International Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry最新文献

Aim: To quantitatively evaluate aquaporin 5 (AQP5) levels in the saliva of children with molar incisor hypomineralization (MIH) and compare them with those having normally mineralized teeth with dental caries and normally mineralized teeth. Also, to check the role of socioeconomic status (SES) in the incidence pattern.

Methodology: A total of 75 children aged 6-12 years from Chennai, India, were divided equally into three groups: MIH, normally mineralized teeth with dental caries, and normally mineralized teeth. Saliva samples were collected using the passive pooling and analyzed for AQP5 levels using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique. Data were recorded and analyzed with SPSS software.

Results: Aquaporin 5 levels in children with MIH were (0.808 ± 0.997 ng/mL), followed by those with normally mineralized teeth with dental caries (1.252 ± 0.2468 ng/mL) and normally mineralized teeth without dental caries (2.056 ± 0.3489 ng/mL). On intergroup comparison among groups A and B, A and C, and B and C were statistically significant (p < 0.0001). SES showed a significant correlation with the prevalence of MIH and dental caries, with MIH being more common in lower-income groups.

Conclusion: Molar incisor hypomineralization and dental caries are multifactorial conditions impacting children's oral health. Future research should explore how crystallization of the enamel matrix affects them. Gene polymorphisms of AQP5, along with other genes, should be assessed to improve diagnostic approaches.

How to cite this article: Subramani S, Sekar R, Bottu K, et al. Evaluation of AQP5 in Hypomineralized Teeth in Comparison to Normal Teeth: A Cross-sectional Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2025;18(12):1478-1482.

Aims and background: A pulpectomy in primary teeth is considered successful when there are no clinical symptoms or radiographic evidence of pathology. Outcomes vary due to multiple influencing factors, and comprehensive long-term evidence remains limited. This systematic review evaluates pulpectomy success over long-term follow-ups and identifies risk factors for failure.

Methods: An electronic database search was conducted in PubMed, EBSCOhost, Scopus, and Cochrane from January, 1990 to December 30, 2024. Different keywords were employed in various combinations during the search process to find all possible articles focused on our subject. The Cochrane risk of bias tool (ROB 2.0) was employed for evaluating randomized controlled trials, whereas observational studies were assessed using the ROBINS-I tool.

Results: A total of 360 articles were reviewed, and only 12 satisfied the inclusion requirements. The success rate of pulpectomy ranged between 38.5% and 96.2% over 5 years. The minimum amount of preoperative root resorption and adequate length of root canal filling material are the common factors associated with the success of pulpectomy. Zinc oxide eugenol (ZOE) and Endoflas success rate were 90% and 71% or less for iodoform after 18 months of evaluation.

Conclusion: Factors associated with the success of pulpectomy were an absence of preoperative periapical lesions, minimal preoperative root resorption, adequate root canal filling, and the type of postendodontic restoration. The factors associated with pulpectomy failure were the presence of a periapical lesion, preoperative swelling, fistula, pulpectomy performed in trauma cases, and inadequate quality of the root filling. Age, gender, tooth position, treatment modality, and number of appointments did not significantly affect pulpectomy.

Clinical significance: This systematic review holds significant clinical value as it enhances treatment predictability, minimizes failures, and supports the preservation of primary teeth, ultimately benefiting pediatric oral health.

How to cite this article: Kendre SB, Bhatane AU, Kale YJ, et al. Factors Affecting Success and Failure of Pulpectomy in Primary Teeth: A Systematic Review. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2025;18(12):1530-1540.

Aim and background: Early childhood caries (ECC) is a chronic condition affecting a majority of the pediatric population, leading to functional and esthetic concerns. It often leads to gross destruction of the anterior teeth, which are difficult to restore and rehabilitate. To overcome this, prefabricated pediatric zirconia crowns have been recently introduced. However, it warrants prior rehabilitation with a post and core in many cases, which poses difficulty in terms of increased chairside time and cooperation of the child. The aim of this article is to report a case of esthetic rehabilitation of grossly destructed upper anterior teeth using two types of post and cores with zirconia crowns.

