Trees, Forests and People最新文献

Factors influencing forest landowner enrollment in preferential property tax programs 影响森林土地所有者参加财产税优惠计划的因素

IF 2.7 Q1 FORESTRY

Trees, Forests and People

Pub Date : 2024-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.tfp.2024.100684

Benjamin Rushakoff , Tamara L. Cushing , Jeffrey D. Kline , Olli-Pekka Kuusela

One of the most common approaches to conserving forestland in the US are state-run programs offering reduced property taxes on forestland. Although some form of preferential forest property tax program exists in all 50 states of the US, few studies have examined factors associated with landowners’ enrollment in such programs. As interest increases in incentivizing forestland owners to address various environmental or ecological goals, such as enhancing carbon storage or ecosystem services via private forest management, the need for improved knowledge about factors that influence landowners to participate in such programs grows. We examined factors associated with NIPF owner enrollment in preferential property tax programs in Oregon (US). Oregon currently has two primary preferential forest property tax programs. The Forestland Program is the default program for most forestland owners, and the Small Tract Forestland Option (STF), which is a voluntary program wherein landowners pay reduced annual property taxes and an additional timber harvest severance tax. We used a survey to gather information from 1190 Oregon Small Woodlands Association (OSWA) members owning between 10 and 5000 acres of forestland in western Oregon. Respondents were asked about their socio-demographic characteristics and forest management, as well as their enrollment status in Oregon's preferential property tax programs. Our econometric analysis of survey data indicate that preferential property tax programs enable long-term forest ownership, extended rotation ages, and investment in stewardship activities, suggesting that these programs are likely an effective tool for encouraging environmental or ecological goals among NIPF owners in Oregon.

在美国，最常见的保护林地的方法之一是国家提供的减少林地财产税的项目。尽管美国所有50个州都存在某种形式的优惠森林财产税计划，但很少有研究调查与土地所有者参加此类计划相关的因素。随着人们对激励林地所有者实现各种环境或生态目标（如通过私人森林管理加强碳储存或生态系统服务）的兴趣增加，对影响土地所有者参与此类方案的因素的了解需求也在增加。我们研究了与俄勒冈州（美国）NIPF所有者参加优惠财产税计划相关的因素。俄勒冈州目前有两个主要的森林财产税优惠计划。林地计划是大多数林地所有者的默认计划，而小块林地选择（STF）是一项自愿计划，其中土地所有者每年支付减少的财产税和额外的木材采伐遣散税。我们通过一项调查收集了俄勒冈州西部1190名俄勒冈小林地协会（OSWA）成员的信息，这些成员拥有10到5000英亩的林地。受访者被问及他们的社会人口特征和森林管理，以及他们在俄勒冈州优惠财产税计划中的登记状况。我们对调查数据进行的计量经济学分析表明，优惠财产税计划能够实现长期森林所有权，延长轮换年龄，并投资于管理活动，这表明这些计划可能是鼓励俄勒冈州NIPF所有者实现环境或生态目标的有效工具。

{"title":"Factors influencing forest landowner enrollment in preferential property tax programs","authors":"Benjamin Rushakoff , Tamara L. Cushing , Jeffrey D. Kline , Olli-Pekka Kuusela","doi":"10.1016/j.tfp.2024.100684","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tfp.2024.100684","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>One of the most common approaches to conserving forestland in the US are state-run programs offering reduced property taxes on forestland. Although some form of preferential forest property tax program exists in all 50 states of the US, few studies have examined factors associated with landowners’ enrollment in such programs. As interest increases in incentivizing forestland owners to address various environmental or ecological goals, such as enhancing carbon storage or ecosystem services via private forest management, the need for improved knowledge about factors that influence landowners to participate in such programs grows. We examined factors associated with NIPF owner enrollment in preferential property tax programs in Oregon (US). Oregon currently has two primary preferential forest property tax programs. The Forestland Program is the default program for most forestland owners, and the Small Tract Forestland Option (STF), which is a voluntary program wherein landowners pay reduced annual property taxes and an additional timber harvest severance tax. We used a survey to gather information from 1190 Oregon Small Woodlands Association (OSWA) members owning between 10 and 5000 acres of forestland in western Oregon. Respondents were asked about their socio-demographic characteristics and forest management, as well as their enrollment status in Oregon's preferential property tax programs. Our econometric analysis of survey data indicate that preferential property tax programs enable long-term forest ownership, extended rotation ages, and investment in stewardship activities, suggesting that these programs are likely an effective tool for encouraging environmental or ecological goals among NIPF owners in Oregon.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36104,"journal":{"name":"Trees, Forests and People","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100684"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142748813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The impacts and legacies of warfare on forest ecosystems 战争对森林生态系统的影响和遗留问题

