International Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry最新文献

Background: Ocimum basilicum, commonly known as sweet basil, has been found to possess remineralization potential on enamel caries and antibacterial activity, making it suitable for formulation as a dental varnish for caries prevention.

Aim: To evaluate the anticariogenic efficacy of O. basilicum varnish among 6-8-year-old school children.

Materials and methods: A double-arm, parallel-group randomized controlled trial was conducted in a government primary school in Belagavi district, Karnataka. Forty children were randomly assigned to either the O. basilicum varnish group or the fluoride varnish group. Varnish application was carried out at baseline, after 1 month, and after 3 months. International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS) 1 score, number of initial carious lesions, and plaque Streptococcus mutans count were assessed at baseline and at the end of 4 months. Unpaired t-test and paired t-test were used to compare the differences within and between the groups, respectively. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05.

Results: An intragroup comparison revealed statistically significant differences (p < 0.001) within the groups in ICDAS 1 score, the number of initial carious lesions, and plaque S. mutans count. The fluoride varnish group demonstrated better reduction of ICDAS 1 score (p = 0.034) and number of initial carious lesions (p = 0.006). However, O. basilicum varnish showed more reduction of plaque S. mutans count (p < 0.001) than the fluoride varnish group.

Conclusion: Ocimum basilicum varnish possesses remineralization potential and better antibacterial activity against S. mutans. Henceforth, it can be used as an alternative to commercially available fluoride varnish.

Clinical significance: The dental varnish formulated from O. basilicum has proven to have anticariogenic potential with fewer adverse effects, endorsing its incorporation in clinical practice for the prevention of dental caries.

How to cite this article: Shankkari S, Ankola AV, Sankeshwari RM, et al. Comparative Evaluation of Anticariogenic Efficacy of Ocimum basilicum Varnish and Fluoride Varnish among 6-8-year-old School Children: A Double-blind Randomized Controlled Trial. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2026;19(1):55-60.

Aims and background: Early behavioral changes in childhood can signal developmental challenges and complicate oral healthcare. Parents are key to early detection, yet their awareness is often limited. This study aimed to assess parents' knowledge, awareness, and perceptions of early behavioral changes, explore their understanding of oral health impacts, and identify gaps and barriers to timely intervention.

Methods: A cross-sectional, questionnaire-based study was conducted among parents visiting the pediatric dental department. The survey assessed awareness of early behavioral changes, perceived causes, and links to oral health. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics.

Results: A total of 700 parents participated, with many unaware of the signs and symptoms of early behavioral changes. While 65.71% agreed that early detection could improve dental care, only 32.43% acknowledged a direct behavior-oral health link. Key barriers included difficulty distinguishing normal from abnormal behavior, reliance on nonprofessional sources, limited access to guidance, and normalization of certain behaviors, all of which may delay timely intervention.

Conclusion: Parental awareness of early behavioral signs and symptoms remains limited. Addressing knowledge gaps and barriers through targeted education and accessible professional guidance is essential. Early recognition can improve both developmental outcomes and dental care experiences.

Clinical significance: This study highlights that many parents lack awareness of the early signs and symptoms of behavioral changes in children. By acknowledging this gap, targeted awareness programs can be developed to equip parents with the knowledge needed for timely recognition and intervention. Such efforts can enhance developmental outcomes, improve cooperation during dental visits, and ultimately lead to better oral health management in children with behavioral challenges.

How to cite this article: Gupta N, Shastri S, Kaul S, et al. When Behavior Speaks-Are Parents Listening?: A Questionnaire Study on How Parents Perceive Early Behavioral Changes among Children in the Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2026;19(1):85-91.

This narrative review examines the application of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) across three major learning paradigms-supervised, unsupervised, and reinforcement learning (RL). The former has shown remarkable accuracy in diagnosing dental diseases, such as caries, periodontal conditions, and oral cancers; the second uses unsupervised learning techniques, such as clustering and association rule mining, to uncover hidden patterns in patient data, improving preventive care and resource allocation; and the latter uses RL techniques, such as Q-learning, deep Q-networks (DQNs), and actor-critic models, to support adaptive and personalized treatment strategies by continuously optimizing decisions based on patient feedback. From AI-driven imaging tools to algorithms encouraging oral self-care behaviors and other dental treatments, this review highlights significant developments and real-world applications. To overcome the obstacles and realize the full potential of AI and ML in dentistry, future studies and interdisciplinary cooperation will be crucial. By adopting these technologies, the dental industry can transform the delivery of oral health care and move toward a more patient-centered, data-driven, and efficient model of treatment.

How to cite this article: Sharma A, Agarwal N. Advancements in Dental Science through Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning: A Comprehensive Review. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2026;19(1):120-126.

