative care. Since their initial introduction, these materials have undergone fast evolution, leading to more esthetically pleasing and long-lasting repairs. As a result, amalgam in dentistry underwent a paradigm change in favor of more tooth-structure-preserving composites.

Aim: To evaluate and compare the clinical performance of a flowable composite resin and a packable composite resin in class II direct restorations in primary molars using a self-etch adhesive system.

Methods: Two distinct restorative materials-flowable composite (G-aenial Universal Flo, GC) and packable composite (G-aenial Posterior)-were used in a total of 24 class II restorations in 24 patients. Composite resin restorations were assessed using modified United States Public Health Service (USPHS) criteria at baseline, 3, 6, and 12 months. Data were analyzed using the Chi-square test (p ≤ 0.05).

Results: Anatomical form and color match were statistically significant in G-aenial Universal Flo at third month, and the differences between the two materials were even more noticeable at 1 year, with flowable composite maintaining 91.7% anatomical form and packable composite drastically dropping to 33.3% (p = 0.012).

Conclusion: When compared to G-aenial Posterior packable composite at one year, G-aenial Universal Flo flowable composite has shown superior clinical results in class II restorations for primary molars.

Clinical significance: G-aenial Universal Flo offers superior durability, esthetics, caries resistance, and reliable performance even in moist conditions, making it ideal for restoring primary molars in children.

How to cite this article: Vijayakumar PM, John JB, Eswara K, et al. Clinical Performance of Two Resin Composite Materials in Class II Cavities in Primary Molars: An Observational Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2026;19(2):234-237.

Aims and background: Betel quid chewing is commonly practiced by adolescents in East Nusa Tenggara (NTT). A combination of areca nut, betel inflorescences, and slaked lime induces inflammation in the oral cavity. Recently, Lactobacillus reuteri has been used as an adjuvant therapy in managing periodontal tissue inflammation. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of probiotic consumption on plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), and bleeding on probing (BOP) in adolescents with betel quid chewing habits in Alor Regency, NTT.

Materials and methods: In an observational study, 16 male and 16 female students aged 13-15 years were recruited from Probur State Junior High School, Alor Regency, NTT. Subsequently, subjects were divided into two groups: the experimental group that was given L. reuteri probiotics twice a day for 14 days, and the control group that was not given the intervention. Dental health education, ultrasonic scaling, and instructions to continue daily betel quid chewing habits were given. Gingival inflammation was examined using PI, GI, and BOP at baseline, on days 7 and 14.

Results: There was a significant difference in PI, GI, and BOP scores before and after consuming L. reuteri for 7 and 14 days (p < 0.05). There was also a significant difference in GI and BOP between both groups (p < 0.05).

Conclusion: Consuming L. reuteri probiotic for 7 and 14 days effectively reduces gingival inflammation, as assessed by PI, GI, and BOP, in adolescents with betel quid chewing habits.

Clinical significance: L. reuteri probiotic consumption reduces gingival inflammation in adolescents with betel quid chewing habits.

How to cite this article: Marjani LI, Suharsini M, Fauziah E. Effectiveness of Lactobacillus reuteri Probiotics on Plaque Index, Gingival Index, and Bleeding on Probing in Adolescents with Betel Quid Chewing Habit: Study in Children Aged 13-15 Years in Alor Regency, East Nusa Tenggara. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2026;19(2):177-182.