IF 2.7 Q1 FORESTRY

Trees, Forests and People

Pub Date : 2024-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.tfp.2024.100696

Alexander James Fricke Martin

引用次数: 0

Editorial: Fire and environment. Issues and challenges 社论：火灾与环境。问题与挑战

IF 2.7 Q1 FORESTRY

Trees, Forests and People

Pub Date : 2024-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.tfp.2024.100693

Jesús Rodrigo-Comino , Saskia D. Keesstra , Nieves Fernandez-Anez

引用次数: 0

Special issue: Forest science navigating sustainable development—A third task 特刊：引导可持续发展的森林科学——第三项任务

IF 2.7 Q1 FORESTRY

Trees, Forests and People

Pub Date : 2024-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.tfp.2024.100656

Mårten Larsson , Purabi Bose , Roberto J. Fernández , Robert Jandl

引用次数: 0

Assessment of land dynamics transformation into tea plantations using support vector machine 基于支持向量机的茶园土地动态转化评价

IF 2.7 Q1 FORESTRY

Trees, Forests and People

Pub Date : 2024-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.tfp.2024.100703

Md Sahadat Hossan , Masud Ibn Afjal , Md.Faruq Hasan , Md.Abu Hanif

Precisely monitoring land use dynamics and spatial distributions is essential for sustainable development and long-term land management. Tea is one of the leading beverage crops cultivated in Bangladesh, expanding rapidly in northern districts and forcing land use change. This study aims to decipher the expansion of tea cultivation and land dynamics transformation to tea land areas in the northern region of Bangladesh by using Landsat 5 TM and Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS surface reflectance images. The supervised support vector machine (SVM) method was used for classification purposes, resulting in three classified maps for the years 2004, 2013 and 2022, having overall accuracies of 91.43 %, 98.67 %, and 98.48 % and kappa coefficients of 89.51, 98.37, and 98.13, respectively. The images were classified into six land use classes: agriculture, tea cultivation area, settlement, waterbody, bare land, and forest. Land transformation results reveal that overall tea land increased by 41.08 % from 2004 to 2022, experiencing a downward trend during 2004–2013, while from 2013 to 2022, a dramatic rise of 70.01 % (equal to 4683.60 ha) tea cultivation area was found in Panchagarh district. The bare land was among the most highly transformed land classes into tea plantations, followed by the forest area. This study provides evidence of transforming underutilized land class into a profitable land use practice, i.e., tea plantation. Thus, cutting-edge technologies would be imperative in land transformation detection for sustainable land management and policy implications for the sustainable development of small landholding livelihoods and the tea industry.

精确监测土地利用动态和空间分布对可持续发展和长期土地管理至关重要。茶叶是孟加拉国种植的主要饮料作物之一，在北部地区迅速扩张，迫使土地利用发生变化。本研究旨在利用Landsat 5 TM和Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS地表反射率图像，解读孟加拉国北部地区茶叶种植的扩张和土地向茶地区域的动态转变。采用监督支持向量机（SVM）方法进行分类，得到2004年、2013年和2022年的3幅分类地图，总体准确率分别为91.43%、98.67%和98.48%，kappa系数分别为89.51、98.37和98.13。这些图像被划分为6个土地利用类别：农业、茶叶种植区、聚落、水体、裸地和森林。土地改造结果显示，2004年至2022年，茶地总体增长41.08%，2004 - 2013年呈下降趋势，而2013年至2022年，Panchagarh地区的茶种植面积急剧增长70.01%（相当于4683.60公顷）。光秃秃的土地是最高度转变为茶园的土地类别之一，其次是森林地区。本研究提供了将未充分利用的土地类别转化为有利可图的土地使用实践（即茶园）的证据。因此，在土地转型检测、可持续土地管理以及对小土地所有者生计和茶业可持续发展的政策影响方面，尖端技术将是必不可少的。

