International Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry最新文献

Aims and background: To explore the oral microbiome in the cariogenic dental biofilm in children from vulnerable communities in Cartagena, Colombia.

Materials and methods: We conducted a prevalence study that included 75 children aged 5-8 from three vulnerable communities in Cartagena, Colombia. Taking into account the International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS), calibrated examiners diagnosed all participants with dental caries. Samples of dental biofilm were obtained from carious tooth surfaces; extraction of bacterial DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) was performed, and sequenced V3-V4 region of 16S rRNA (ribosomal ribonucleic acid) gene. Statistical analyses were conducted at the genus and species levels. Microbial diversity was analyzed using the Shannon diversity index.

Results: The most prevalent bacterial genera identified were Streptococcus (probe 4), Lactobacillus (probe 5), Streptococcus (probe 1), and Fusobacterium (probe 4). The most abundant species identified were Lactobacillus salivarius, Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sanguinis, and Leptotrichia sp. HOT 417. A comparison of relative species abundance showed a more significant presence of Parascardovia denticolens, S. mutans, and Streptococcus sobrinus in extensive cavitated carious lesions (p < 0.001). The oral biofilm exhibited richness in bacterial species, as the α-Shannon index of 3.02 (SD 0.36) indicated.

Conclusion: The oral microbiome in the cariogenic dental biofilm in children from vulnerable communities in Cartagena shows high bacterial diversity, with specific species significantly associated with extensive cavitated lesions.

Clinical significance: Understanding the microbial diversity and specific bacterial associations in carious lesions provides valuable insights for developing targeted preventive and therapeutic strategies.

How to cite this article: Fang L, Herrera-Herrera A, Harris-Ricardo J, et al. Exploring the Oral Microbiome in the Dental Biofilm of Children with Caries from Vulnerable Communities in Cartagena, Colombia: A Cross-sectional Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2025;18(10):1211-1216.

Background: Dens invaginatus (DI) is an abnormality of tooth structure that occurs due to invagination of enamel organ into the dental papilla before calcification. Dental anomalies have a diverse etiology, with contributions from both genetic and environmental factors that impact the dental lamina. The development of dental anomalies, including DI, could be significantly influenced by genes. Although the precise cause of DI is still unknown, it is thought to be caused by disruptions during the morphogenesis of teeth. Exome sequencing is a technique for genetic testing that can be used to identify genetic mutations or variations in genes that are important in specific diseases or conditions. The present study is the first of its kind to employ the method of whole exome sequencing (WES) to determine the genetic background of DI.

Methods: Blood samples were collected from both the mother and child who had DI and analyzed using WES.

Results: A gene variant of KMT2D was identified as common in both mother and child, which could be a causative factor for DI. The variant KMT2D (c.15907C>T) was identified according to the analytic results obtained.

Conclusion: Our research advances knowledge towards the etiology of DI and to avoid the risk factors linked to it. Developing solutions for gene therapy and regenerative medicine may also benefit from an understanding of the process behind DI development.

How to cite this article: Grace M, Aarthi J, Elangovan A, et al. Role of Genes in Dens Invaginatus: A Whole Exome Sequencing Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2025;18(10):1255-1259.

Aims and background: Pain is one of the most important causes of anxiety in pediatric dental patients. A painful intraoral nerve block could detrimentally affect the child's behavior in the dental setting. The aim of this clinical trial was to evaluate the pain reduction effectiveness of the vibration technique by speech stimulator compared to 2% lignocaine topical gel in 7-12-year-old children requiring a greater palatine nerve (GPN) block.

Methods: This study was a double-blinded randomized controlled trial that enrolled 60 children between 7 and 12 years old. The randomization list was generated by block randomization, and two groups were designated. The two groups of 30 samples each were selected based on the types of preanesthetic preparations received. The first group (group A) was assigned 2% lignocaine gel while the second group (group B) received vibration using a speech simulator for preanesthetic preparation at the site of the GPN block. The preanesthetic techniques were administered by pretrained and blinded assessors. The response of all the subjects was assessed using the facial pain scale (FPS) and SEM score (Sound, Eye, Motor) by an assessor. The FPS score was recorded using the response of the child with the scale ranging from 0 to 10, following the GPN block. Whereas the SEM score was evaluated by the assessor to assess the pain perception of the child, with scores ranging from 1 to 4. The Mann-Whitney U test was employed to analyze the data from this study.

