International Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry最新文献

Aims and background: The purpose of this study is to assess the alteration of surface roughness and occlusal stains in zirconia crowns produced for pediatric dental applications.

Materials and methods: This study combined clinical observation and in vitro experimentation. The clinical component involved collecting data from 20 pediatric patients under the age of 6 years who received zirconia crowns in their upper teeth and stainless steel crowns (SSCs) in their lower teeth. A standardized shade guide was used to evaluate staining severity. The laboratory component analyzed surface roughness of zirconia crowns opposed with zirconia crowns compared to those opposed with SSCs using a chewing simulator machine.

Results: Zirconia crowns opposed with SSCs caused maximum surface staining and roughness changes due to metal transfer through biofilms formed on the surfaces, with significant differences (p < 0.001) and large effect sizes.

Conclusion: The combination of zirconia crowns with SSCs may increase the chances of surface corrosion and staining. The selection of materials and their opposing counterparts determines the longevity, appearance, and overall quality of pediatric zirconia crowns.

Clinical significance: Zirconia crowns opposing SSCs have increased surface roughness and staining of the occlusal surface; so, when choosing materials, we need to be careful regarding their application to pediatric dentistry. These observations inform clinicians on how to maximize restorative modalities to increase durability and esthetics.

How to cite this article: Bahammam HA, Rady AF. Evaluation of Occlusal Stains and Surface Roughness of Prefabricated Zirconia Crowns in Pediatric Dentistry: An Observational and In Vitro Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2025;18(12):1431-1436.

Background: The relationship between dental crowding and skeletal base length is essential to recognize and consider during the stage of treatment planning.

Aim: To determine the correlation between maxillary and mandibular length and the quantum of crowding in various malocclusions.

Methods: Seven electronic databases-PubMed, OVID, LILACS, Web of Science, Scopus, Cochrane Library, and SciELO-were searched until April 2024 with no restriction on the year of publication. The risk of bias (RoB) assessment was performed using Downs and Black's quality assessment tool.

Results: A total of five articles that fulfilled the eligibility criteria were included, and two articles were used for meta-analysis. Four studies showed a low RoB, and one showed a moderate RoB. Meta-analysis revealed that in class 2 skeletal malocclusion, there was a 4 mm reduction in mandibular length in patients with mandibular crowding >3 mm (95% CI: -5.69 to -2.32; I ² = 0%) in comparison with patients with mandibular crowding <3 mm.

Conclusion: According to the existing evidence, the quantum of crowding was moderate to severe in class 2 skeletal malocclusion with reduced mandibular base length and minimal in class 3 skeletal malocclusion with greater mandibular base length.

Clinical significance: The study highlights a significant correlation between maxillary and mandibular lengths and dental crowding across classes 1, 2, and 3 skeletal malocclusions. Understanding these associations can improve diagnostic accuracy and treatment planning in orthodontics. The findings emphasize the need for tailored approaches based on skeletal discrepancies to effectively manage dental crowding.

How to cite this article: Lucas M, Kannan A, Kailasam V. Association between Maxillary and Mandibular Length and Crowding in Classes 1, 2, and 3 Skeletal Malocclusion: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2025;18(12):1517-1525.

Aims and background: Neonatal factors like gestational age have a major impact on the general and oral growth and development of the child. To compensate for the low birth weight and enhance weight gain, preterm children are often exposed to more frequent cariogenic food intakes between meals and during the night, and these are well-known risk factors for early childhood caries (ECC). ECC in preterm children might also impact the quality of life of the child and parent. This study evaluates the oral health status and quality of life among children born preterm.

Materials and methods: A clinical examination of 150 preterm children was done to evaluate their oral health status. The Oral Health-related Early Childhood Quality of Life (OH-ECQoL) tool was used to assess the quality of life.

Results: The mean age of children in years was 4.99. A total of 72% of the children were introduced to oral hygiene after the age of 24 months, 52% of children had moderate caries, and 8% had severe caries. Children born at 32-36 weeks had a reduced likelihood of ECC as compared to those born before 32 weeks.

Conclusion: From this study, it may be concluded that children born preterm had higher caries prevalence and poorer quality of life. Early guidance on oral health is needed to combat the health disparity among these children. Longitudinal studies to understand the long-term impact of preterm on oral health are needed.