{"title":"Assessment of land dynamics transformation into tea plantations using support vector machine","authors":"Md Sahadat Hossan , Masud Ibn Afjal , Md.Faruq Hasan , Md.Abu Hanif","doi":"10.1016/j.tfp.2024.100703","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tfp.2024.100703","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Precisely monitoring land use dynamics and spatial distributions is essential for sustainable development and long-term land management. Tea is one of the leading beverage crops cultivated in Bangladesh, expanding rapidly in northern districts and forcing land use change. This study aims to decipher the expansion of tea cultivation and land dynamics transformation to tea land areas in the northern region of Bangladesh by using Landsat 5 TM and Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS surface reflectance images. The supervised support vector machine (SVM) method was used for classification purposes, resulting in three classified maps for the years 2004, 2013 and 2022, having overall accuracies of 91.43 %, 98.67 %, and 98.48 % and kappa coefficients of 89.51, 98.37, and 98.13, respectively. The images were classified into six land use classes: agriculture, tea cultivation area, settlement, waterbody, bare land, and forest. Land transformation results reveal that overall tea land increased by 41.08 % from 2004 to 2022, experiencing a downward trend during 2004–2013, while from 2013 to 2022, a dramatic rise of 70.01 % (equal to 4683.60 ha) tea cultivation area was found in Panchagarh district. The bare land was among the most highly transformed land classes into tea plantations, followed by the forest area. This study provides evidence of transforming underutilized land class into a profitable land use practice, i.e., tea plantation. Thus, cutting-edge technologies would be imperative in land transformation detection for sustainable land management and policy implications for the sustainable development of small landholding livelihoods and the tea industry.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36104,"journal":{"name":"Trees, Forests and People","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100703"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142748694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

One hundred years of piñon nuts, a largely forgotten wild food crop from the American Southwest (1850–1950) 一百年的piñon坚果，一种几乎被遗忘的来自美国西南部的野生粮食作物（1850-1950）

IF 2.7 Q1 FORESTRY

Trees, Forests and People

Pub Date : 2024-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.tfp.2024.100705

Christopher H. Briand

This is the first paper to intensively examine the history of piñon nuts, the seeds of the piñon pine (Pinus edulis), which Indigenous Americans have harvested in the Four Corners region of the American Southwest for millennia. The history of the piñon nut industry is reconstructed from its inception in the mid-19th century in the New Mexico Territory to its heyday in the early 20th century until consumption began to decline in the mid-20th century. Additionally, this paper provides some suggestions for reviving this iconic Southwestern American food. The commercial harvest of piñon nuts primarily involved Native and Mexican Americans. While the economic benefits of piñon nut harvesting were significant, the work was often dangerous, with reports of deaths due to exposure, accidents, and violence. Piñon nut production varied yearly due to the trees’ masting behavior, where trees produce large seed crops intermittently. Although there was considerable interest in cultivation during the early 20th century, slow growth and delayed nut-bearing limited cultivation efforts. Piñon nuts were popular throughout the United States in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, gaining popularity, especially among immigrant communities in New York. In 1918, Fannie Spitz patented a piñon nut-shelling machine, significantly improving processing efficiency and impacting the industry by enabling quicker and more effective removal of kernels. Shelled piñon nuts were now sold for consumption out of hand and also for use in candy production. Farmers experimented with feeding hogs and chickens piñon nuts. However, this practice did not become widespread due to the availability of cheaper corn. Piñon wood was also valued for its use as firewood and in mining as props, though it had limited application as lumber for railroad ties. At the same time, smaller piñon trees gained popularity as Christmas trees. Piñon resin was chewed and also used medicinally in salves. By the mid-20th century, piñon nuts lost popularity to peanuts (Arachis hypogaea), which were marketed more aggressively and produced in higher quantities at lower prices. The piñon industry has struggled with crop variability, low supply, and high prices. Still, it might be revived with improved marketing, working cooperatively and through the construction of a strategic reserve to ensure a steady supply of piñon nuts every year, through both good and bad harvests.