Case description: With digital dentistry growing at its peak, the current case utilizes intraoral scanning and computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD-CAM) technology to rehabilitate mutilated primary anterior teeth with monoblock prosthetic design on one side and conventional fiber post and core build-up followed by a customized zirconia crown on the other side.

Conclusion: Customized zirconia crowns with a built-in post offer an easy and effective solution for esthetic rehabilitation of badly broken-down teeth.

Clinical significance: Customized zirconia crowns have shown to offer superior esthetics and decreased chairside time, thus facilitating better clinical results and patient cooperation.

How to cite this article: Budia S, Rathi N, Patil L, et al. Rehabilitation of Mutilated Primary Anterior Teeth with Monoblock Prosthetic Design in Children: A Case Report. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2025;18(12):1498-1503.

Background: Oral habits are repetitive actions involving the oral cavity that can impact dental development. Persistent habits beyond the usual age have been considered deleterious and are likely to affect the development of the craniofacial complex adversely. Among the potential consequences, malocclusion stands out as a prevalent issue. This study seeks to evaluate the relationship between oral habits and malocclusion, enhancing treatment and prevention strategies.

Objective: To assess the prevalence of oral habits and malocclusion and to identify the differences in treatment needs between those with and without oral habits.

Materials and methods: An observational, cross-sectional study was conducted over 6 months at a dental educational institute. A prevalidated questionnaire was used to collect history from parents of pediatric dental patients regarding oral habits (tongue thrusting, mouth breathing, and thumb-sucking). In children with positive histories, the habit's presence was confirmed through clinical assessment and diagnostic tests. Malocclusion diagnosis and severity assessment were done following Federation Dentaire Internationale guidelines and using the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN), respectively. Collected data were analyzed statistically with SPSS version 21 for Windows (SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois).

Results: The prevalence of deleterious habits and malocclusion among the studied sample was 13.2% and 46.2%, respectively. All children (100%) with oral habits (group H) showed malocclusion, while only 46.8% of those without habits (group N) did. IOTN scores significantly differ between groups H and N, showing greater treatment needs in children with habits (p = 0.000). Objective treatment needs (grades V and IV) occurred in 31.6% of children with habits and 2.4% without. Borderline needs (grade III) were noted in 47.4% of children with habits, compared to 2% without. A total of 10.5% of children with habits and 8.7% without reported little need (grade II). Only 10.5% of those with habits and 33.7% without showed no need (grade I).

Conclusion: Within the study's limitations, a higher prevalence of malocclusion with more significant treatment needs is observed in children with deleterious oral habits compared with children who had no habits. Thus, we can assume that environmental factors can play a vast role in the development of malocclusion.

How to cite this article: Satti AS, Samudrala P, Sankar AJS, et al. Impact of Oral Habits on Malocclusion in Pediatric Dental Patients: A Dental Educational Institute-based Cross-sectional Observational Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2025;18(12):1483-1488.

Aim and background: Long-term use of chlorhexidine as an antibacterial mouthwash has been associated with several adverse effects. 80% of the population in developing countries relies on traditional medicines and natural products to meet their primary healthcare needs. This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial efficacy of herbal extracts and to compare their effectiveness with that of 0.2% chlorhexidine mouth rinse.

Methods: The herbal extracts used were Ocimum sanctum (tulsi), a mixture of Emblica Officinalis, Terminalia chebula, and Terminalia belericia (triphala), and Aloe Barbadensis Miller (aloe vera). Blood agar plates were inoculated with Streptococcus mutans, and inhibition zones were measured after 24 hours of incubation at 37°C.

Results: Chlorhexidine exhibited the highest antibacterial activity, followed by tulsi, triphala, and aloe vera. The mean inhibition zone diameters (in mm) were 22.33 ± 0.8, 11 ± 0.603, 8.6 ± 0.77, and 8 ± 0.6, respectively.Intergroup comparison revealed statistically significant differences (p = 0.00), favoring chlorhexidine over the herbal extracts. Intragroup analysis also showed significant differences (p = 0.00), with tulsi demonstrating the highest antibacterial activity among the herbal extracts, followed by triphala and aloe vera.