Clinical significance: Preterm children are at higher risk of having dental diseases. Identification of disparities and challenges faced by preterm children related to oral health needs to be focused on, as the prevalence of preterm children is high among the Indian population.

How to cite this article: Devraj IM, Girish MS, Sushma K, et al. Oral Health Status and Oral Health-related Quality of Life among Children Born Preterm: A Cross-sectional Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2025;18(12):1454-1460.

Objectives: Extracellular matrix (ECM) proteolysis is carried out by a class of enzymes called matrix metalloproteases (MMPs). Tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs), which have a broad binding range for various enzyme types, control MMPs. The purpose of this study is to quantify and correlate salivary TIMP-1 and 2 levels in children who are caries-active and caries-free.

Materials and methods: A total of 40 children, aged 3-6, were split into two groups for the study: 20 in each group (caries-active and caries-free). Saliva samples that had not been stimulated were collected and analyzed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Age, gender, and caries score will all be taken into consideration when estimating and correlating TIMP-1 and 2 levels.

Results: TIMP-1 levels were statistically significant at p < 0.001 and ranged from 207.653 ± 51.826 pg/mL for caries-active and from 1042.023 ± 55.247 pg/mL for caries-free. TIMP-2 levels were statistically significant at p < 0.001 and were 169.143 ± 38.700 pg/mL in the caries-active group and 844.300 ± 37.793 pg/mL in the caries-free group. While TIMP-2 levels exhibited a very weak negative association, which was not statistically significant, TIMP-1 levels revealed a statistically significant, strong negative link with the caries score at p < 0.001. In both groups, there was no statistically significant difference between age and gender.

Conclusion: In comparison to those who are caries-active, it demonstrated a correlation with elevated levels of TIMP-1, indicating a protective function of this protein against dental caries. TIMP-1 may have a role in preserving dental health and preventing the progression of caries. Therefore, TIMP-1 detection can be considered as a molecular biomarker for early childhood caries (ECC) diagnosis.

How to cite this article: Thimmegowda U, Sampreetha G. Quantification and Correlation of Salivary Tissue Inhibitor Matrix Metalloproteinases 1 and 2 Levels in Caries-free and Caries-active Children: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2025;18(12):1461-1465.

Background: Dental caries, primarily caused by Streptococcus mutans, is a prevalent oral health issue. Natural compounds such as clove and ginger exhibit antibacterial properties. The plant-derived compounds release phytochemicals, which aid in controlling the risk of the development of dental caries. This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of clove and ginger extracts against S. mutans in vitro, potentially offering new insights into alternative antimicrobial agents for caries prevention.

Objectives: To compare and assess the antimicrobial activity of the spice extract-clove (Syzygium aromaticum) and ginger (Zingiber officinale) against S. mutans.

Materials and methods: Approximately, 10 gm of ginger and clove powder was mixed with 10 mL of 70% ethanol. S. mutans [American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) 25175] were subcultured in brain heart infusion (BHI) broth and incubated at 37°C for 18-24 hours. The antimicrobial activity of ginger and clove extracts was evaluated using the microbroth dilution method in sterile 96-well microtiter plates.

Results: Growth of S. mutans was observed for two concentrations of clove (3.125 and 1.6%) and one concentration of ginger (1.6%). The median value for clove was 24 [Interquartile range (IQR): 20.25-29.25] and for ginger was 11.5 (IQR: 8.75-12.75). The comparison between ginger and clove at 1.6% concentration yielded a Z-value of -1.826 with a p-value of 0.068 (p > 0.05). While the lower median CFU count suggests ginger may have stronger antimicrobial activity, the difference was not statistically significant, indicating comparable efficacy of both extracts at this concentration.

Conclusion: Both ginger and clove extracts demonstrated antimicrobial activity against S. mutans. Ginger maintained complete growth inhibition up to 3.125% concentration, whereas clove showed bacterial growth at 3.125%. At an identical 1.6% concentration, ginger demonstrated a lower median CFU count (11.5, IQR: 8.75 - 12.75) compared to clove (24, IQR: 20.25 - 29.25), indicating stronger antimicrobial activity. However, this difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.068), suggesting comparable efficacy under the tested conditions. Both extracts show potential as natural antimicrobial agents for dental caries prevention.