这是第一篇深入研究piñon坚果历史的论文，piñon坚果是piñon松（Pinus edulis）的种子，数千年来，美洲原住民在美国西南部的四角地区收获了这种种子。piñon坚果产业的历史从19世纪中期在新墨西哥地区开始重建，到20世纪初的鼎盛时期，直到20世纪中期消费开始下降。此外，本文还为复兴这一标志性的美国西南部食物提供了一些建议。piñon坚果的商业收获主要涉及土著和墨西哥裔美国人。虽然piñon坚果收获的经济效益巨大，但这项工作往往是危险的，有报告说，由于暴露、事故和暴力而死亡。Piñon坚果产量每年都有变化，这是由于树木的群集行为，树木间歇性地生产大量种子作物。尽管在20世纪初，人们对栽培产生了相当大的兴趣，但生长缓慢和结果延迟限制了栽培的努力。Piñon坚果在19世纪末和20世纪初在美国很受欢迎，尤其是在纽约的移民社区。1918年，Fannie Spitz申请了piñon坚果脱壳机的专利，大大提高了加工效率，并通过更快、更有效地去除果仁，影响了整个行业。脱壳的piñon坚果现在出售，供现成食用，也用于糖果生产。农民们尝试给猪和鸡喂piñon坚果。然而，由于有了更便宜的玉米，这种做法并没有普及。Piñon木材也因其用作柴火和在采矿中用作道具而受到重视，尽管它作为铁路纽带木材的应用有限。与此同时，较小的piñon树作为圣诞树开始流行。Piñon树脂被咀嚼，也用于药用药膏。到20世纪中期，piñon坚果失去了花生（Arachis hypogaea）的流行，花生的营销更积极，产量更高，价格更低。piñon行业一直在与作物变化、低供应和高价格作斗争。尽管如此，通过改善营销、合作以及建立战略储备来确保每年piñon坚果的稳定供应，无论收成好坏，它可能会复苏。

{"title":"One hundred years of piñon nuts, a largely forgotten wild food crop from the American Southwest (1850–1950)","authors":"Christopher H. Briand","doi":"10.1016/j.tfp.2024.100705","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tfp.2024.100705","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This is the first paper to intensively examine the history of piñon nuts, the seeds of the piñon pine (<em>Pinus edulis</em>), which Indigenous Americans have harvested in the Four Corners region of the American Southwest for millennia. The history of the piñon nut industry is reconstructed from its inception in the mid-19th century in the New Mexico Territory to its heyday in the early 20th century until consumption began to decline in the mid-20th century. Additionally, this paper provides some suggestions for reviving this iconic Southwestern American food. The commercial harvest of piñon nuts primarily involved Native and Mexican Americans. While the economic benefits of piñon nut harvesting were significant, the work was often dangerous, with reports of deaths due to exposure, accidents, and violence. Piñon nut production varied yearly due to the trees’ masting behavior, where trees produce large seed crops intermittently. Although there was considerable interest in cultivation during the early 20th century, slow growth and delayed nut-bearing limited cultivation efforts. Piñon nuts were popular throughout the United States in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, gaining popularity, especially among immigrant communities in New York. In 1918, Fannie Spitz patented a piñon nut-shelling machine, significantly improving processing efficiency and impacting the industry by enabling quicker and more effective removal of kernels. Shelled piñon nuts were now sold for consumption out of hand and also for use in candy production. Farmers experimented with feeding hogs and chickens piñon nuts. However, this practice did not become widespread due to the availability of cheaper corn. Piñon wood was also valued for its use as firewood and in mining as props, though it had limited application as lumber for railroad ties. At the same time, smaller piñon trees gained popularity as Christmas trees. Piñon resin was chewed and also used medicinally in salves. By the mid-20th century, piñon nuts lost popularity to peanuts (<em>Arachis hypogaea</em>), which were marketed more aggressively and produced in higher quantities at lower prices. The piñon industry has struggled with crop variability, low supply, and high prices. Still, it might be revived with improved marketing, working cooperatively and through the construction of a strategic reserve to ensure a steady supply of piñon nuts every year, through both good and bad harvests.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36104,"journal":{"name":"Trees, Forests and People","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100705"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142748695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Web-based spatial decision support system for optimum route to forest fires: A case of Viphya plantations 基于网络的森林火灾最佳路径空间决策支持系统：以维菲亚人工林为例