Conclusion: Within the limitations of this in vitro study, all tested herbal extracts exhibited antibacterial properties against S. mutans. However, chlorhexidine showed the highest efficacy. Among the herbal extracts, tulsi demonstrated the most potent antibacterial activity, followed by triphala, while aloe vera exhibited the least effectiveness.

Clinical significance: As the plant extracts demonstrated a notable efficacy in inhibiting the proliferation of oral bacteria, this suggests that these extracts could be formulated into an herbal antibacterial mouth rinse option suitable for individuals seeking herbal alternatives.

How to cite this article: Singh D, Rao A, Saralaya V, et al. Comparative In Vitro Evaluation of the Antimicrobial Efficacy of Tulsi, Triphala, and Aloe Vera against Streptococcus mutans Relative to Chlorhexidine. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2025;18(12):1437-1442.

Aim and background: Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by multisystem hamartomas. Oral manifestations in the form of gingival enlargement, enamel pitting, and fibromas are a common finding. The most common form of fibromas reported in these patients has been angiofibromas, predominantly located on the anterior gingival mucosa. Here, we report a case of an intraoral giant cell fibroma, which, to the best of our knowledge, has not been reported to date.

Case description: A 12-year-old girl, prediagnosed with TSC, presented with a soft tissue swelling originating from the interdental papilla between the left mandibular permanent lateral incisor and canine. An excisional biopsy was performed. Histopathological analysis was carried out.

Conclusion: A final diagnosis of a giant cell fibroma was made. No evidence of lesion recurrence was reported at the end of a 1-year follow-up.

Clinical significance: Differential diagnosis of a giant cell fibroma can be considered in patients with TSC presenting with intraoral fibrous lesions. Timely interventions will help improve the oral health-related quality of life of these patients.

How to cite this article: D'souza OK, Naik R, Dukle S, et al. Intraoral Giant Cell Fibroma in a Young Patient with Tuberous Sclerosis Complex: A Case Report of a Rare Occurrence. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2025;18(12):1504-1506.

Aims and background: The purpose of this study is to assess the alteration of surface roughness and occlusal stains in zirconia crowns produced for pediatric dental applications.

Materials and methods: This study combined clinical observation and in vitro experimentation. The clinical component involved collecting data from 20 pediatric patients under the age of 6 years who received zirconia crowns in their upper teeth and stainless steel crowns (SSCs) in their lower teeth. A standardized shade guide was used to evaluate staining severity. The laboratory component analyzed surface roughness of zirconia crowns opposed with zirconia crowns compared to those opposed with SSCs using a chewing simulator machine.

Results: Zirconia crowns opposed with SSCs caused maximum surface staining and roughness changes due to metal transfer through biofilms formed on the surfaces, with significant differences (p < 0.001) and large effect sizes.

Conclusion: The combination of zirconia crowns with SSCs may increase the chances of surface corrosion and staining. The selection of materials and their opposing counterparts determines the longevity, appearance, and overall quality of pediatric zirconia crowns.

Clinical significance: Zirconia crowns opposing SSCs have increased surface roughness and staining of the occlusal surface; so, when choosing materials, we need to be careful regarding their application to pediatric dentistry. These observations inform clinicians on how to maximize restorative modalities to increase durability and esthetics.

How to cite this article: Bahammam HA, Rady AF. Evaluation of Occlusal Stains and Surface Roughness of Prefabricated Zirconia Crowns in Pediatric Dentistry: An Observational and In Vitro Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2025;18(12):1431-1436.

Background: The relationship between dental crowding and skeletal base length is essential to recognize and consider during the stage of treatment planning.

Aim: To determine the correlation between maxillary and mandibular length and the quantum of crowding in various malocclusions.

Methods: Seven electronic databases-PubMed, OVID, LILACS, Web of Science, Scopus, Cochrane Library, and SciELO-were searched until April 2024 with no restriction on the year of publication. The risk of bias (RoB) assessment was performed using Downs and Black's quality assessment tool.

Results: A total of five articles that fulfilled the eligibility criteria were included, and two articles were used for meta-analysis. Four studies showed a low RoB, and one showed a moderate RoB. Meta-analysis revealed that in class 2 skeletal malocclusion, there was a 4 mm reduction in mandibular length in patients with mandibular crowding >3 mm (95% CI: -5.69 to -2.32; I ² = 0%) in comparison with patients with mandibular crowding <3 mm.