Results: It was found that the difference in the mean scores of FPS and SEM scales between group A and group B was statistically significant. The mean scores of both FPS and SEM scales were higher in group A (2% lignocaine gel) (p < 0.001) than in group B (vibration using speech stimulator).

Conclusion: The study demonstrated that when vibration was used as preanesthetic preparation, it caused less pain/discomfort during the administration of a GPN block than 2% lignocaine gel application.

Clinical significance: The preanesthetic technique employing vibration could be an alternative or could replace the 2% lignocaine topical anesthetic application, especially in nerve blocks of areas with thick underlying mucoperiosteum (nasopalatine or GPN block).

How to cite this article: Prasanth S, Padmakumari B, Bhageeradhi D, et al. Comparative Evaluation of Pain Reduction with Vibration Using Speech Stimulator vs 2% Lignocaine Topical Gel Application Prior to Greater Palatine Nerve Block in 7-12-year-old Children: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2025;18(10):1278-1282.

Aims and background: The study aimed to evaluate the effect of carbonated and noncarbonated beverages on the color stability and fracture resistance of two types of pediatric crowns: Kids-e-Bioflx and Kids-e-crowns.

Materials and methods: Thirty-two prefabricated pediatric second molar crowns were divided into two groups: Group A (Kids-e-Bioflx) and group B (Kids-e-crowns), each containing 16 crowns. These groups were further divided into subgroups based on the beverage used for immersion: Coca-Cola and Frooti. After 24 hours of immersion, samples underwent thermocycling between 5°C and 55°C for 500 cycles, followed by color measurement using a spectrophotometer and fracture resistance evaluation using a universal testing machine (UTM).

Results: Results showed that both carbonated and noncarbonated beverages significantly affected the color stability of the crowns. Group B (Kids-e-crowns) was more color stable than group A (Kids-e-Bioflx). However, the fracture resistance of group A was significantly higher than that of group B after beverage immersion, with group A2 (Kids-e-Bioflx in Frooti) exhibiting the highest strength.

Conclusion: Kids-e-crowns demonstrated better color stability, while the newly introduced Kids-e-Bioflx crowns showed superior fracture resistance.

Clinical significance: This study provides valuable insights into the performance of Kids-e-Bioflx and Kids-e-crowns when exposed to common beverages and guides clinicians in selecting crowns tailored to individual patient needs, balancing esthetics with functional durability, and ensuring long-term success in restorative pediatric dental treatments.

How to cite this article: NV Chaithanya, Peter J, Kumar KR, et al. Comparative Evaluation of the Effects of Commonly Consumed Beverages on Color Stability and Fracture Resistance of the Pediatric Kids-E-Bioflx and Kids-E-Crowns: An In Vitro Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2025;18(10):1228-1233.

Background: Fear or anxiety about receiving a local anesthetic injection is a common issue in dental settings, particularly in pediatric dentistry. This fear often stems from the anticipation of pain or discomfort associated with the injection, which can serve as a significant barrier to effective treatment delivery. In children, anticipatory anxiety is especially prevalent, meaning they often experience fear even before the procedure begins, based on what they expect will happen.

Objective: This study aimed to compare and evaluate pain perception following the topical application of peppermint oil, lignocaine gel, and ice before an intraoral injection in children aged 7-14 years.

Method: A total of 150 children, aged between 7 and 14 years, who required local anesthesia (LA) for the dental procedure were divided into three groups of 50 each (group I: lignocaine gel, group II: ice, and group III: peppermint oil). Objective pain measurement [sound, eye, motor (SEM) scale] during administration and subjective measurement [visual analog scale (VAS)] after LA administration were recorded.

Results: In intergroup comparison on the basis of SEM and VAS, peppermint oil showed the least pain score, followed by lignocaine gel and ice.

Conclusion: Peppermint oil can be used as a topical anesthetic prior to LA administration.

How to cite this article: Sharma D, Bhat M, Khairwa A, et al. Comparative Evaluation of Peppermint Oil, Lignocaine Gel, and Ice as Topical Anesthetics for Intraoral Injections in Children: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2025;18(10):1194-1199.