IF 2.7 Q1 FORESTRY

Trees, Forests and People

Pub Date : 2024-11-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.tfp.2024.100740

Harineck Mayamiko Tholo , Wilfred Kadewa , Chikondi Chisenga , Steve Gondwe , Emmanuel Zuza , Weston Mwase , Billy Kachingwe , Jabulani Nyengere

Efficient access to fire incidents is crucial for successful firefighting operations. This study aimed at developing a web-based spatial decision support system (SDSS) to determine optimal routes to forest fires and risk zones in the Viphya Plantations, Malawi. The system integrates remote sensing analysis to identify fire risk zones and a web-based SDSS to suggest optimal response routes. Remote sensing data was used to map areas prone to forest fires based on factors such as land use/cover type, terrain, and anthropogenic activities. These risk zones were incorporated into the GIS routing decision support system, enabling the generation of optimal routes from fire stations to fire risk zones and reported fire cases. System testing demonstrated the SDSS's capability to provide optimum routing options targeting fire risk hotspots and reported incidents within the plantations. The SDSS facilitated the identification of optimal routes to mitigate transportation costs and provided insights into spatial patterns of fire vulnerability, revealing areas that may be inaccessible within the optimal timeframe. This highlighted the necessity of establishing additional fire stations in high-risk regions to enhance rapid response times. The web-based SDSS proved to be an effective decision support tool for optimizing resource allocation and improving emergency response coordination for fighting forest fires in the Viphya Plantations.

有效地获取火灾事故对成功的消防行动至关重要。本研究旨在开发一个基于网络的空间决策支持系统（SDSS），以确定马拉维Viphya种植园森林火灾和危险区域的最佳路线。该系统集成了遥感分析来识别火灾危险区域，以及基于网络的SDSS来建议最佳响应路线。根据土地利用/覆盖类型、地形和人为活动等因素，利用遥感数据绘制森林火灾易发地区地图。这些危险区域被纳入GIS路线决策支持系统，从而生成从消防站到火灾危险区域的最佳路线和报告的火灾案例。系统测试表明，SDSS能够提供针对火灾风险热点的最佳路径选择，并在种植园内报告事故。SDSS有助于确定最佳路线以降低运输成本，并提供对火灾易损性的空间模式的见解，揭示在最佳时间框架内可能无法进入的区域。这突出了在高风险地区建立更多消防站以加快快速反应时间的必要性。事实证明，基于网络的SDSS是一种有效的决策支持工具，可优化资源分配和改善Viphya人工林扑灭森林火灾的应急响应协调。