Conclusion: According to the existing evidence, the quantum of crowding was moderate to severe in class 2 skeletal malocclusion with reduced mandibular base length and minimal in class 3 skeletal malocclusion with greater mandibular base length.

Clinical significance: The study highlights a significant correlation between maxillary and mandibular lengths and dental crowding across classes 1, 2, and 3 skeletal malocclusions. Understanding these associations can improve diagnostic accuracy and treatment planning in orthodontics. The findings emphasize the need for tailored approaches based on skeletal discrepancies to effectively manage dental crowding.

How to cite this article: Lucas M, Kannan A, Kailasam V. Association between Maxillary and Mandibular Length and Crowding in Classes 1, 2, and 3 Skeletal Malocclusion: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2025;18(12):1517-1525.

Aims and background: Neonatal factors like gestational age have a major impact on the general and oral growth and development of the child. To compensate for the low birth weight and enhance weight gain, preterm children are often exposed to more frequent cariogenic food intakes between meals and during the night, and these are well-known risk factors for early childhood caries (ECC). ECC in preterm children might also impact the quality of life of the child and parent. This study evaluates the oral health status and quality of life among children born preterm.

Materials and methods: A clinical examination of 150 preterm children was done to evaluate their oral health status. The Oral Health-related Early Childhood Quality of Life (OH-ECQoL) tool was used to assess the quality of life.

Results: The mean age of children in years was 4.99. A total of 72% of the children were introduced to oral hygiene after the age of 24 months, 52% of children had moderate caries, and 8% had severe caries. Children born at 32-36 weeks had a reduced likelihood of ECC as compared to those born before 32 weeks.

Conclusion: From this study, it may be concluded that children born preterm had higher caries prevalence and poorer quality of life. Early guidance on oral health is needed to combat the health disparity among these children. Longitudinal studies to understand the long-term impact of preterm on oral health are needed.

Clinical significance: Preterm children are at higher risk of having dental diseases. Identification of disparities and challenges faced by preterm children related to oral health needs to be focused on, as the prevalence of preterm children is high among the Indian population.

How to cite this article: Devraj IM, Girish MS, Sushma K, et al. Oral Health Status and Oral Health-related Quality of Life among Children Born Preterm: A Cross-sectional Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2025;18(12):1454-1460.

Objectives: Extracellular matrix (ECM) proteolysis is carried out by a class of enzymes called matrix metalloproteases (MMPs). Tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs), which have a broad binding range for various enzyme types, control MMPs. The purpose of this study is to quantify and correlate salivary TIMP-1 and 2 levels in children who are caries-active and caries-free.

Materials and methods: A total of 40 children, aged 3-6, were split into two groups for the study: 20 in each group (caries-active and caries-free). Saliva samples that had not been stimulated were collected and analyzed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Age, gender, and caries score will all be taken into consideration when estimating and correlating TIMP-1 and 2 levels.

Results: TIMP-1 levels were statistically significant at p < 0.001 and ranged from 207.653 ± 51.826 pg/mL for caries-active and from 1042.023 ± 55.247 pg/mL for caries-free. TIMP-2 levels were statistically significant at p < 0.001 and were 169.143 ± 38.700 pg/mL in the caries-active group and 844.300 ± 37.793 pg/mL in the caries-free group. While TIMP-2 levels exhibited a very weak negative association, which was not statistically significant, TIMP-1 levels revealed a statistically significant, strong negative link with the caries score at p < 0.001. In both groups, there was no statistically significant difference between age and gender.

Conclusion: In comparison to those who are caries-active, it demonstrated a correlation with elevated levels of TIMP-1, indicating a protective function of this protein against dental caries. TIMP-1 may have a role in preserving dental health and preventing the progression of caries. Therefore, TIMP-1 detection can be considered as a molecular biomarker for early childhood caries (ECC) diagnosis.

How to cite this article: Thimmegowda U, Sampreetha G. Quantification and Correlation of Salivary Tissue Inhibitor Matrix Metalloproteinases 1 and 2 Levels in Caries-free and Caries-active Children: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2025;18(12):1461-1465.