How to cite this article: Rajkumar M, Ganesh A, Vignesh KC, et al. Comparative Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activity between Clove and Ginger Extracts against Streptococcus mutans: An In Vitro Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2025;18(12):1489-1492.

Aim and background: The aim of the present study was to compare the efficacy of a caries control reagent [silver diamine fluoride (SDF)] and chemomechanical reagent (Papacarie gel) on smear layer removal under scanning electron microscopy (SEM) on root canal dentin of young permanent teeth.

Methodology: Therapeutically extracted young premolars (n = 30) were randomly divided into three groups of 10 teeth each. Group I, control group [5.25% NaOCl + 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)], group II, Papacarie duo gel, and group III, 3.8% SDF solution. Root canals were prepared by rotary files, and an identical irrigation protocol was followed for the three groups. Teeth were bisected longitudinally and evaluated for smear layer removal under SEM. Images analyzed were scored using criteria given by Torabinejad. All the numerical scores were subjected to statistical analysis by the Chi-square test and Kruskal-Wallis test, and results were drawn.

Results: Scanning electron microscopy analysis revealed the presence of residual heavy smear layer on the entire root length in group III (100%) and minimal smear layer in group II (40%), which was statistically significant. On comparison at different root levels, a statistically significant difference was reported in the middle and apical thirds among all three groups (p ≤ 0.05).

Conclusion: Papacarie gel removed the smear layer as efficiently as the control group, besides being less detrimental to the immature dentin. Though 3.8% SDF inadequately removed the smear layer upon irrigation as compared to Papacarie and the control group, it effectively occluded the dentinal tubules. Both Papacarie and 3.8% SDF solution can be considered as adjunct root canal irrigants in young permanent teeth with wider dentinal tubules.

Clinical relevance: The smear layer acts as a substrate for bacteria and obstructs the canal walls. Its removal has been advocated, without damaging the dentinal microhardness of the root. In search of a biologically safe irrigation solution, Papacarie and SDF were considered, and statistically significant results were obtained.

How to cite this article: Mythreyi G, Sharada J, Shaik H, et al. Evaluation of the Efficacy of 3.8% Silver Diamine Fluoride and Papacarie as Root Canal Irrigants in Smear Layer Removal in Young Permanent Teeth: An In Vitro Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2025;18(12):1413-1417.

Background: In primary teeth, pulpotomy is a well-established intervention for managing cariously exposed coronal pulp, with formocresol long considered the gold-standard medicament. Recent research focuses on wound-healing phenomena and the use of regenerative materials like chitosan owing to its functional versatility and unique characteristics.

Aim: To assess the clinical and radiographic outcomes of using chitosan as a pulpotomy agent in primary molars.

Materials and methods: Children aged 4-9 years, free from systemic illnesses and in need of pulpotomy, were selected. About 50 teeth were assigned to two groups: group I (chitosan) and group II (formocresol), and all treated teeth received stainless-steel crowns. Clinical and radiographic parameters were assessed at 1, 3, and 6 months posttreatment. The Chi-squared test was applied to compare the parameters and analyze the differences between the groups at the various time intervals.

Results: Group I (chitosan) demonstrated a clinical and radiographic success rate of 95.6%, while group II (formocresol) achieved 100%. The variation between the groups was not statistically significant.

Conclusion: The study indicated that chitosan (Axiostat®) can be considered a reliable pulpotomy agent in primary dentition and an effective substitute for formocresol.

How to cite this article: Krishna N, Rai K, Manju R, et al. Evaluation of Chitosan (Axiostat®) as a Pulpotomy Agent in Primary Molars: An In Vivo Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2025;18(S-1):S61-S65.

Introduction: Esthetic dentistry plays an important role in providing several treatment options for tooth discoloration out of which the most common is tooth bleaching. Although it is less invasive and cost-effective but repeated bleaching could reduce the microhardness of enamel; this loss of microhardness after bleaching could be regained by incorporating topical fluoride agents.

Objective: To analyze and compare the effect of fluoride and additional fluoride application on the microhardness of the enamel prior to and postbleaching.

Materials and methods: Fifty sound extracted human premolars were divided into five groups and subjected to specific fluoride treatment pre- and postbleach period for 42 days. Microhardness of each specimen was recorded at baseline, 14th, 28th, and 42nd day.