{"title":"Web-based spatial decision support system for optimum route to forest fires: A case of Viphya plantations","authors":"Harineck Mayamiko Tholo , Wilfred Kadewa , Chikondi Chisenga , Steve Gondwe , Emmanuel Zuza , Weston Mwase , Billy Kachingwe , Jabulani Nyengere","doi":"10.1016/j.tfp.2024.100740","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tfp.2024.100740","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Efficient access to fire incidents is crucial for successful firefighting operations. This study aimed at developing a web-based spatial decision support system (SDSS) to determine optimal routes to forest fires and risk zones in the Viphya Plantations, Malawi. The system integrates remote sensing analysis to identify fire risk zones and a web-based SDSS to suggest optimal response routes. Remote sensing data was used to map areas prone to forest fires based on factors such as land use/cover type, terrain, and anthropogenic activities. These risk zones were incorporated into the GIS routing decision support system, enabling the generation of optimal routes from fire stations to fire risk zones and reported fire cases. System testing demonstrated the SDSS's capability to provide optimum routing options targeting fire risk hotspots and reported incidents within the plantations. The SDSS facilitated the identification of optimal routes to mitigate transportation costs and provided insights into spatial patterns of fire vulnerability, revealing areas that may be inaccessible within the optimal timeframe. This highlighted the necessity of establishing additional fire stations in high-risk regions to enhance rapid response times. The web-based SDSS proved to be an effective decision support tool for optimizing resource allocation and improving emergency response coordination for fighting forest fires in the Viphya Plantations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36104,"journal":{"name":"Trees, Forests and People","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 100740"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142745060","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Value added and employment effects in Finland when wood fibre is substituted for plastic in food packaging–A case study 食品包装中用木质纤维替代塑料对芬兰的增值和就业影响--案例研究

IF 2.7 Q1 FORESTRY

Trees, Forests and People

Pub Date : 2024-11-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.tfp.2024.100741

Taina Lahtinen , Jari Viitanen , Antti Mutanen , Jussi Lintunen

In the food and beverage industry, the development of new bio-based packaging materials and films is lively nowadays, and in the future, these materials will increasingly replace the current plastic-based packaging solutions. This demand, however, will inevitably have an impact on wood raw material availability. Using cold cuts and chocolate bars as pilot food package product cases and input-output analysis, this study evaluates projected roundwood need, value added, and employment in Finland when certain volumes of packaging materials are converted from traditional plastic to wood fibre-based. The results indicated that the substitution effects both for value added and employment remained rather small. In the cases studied, the substitution effect on consumption of softwood pulpwood was only a few thousand cubic meters over bark, whereas the reduction of plastics was up to 3,000 tonnes. Economic effects, however, would be highly significant if production were scaled to several different food packages, especially from the viewpoint of value added. More research is clearly needed to analyse economic, environmental, and social aspects on a larger scale, as well as pros and cons when plastic is replaced by alternative fibre-based materials in food packaging.

在食品和饮料行业，新型生物基包装材料和薄膜的开发如今十分活跃，在未来，这些材料将越来越多地取代现有的塑料包装解决方案。然而，这种需求不可避免地会对木材原料的供应产生影响。本研究以冷盘和巧克力棒作为试点食品包装产品案例，通过投入产出分析，评估了当一定数量的包装材料从传统塑料转为木质纤维材料时，芬兰的圆木需求、附加值和就业情况。结果表明，附加值和就业的替代效应仍然相当小。在所研究的案例中，对软木浆材消耗的替代效应仅为树皮的几千立方米，而塑料的减少量则高达 3,000 吨。然而，如果生产规模扩大到几种不同的食品包装，经济效应将非常显著，特别是从附加值的角度来看。显然，需要进行更多的研究，以便在更大范围内分析经济、环境和社会方面的问题，以及在食品包装中用替代纤维材料取代塑料的利弊。