Background: A specialized tool was originally developed in Brazilian-Portuguese to assess how malocclusion in primary teeth affects the oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) of preschool children and their parents.

Aim: To translate the Malocclusion Impact Scale for Early Childhood (MIS-EC) into Hindi, evaluate its reliability and validity, and determine its usefulness in assessing the impact of malocclusion on the OHRQoL of Indian preschool children and their parents.

Methods: The Hindi MIS-EC was adapted using international translation guidelines and administered to 110 preschool children (3-5 years). Reliability was tested through intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and test-retest methods, while validity was examined using convergent and discriminant analyses.

Results: The Hindi MIS-EC demonstrated good reliability, with an overall Cronbach's α of 0.71 and an ICC of 0.87. Discriminant validity (4.83) was significant, effectively distinguishing between children with and without malocclusion. Convergent validity was also confirmed, as the Hindi MIS-EC showed a significant correlation with the general health status of the child.

Conclusion: The Hindi MIS-EC scale is a reliable and valid tool for assessing the effect of malocclusion on the OHRQoL of children aged 3-5 years in India.

How to cite this article: Kalra G, Nangia T, Goyal V, et al. Cultural Adaptation and Validation of the Hindi Version of Malocclusion Impact Scale for Early Childhood for Assessing Oral Health-related Quality of Life in Indian Preschool Children. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2025;18(10):1283-1287.

Background: The first dental visit is crucial in shaping a child's attitude toward dental care. Anxiety during appointments can lead to uncooperative behavior and affect treatment outcomes. Pediatric dentists use various behavior management techniques, such as the Tell-Show-Do (TSD) method, to ease anxiety by explaining, demonstrating, and then performing the procedure. Recently, this method evolved into the Tell-Play-Do (TPD) approach, which includes hands-on learning to reduce fear. With children increasingly using mobile devices, we developed an indoor game to help familiarize them with dental procedures in a playful way. This study will assess the effectiveness of TPD using our game compared to the TSD for managing anxious children.

Aim: This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of the TPD technique using a self-designed game (Hop-A-Dent) compared to the Tell-Show-Do technique in managing anxious children.

Study design: A total of 40 children, aged 6-10 years, were graded according to Wright's modification of Frankl's behavior rating scale scores 2, 3, and 4, and their pulse rate was recorded while examining them. Children were allocated into two groups. In group 1, children played the game as guided by the operator, post which their anxiety and behavior were rated according to Venham's scale. After 7 minutes of the initiation of treatment, their pulse rate was recorded again. In group 2, the TSD technique was used, and anxiety, behavior, and pulse rate were recorded in the same manner as in group 1.

Results: There was no significant statistical difference between the groups regarding age. There was a statistically significant reduction in pulse score among group 1 (p = 0.002*) and an increment in pulse score among group 2 (p = 0.057*). There was a statistically insignificant difference between the two groups for Venham's Score with p = 0.819. There was a significant difference in behavior change, with most of the cases in group 1 (58.8%) being relaxed and comfortable, and most of the cases in group 2 (41.2%) having mild discomfort during the treatment.

Conclusion: This self-designed game has successfully demonstrated that most of the children in this group were more relaxed and comfortable compared to those in the conventional group, which showed mild discomfort. This game helps the child think faster and come up with the right solution as they get to explore the instruments. Hence, the TPD technique could be an alternate behavioral modification technique to the TSD in pediatric dentistry.

How to cite this article: Shah RR, Chandak A, Bhattad MS, et al. Effect of Self-designed Game Hop-A-Dent on 6-10-year-old Children's Anxiety Compared with the Tell-Show-Do Method: A Clinical Trial. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2025;18(10):1217-1221.

Aims and background: Clear aligners have become a popular orthodontic treatment option due to their esthetic appeal. However, their efficacy in managing malocclusions during mixed dentition, a developmental stage involving both primary and permanent teeth, has not been fully explored. This review aims to evaluate the effectiveness of clear aligners in treating malocclusions in mixed dentition and compares them to traditional orthodontic methods such as fixed appliances and myofunctional devices.