Introduction: Silver-modified atraumatic restorative therapy (SMART) is the silver diamine fluoride (SDF) treatment followed by glass ionomer cement (GIC) restoration to help arrest the progression of the caries without requiring local anesthesia and cavity preparation. There is no comparison in the literature regarding the microleakage and potential of secondary caries with the aforementioned approach. Also, recently, a new formulation of SDF, that is, SDF gel, is available in the market, which could be a better material due to its ease of application and control over area of application.

Materials and methods: This is an in vitro study that included 60 extracted human premolar teeth, divided into four groups of 15 each: group I-SDF solution (FAgamin), group II-SDF solution (e-SDF), group III-SDF gel (KEDO), and group IV-SDF + KI (KEDO). Class IV cavity preparation was done, after which SDF was applied and cavities were restored with resin-modified glass ionomer cement (RMGIC). Thermocycling, dye penetration, and sectioning were done, followed by evaluation under a stereomicroscope.

Result: Level of dye penetration at enamel and dentinal margins were measured and there was statistically significant difference in all the four groups at enamel and dentinal margins, with p-value < 0.00001 and < 0.00001, respectively.

Conclusion: Group III (SDF gel-KEDO) had least microleakage, followed by group I (FAgamin), group II (e-SDF), and group IV (SDF + KI).

How to cite this article: Solanke SH, Mistry LN, Jawdekar AM. Comparison of Microleakage of Different Silver Diamine Fluoride Formulations (Solutions and Gel) with Resin-modified Glass Ionomer Cement Restoration on Human Teeth by Dye Penetration Method Using Stereomicroscopy: An In Vitro Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2026;19(1):67-72.

Background: Nano-silver fluoride (NSF) has emerged as a promising agent in enhancing the antibacterial and remineralizing properties of pit-and-fissure sealants. It improves the overall effectiveness and longevity of sealants in preventing dental caries.

Aim: To evaluate in vitro effects of NSF and silver diamine fluoride (SDF) pretreatment on the shear bond strength (SBS), marginal seal, and color stability of pit-and-fissure sealants compared to sealants applied directly on primary teeth.

Methods: A total of 108 freshly extracted primary teeth were randomly divided into three groups: Group I (n = 36) received NSF pretreatment before sealant application, group II (n = 36) received SDF pretreatment before sealant application, and group III (n = 36) was etched and sealed without pretreatment. The samples were assessed for SBS, microleakage, and color assessment, and subjected to statistical analysis.

Results: Shear bond strength was slightly higher for the NSF group. The intergroup comparison showed higher microleakage for group III. A significant color difference was seen between the three groups. The highest color change was seen in the SDF group.

Conclusion: Pretreatment with NSF prior to pit-and-fissure sealant application is more effective.

How to cite this article: Mareddy AR, Reddy VN, Done V, et al. Comparison of Nano-silver Fluoride and Silver Diamine Fluoride as Pretreatment Agents for Pit-and-fissure Sealants in Primary Teeth. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2026;19(1):13-18.

Background: Early childhood caries (ECC) is a significant public health issue that require effective preventive strategies. Pomegranate, rich in antimicrobial and antioxidant properties, has been proposed as a dietary intervention for ECC prevention.

Aim: To assess the effectiveness of pomegranate in reducing ECC, improving salivary pH, and enhancing oral health over 12 months.

Materials and methods: This randomized controlled study included 500 children aged 3-6 years, who were divided into intervention and control groups. The intervention group consumed pomegranate extract, while the control group received standard oral hygiene education. Dental examinations assessed Decayed, Missing, and Filled Teeth (DMFT) scores and salivary pH at baseline, 6 months, and 12 months. Statistical analyses included paired and unpaired t-tests for intragroup and intergroup comparisons, analysis of variance (ANOVA) for repeated measures, and regression analysis to evaluate predictors of caries reduction and salivary pH changes. A p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results: The intervention group showed a significant reduction in caries activity (p < 0.001) and a notable increase in salivary pH compared to the control group (p < 0.01). These results suggest that pomegranate consumption contributed to a marked improvement in oral health. Regression analysis indicated that pomegranate intake was a strong predictor of these positive outcomes, highlighting its potential as an effective natural supplement for improving oral health and reducing ECC.

Conclusion: Pomegranate consumption proved to be an effective dietary intervention to reduce ECC and improve salivary pH. Long-term studies are needed for broader validation.

How to cite this article: Ramesh R, Syam S. Effectiveness of Pomegranate as a Dietary Intervention for Early Childhood Caries Prevention: A Randomized Control Trial. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2026;19(1):47-54.

Aims and background: To describe the protocol for the use of portable stereophotogrammetry equipment for the acquisition of three-dimensional (3D) facial images in children during the first years of life.