{"title":"Value added and employment effects in Finland when wood fibre is substituted for plastic in food packaging–A case study","authors":"Taina Lahtinen , Jari Viitanen , Antti Mutanen , Jussi Lintunen","doi":"10.1016/j.tfp.2024.100741","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tfp.2024.100741","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the food and beverage industry, the development of new bio-based packaging materials and films is lively nowadays, and in the future, these materials will increasingly replace the current plastic-based packaging solutions. This demand, however, will inevitably have an impact on wood raw material availability. Using cold cuts and chocolate bars as pilot food package product cases and input-output analysis, this study evaluates projected roundwood need, value added, and employment in Finland when certain volumes of packaging materials are converted from traditional plastic to wood fibre-based. The results indicated that the substitution effects both for value added and employment remained rather small. In the cases studied, the substitution effect on consumption of softwood pulpwood was only a few thousand cubic meters over bark, whereas the reduction of plastics was up to 3,000 tonnes. Economic effects, however, would be highly significant if production were scaled to several different food packages, especially from the viewpoint of value added. More research is clearly needed to analyse economic, environmental, and social aspects on a larger scale, as well as pros and cons when plastic is replaced by alternative fibre-based materials in food packaging.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36104,"journal":{"name":"Trees, Forests and People","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 100741"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142722558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Provisioning food and medicine from public forests in the United States 从美国的公共森林中获取食物和药品

IF 2.7 Q1 FORESTRY

Trees, Forests and People

Pub Date : 2024-11-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.tfp.2024.100738

James Chamberlain , Richard D. Honor , Karl Malcolm , Shane P. Mahoney , J. Ryan Bellmore , Matthew C. Reeves , Hailey Wilmer , Marie K. Gutgesell , Lauren A. Sill

Forests contribute to the nutritional and medicinal needs of billions of people worldwide. In the United States, the extent and impacts of provisioning forest foods are not fittingly understood. This study seeks to elucidate the scope and scale of forest food harvest. Using publicly available data, hunting surveys and proprietary data from the Wild Harvest Initiative®, we provide estimates of the amount of foods and medicines from wild-harvested flora and fauna, and meat produced from domesticated livestock grazed on public forest lands. The evidence strongly supports the assertion that large volumes of forest-dependent fauna and flora contribute to the health and well-being of a substantial portion of the country's population. Each year, >255 thousand metric tons of forest foods and medicines are harvested across public lands of the United States. Our findings are relevant to the global challenge of providing more nutritional food to a growing population through ecologically sustainable sources. The study provides more clarity to the importance of wild flora and fauna harvesting in the United States. The case of the State of Alaska, which codifies subsistence harvesting in its constitution, exemplifies the potential benefits of recognizing the importance of these natural resources to its residents. Concerted institutional efforts recognizing the importance of forest food and medicines to people and communities would shed more light on these natural resources and could lead to improved land management and food security.

森林满足了全世界数十亿人的营养和医药需求。在美国，提供森林食物的范围和影响还没有得到适当的了解。本研究旨在阐明森林粮食收获的范围和规模。利用公开数据、狩猎调查和野生收获倡议®的专有数据，我们估计了野生动植物的食物和药物数量，以及在公共森林土地上放牧的驯养牲畜生产的肉类数量。证据有力地支持这样一种说法，即大量依赖森林的动植物有助于该国相当一部分人口的健康和福祉。每年，在美国的公共土地上，有25.5万吨森林食品和药品被收获。我们的发现与通过生态可持续来源为不断增长的人口提供更多营养食物的全球挑战有关。这项研究为美国野生动植物收获的重要性提供了更清晰的认识。阿拉斯加州在其宪法中规定了自给自足的采伐，这一案例说明了认识到这些自然资源对其居民的重要性可能带来的好处。认识到森林粮食和药物对人民和社区的重要性的协调一致的机构努力将使人们更清楚地了解这些自然资源，并可能导致改善土地管理和粮食安全。