Results: An intergroup comparison of each enamel specimen at different timelines was done by analysis of variance (ANOVA) test. Intragroup comparison at baseline was done using a post hoc test, and at 14th, 28th, and 42nd day was done by Bonferroni correction. The F-and p-value for baseline were 1.718 and 0.163, respectively, which were not significant. While F-value at 14th, 28th, and 42nd day was 33.036, 5.395, and 9.505, respectively, which shows all these timelines had a p-value <0.001 and the difference was statistically significant. A statistically significant increase was observed between specimens treated with combined fluoride therapy and only fluoridated toothpaste application at the end of 14th day, and no statistically significant difference was there at the end of 42nd day.

Conclusion: A significant increase in the microhardness of bleached enamel on fluoridated toothpaste application was observed. Further additional application of fluoride was not very effective when fluoridated toothpaste was used twice daily.

How to cite this article: Das S, Jain M, Sogi HPS, et al. Effect of Different Topical Fluorides on the Microhardness of Bleached Enamel: In Vitro Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2025;18(11):1365-1372.

Aim and background: Epidermal cysts, also known as epithelial inclusion cysts or epidermoid cysts, have epidermis as the cyst wall with keratin debris inside. Its incidence in the oral cavity is rare and constitutes only 0.01% of all the cystic lesions of the oral cavity.

Case description: A 13-year-old male presented with swelling on the left side of the tongue for 1 year. Patient had persistent discomfort in the area, but no complaints of any pain, difficulty in swallowing, or in speech. On examination, a well-circumscribed, round, nontender, cystic swelling of about 1 × 1 cm in size, with a smooth surface, was embedded in the left side of the anterior tongue. Ultrasound scan showed a cystic lesion with a possible diagnosis of epidermoid cyst. Surgical resection was performed under local anesthesia. On histopathology examination cyst showed fibromuscular content with keratin pearls on the basis of which the final diagnosis of epidermal cyst was made.

Conclusion: To date, very few cases of epidermal cyst of the tongue have been reported. These cysts, depending on the size and position, can lead to difficulty in swallowing, breathing, or speech. In certain cases, they can be asymptomatic, as seen in our patient, and recurrence is rare when removed in toto.

Clinical significance: Early identification and surgical excision of an epidermal cyst in the tongue are crucial to prevent potential complications such as secondary infection, enlargement, or interference with oral functions. Histopathological confirmation ensures accurate diagnosis and differentiates it from other cystic lesions, guiding appropriate management.

How to cite this article: Nayak PP, Nayak PP, Bhandary M, et al. Uncommon but Present-A Rare Presentation of Epidermal Cyst of the Tongue in a Pediatric Patient: A Case Report. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2025;18(11):1397-1399.

Objective: The study aimed to evaluate the effect of saliva on the compressive strength of three commonly used dental materials-mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA), Biod+, and Biodentine-used for root canal fillings.

Materials and methods: Thirty-six extracted primary molars were divided into two groups: a control group (group A) with no saliva exposure and an experimental group (group B) subjected to saliva exposure. Each group was further divided into three subgroups (n = 6), with specimens filled with MTA, Biod+, or Biodentine. After a standardized pulpotomy procedure, the materials were placed within the prepared cavities. The compressive strength of each material was tested using an Instron universal testing machine after a 4-hour setting period. Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA).

Results: Biod+ demonstrated the highest compressive strength among the three materials, both in the presence and absence of saliva. Biodentine exhibited the least variation in compressive strength following saliva exposure, indicating superior stability in an oral environment. MTA showed lower compressive strength compared to Biod+ and Biodentine. Statistical analysis confirmed a significant difference in compressive strength between the groups (p = 0.00532).

Conclusion: Biod+ exhibited the highest durability in terms of compressive strength, making it a promising material for endodontic applications requiring high mechanical resistance. Biodentine, on the other hand, demonstrated greater stability under salivary exposure, making it a reliable choice for clinical scenarios where moisture contamination is a concern. These findings provide valuable insights into the selection of optimal root canal filling materials based on specific clinical requirements.

How to cite this article: Bhatnagar S, Jeevanandan G. Effect of Saliva on Compressive Strength of Mineral Trioxide Aggregate, Biod+, and Biodentine: An In Vitro Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2025;18(11):1345-1348.