Materials and methods: The images were acquired using a portable stereophotogrammetry equipment (Vectra H2®). Three consecutive images were captured, starting on the right, front, and left sides of the child participant. One operator took three facial images, while another operator attracted the child's attention with a toy/children's video. After the facial captures, the software rendered the three images automatically or manually.

Results: Initially, 52 3D photographs of the participants were taken, 14 of them of children without craniofacial anomalies and 38 of children with craniofacial anomalies. The children's age ranged from 22 days to 27 months.

Conclusion: The protocol for the use of portable stereophotogrammetry equipment in children during the first years of life helps the professional in the proper positioning and management for the acquisition of 3D facial images, in addition to allowing standardization both for future studies and for use during clinical care.

Clinical significance: Knowledge about the craniofacial development of children in early childhood is critical for diagnosis and clinical practice throughout childhood growth.

How to cite this article: Quagliato DR, Mello-Peixoto YCT, Ambrosio ECP, et al. Protocol for the Use of Stereophotogrammetry Three-dimensional System in Children during the First Years of Life. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2026;19(1):127-131.

Background: Pit and fissure sealants are a cornerstone in caries prevention, particularly in individuals with high susceptibility. Conventional resin-based sealants exhibit drawbacks such as polymerization shrinkage, microleakage, and biofilm accumulation, which may compromise their longevity and effectiveness. Chitosan, a naturally occurring biopolymer, has demonstrated antimicrobial, remineralization, and mucoadhesive properties, making it a promising additive to enhance sealant performance. This study aimed to assess the impact of incorporating 2% chitosan microparticles into a resin-based pit and fissure sealant on its mechanical and rheological properties.

Materials and methods: This in vitro study categorized samples into two groups: Group I (chitosan-modified sealant) and group II (conventional resin-based sealant). Each group was subdivided to evaluate flexural strength (IA, IIA), shear bond strength (IB, IIB), and viscosity (IC, IIC). Mechanical properties were assessed using a universal testing machine, while viscosity was determined using a rheometer. Statistical analysis was performed using STATA version 16.0, with independent t-tests applied to compare differences between groups, and significance set at p < 0.05.

Results: The incorporation of 2% chitosan significantly enhanced the shear bond strength of the modified sealant (92.19 MPa) compared to the conventional counterpart (59.80 MPa) (p < 0.05), suggesting improved adhesion and retention. The viscosity of group I (2280.55 mPa.s) was significantly lower than that of group II (4166.27 mPa.s) (p <0.001), indicating superior flowability, which may enhance fissure penetration and longevity. However, the flexural strength of the modified sealant (49.34 MPa) was significantly lower than that of the conventional sealant (67.8 MPa) (p < 0.001), potentially due to the absence of silanization, which is known to reinforce mechanical properties.

Conclusion: The incorporation of 2% chitosan into resin-based sealants resulted in superior shear bond strength and reduced viscosity, indicating potential clinical advantages such as enhanced retention and improved caries prevention. However, the reduction in flexural strength warrants further investigation. Future research should explore the effects of silanization and assess the long-term clinical performance of chitosan-modified sealants in vivo.

How to cite this article: Kumar N, Shetty K, Nair MR. Evaluation of the Mechanical and Rheological Properties of a Chitosan-modified Pit and Fissure Sealant: An In Vitro Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2026;19(1):34-39.

Background: Pediatric dental anxiety requires reposeful approaches. Aromatherapy offers a gentle solution for childhood anxiety, promoting relaxation and calmness.

Aim: To assess and compare the effectiveness of aromatherapy with music and visual distraction techniques in the treatment of anxious pediatric dental patients.

Materials and methods: This study sought to determine the impact of aromatherapy on children's anxiety levels during dental procedures. Forty-five children, aged 4-9 years, who were there for their first dental appointment, were part of the study. Three groups (group I: Aromatherapy combined with audiodistraction, group II: Aromatherapy mixed with audiovisual distraction, and group III: Control group) were randomly assigned to the samples. For every child, pretreatment baseline anxiety was measured using the visual analog scale (VAS), which was followed by restorative treatment. Using the faces, legs, activity, cry, and consolability scale (FLACC), procedural pain was evaluated. Version 23.0 of SPSS software was used to conduct the statistical analysis after the data were entered into a spreadsheet.

Result: A significant difference in the analysis of variance (ANOVA) test was observed among anxiety scores in groups I and II compared to the control. When the FLACC scores were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis, the values were significantly lower in groups I and II compared to the control group.

Conclusion: A mixture of visual or auditory distraction, aromatherapy, or both may be used as behavior management strategies to help the child feel more comfortable and to make the dental appointment pleasant for the patient, parent, and dentist.

How to cite this article: Bagaria R, Mathur R, Rathore AS, et al. Effect of Aromatherapy in Combination with Relaxation Music and Visual Distraction on Pediatric Dental Patients' Anxiety. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2026;19(1):29-33.