Methods: A scoping review was conducted using Arksey and O'Malley's framework and the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses scoping review (PRISMA-ScR) guidelines. Studies examining the use of clear aligners in mixed dentition were retrieved from four major databases. The inclusion criteria focused on studies that compared clear aligners with other orthodontic treatments. A total of 21 relevant studies were included in the analysis.

Results: The reviewed studies primarily assessed Invisalign® clear aligners for treating class II, open bite, and dental crowding in mixed dentition. Treatment durations varied between 6 and 18 months. While clear aligners were effective in correcting dentoalveolar issues, their impact on skeletal changes was less significant compared to traditional methods like the twin block appliance. The clear aligners provided notable benefits in terms of patient comfort, compliance, and esthetics.

Conclusion: Clear aligners present a viable treatment option for correcting malocclusions in mixed dentition, particularly for dentoalveolar adjustments. However, for skeletal changes, traditional appliances like fixed devices may be more effective. Clear aligners should be considered for patients seeking esthetic and comfortable orthodontic treatment.

Clinical significance: Clear aligners offer a noninvasive, comfortable, and esthetic solution for orthodontic treatment in mixed dentition. They can be particularly beneficial for mild to moderate malocclusions, though careful patient selection is crucial for optimal outcomes.

How to cite this article: Rai K, Kote AR, Priya K, et al. Effectiveness of Clear Aligner Therapy in Orthodontic Management for Children with Mixed Dentition: A Scoping Review. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2025;18(10):1294-1304.

Aim: To compare and evaluate the effect of an animated video and verbal communication [tell-show-do (TSD)] as a preoperative intervention in reducing the level of anxiety among children aged 6-8-year-old undergoing dental treatment.

Methodology: A total of 72 children were divided into two groups based on the preoperative intervention provided to them (group A: animated video and group B: verbal communication). Following this, an oral examination was performed, and children in both groups (groups A and B) were asked to draw (first drawing). Anxiety levels were measured using objective (pulse rate) and subjective [facial image scale (FIS)] parameters at baseline (before commencement of the procedure), during treatment, and post-treatment. Post-treatment, the children were once again asked to draw (second drawing). The drawings were then analyzed by a child psychologist using Children Drawing: Hospital (CD:H).

Results: A statistically significant difference (p = 0.026) was found between the control and study group for the mean change in FIS during and after the procedure. A positive linear correlation was found between objective anxiety, subjective anxiety, and CD:H scores using Pearson's correlation test.

Conclusion: Animated video was as effective as verbal communication (TSD) as a preoperative intervention in reducing dental anxiety in children when evaluating using CD:H manual.

How to cite this article: Naik SS, Choudhury S, Sharma R, et al. Comparative Evaluation of Animated Video and Verbal Communication as a Preoperative Intervention in Reducing Dental Anxiety in Children Using Children's Drawings: Hospital Manual, Pulse Rate, and Facial Image Scale-A Randomized Controlled Trial. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2025;18(10):1207-1210.

Aim: The primary goal of this study was to evaluate the immunological status of saliva in those children suffering from asthma based on the severity and duration of the disease's prevalence.

Materials and methods: A saliva test for the presence of immunoglobulins A (IgA) and G (IgG), and the secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) and lysozyme activity was conducted in 7, 12, and 15-year-old children suffering from asthma (main group) totaling 98 children in all and another 68 healthy children (control group) to observe and determine the local immunity levels in the oral cavity. Making use of the radial immunodiffusion method in agar gel, the concentration of IgA and IgG in the oral fluid was conducted as a part of the study. The evaluation of immunoglobulins in asthmatics was carried out, depending on the severity and duration of asthma.

Results: Children suffering from asthma experienced a decrease in the local immunoglobulin mechanisms of saliva protection. Compared to the control group, asthmatic children displayed a lower level of sIgA by 2.0 times, IgA by 1.6 times, lysozyme by 2.2 times, and an increase in the level of IgG by 1.2 times.

Conclusions: With the data obtained, it is clearly indicated that children suffering from asthma are subjected to decreased defense mechanism levels, which, in turn, could be the primary contributing factor for caries development in those children affected by asthma.

How to cite this article: Leshchuk S, Hakami Z, Vishwanathaiah S. Immunological Status of Saliva in Children with Asthma by Disease Severity. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2025;18(10):1200-1206.