{"title":"Provisioning food and medicine from public forests in the United States","authors":"James Chamberlain , Richard D. Honor , Karl Malcolm , Shane P. Mahoney , J. Ryan Bellmore , Matthew C. Reeves , Hailey Wilmer , Marie K. Gutgesell , Lauren A. Sill","doi":"10.1016/j.tfp.2024.100738","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tfp.2024.100738","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Forests contribute to the nutritional and medicinal needs of billions of people worldwide. In the United States, the extent and impacts of provisioning forest foods are not fittingly understood. This study seeks to elucidate the scope and scale of forest food harvest. Using publicly available data, hunting surveys and proprietary data from the Wild Harvest Initiative®, we provide estimates of the amount of foods and medicines from wild-harvested flora and fauna, and meat produced from domesticated livestock grazed on public forest lands. The evidence strongly supports the assertion that large volumes of forest-dependent fauna and flora contribute to the health and well-being of a substantial portion of the country's population. Each year, >255 thousand metric tons of forest foods and medicines are harvested across public lands of the United States. Our findings are relevant to the global challenge of providing more nutritional food to a growing population through ecologically sustainable sources. The study provides more clarity to the importance of wild flora and fauna harvesting in the United States. The case of the State of Alaska, which codifies subsistence harvesting in its constitution, exemplifies the potential benefits of recognizing the importance of these natural resources to its residents. Concerted institutional efforts recognizing the importance of forest food and medicines to people and communities would shed more light on these natural resources and could lead to improved land management and food security.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36104,"journal":{"name":"Trees, Forests and People","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 100738"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142745061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Linking commoning with social forestry: An Indonesian case 将共同林与社会林业联系起来：印度尼西亚案例

IF 2.7 Q1 FORESTRY

Trees, Forests and People

Pub Date : 2024-11-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.tfp.2024.100737

Nurhady Sirimorok , Muhammad Alif K. Sahide , Haudec Herrawan , Fatwa Faturachmat , Ahmad Maryudi

Social forestry schemes aimed at both conservation and land redistribution for smallholders surrounding the Indonesian state forests. However, the results so far are mixed at best, with limited areas having been granted to the intended beneficiary groups. Several problems appear to be the causes. They range from the domination of administrative and managerial aspects of the scheme, lack of decision-making participation of the intended beneficiaries, to the program granting marginal land and/or located far from the smallholder villages. Consequently, smallholders are unenthusiastic about the schemes, conflict ensuing at the local level, and the marginalized groups are excluded from accessing the schemes. Focusing on a case from two smallholder groups granted with a Community Forestry scheme in a South Sulawesi village, we delve into the ways in which, and the extent to which, the smallholders are actually able to access the social forestry program. Exploring the case through the commoning perspective we examine the unique ways in which the local smallholder groups create specific social relations and governing institutions, through the practice of commoning, that enable them to effectively benefitting from the scheme. We found that through commoning the groups create their own collective local rules, as well as activating informal relations, they were able to develop effective collective management of their plots–that are treated as individual-holding in most other similar groups. These successes hinge on their ability to develop and maintain the commoning practice, utilizing deep local knowledge, and unique historical context around Indonesian social forestry. The case presents a unique way in which smallholders are muddling through the red tapes of formal rules in order to make a successful story that the state scheme intended to achieve.

社会林业计划旨在对印度尼西亚国有森林周围的小农户进行保护和土地再分配。然而，迄今为止的结果充其量只能说是好坏参半，分配给预定受益群体的土地面积有限。原因似乎有几个。这些问题包括：该计划的行政和管理方面受到支配、预期受益人缺乏决策参与，以及该计划分配的土地边缘化和/或远离小农户村庄。因此，小农户对这些计划并不热心，地方层面的冲突接踵而至，边缘化群体被排除在这些计划之外。我们以南苏拉威西省一个村庄中获得社区林业计划资助的两个小农户群体为例，深入探讨了小农户实际参与社会林业计划的方式和程度。我们从共同化的角度来探讨这个案例，研究当地小农群体通过共同化实践创造特定社会关系和管理机构的独特方式，使他们能够有效地从该计划中受益。我们发现，通过公有化，这些群体创建了自己的集体地方规则，并激活了非正式关系，从而能够对他们的地块进行有效的集体管理--在大多数其他类似群体中，这些地块被视为个人所有。这些成功的关键在于，他们能够利用深厚的当地知识和印尼社会林业的独特历史背景，发展和维护共同实践。该案例以一种独特的方式展示了小农户如何在正式规则的束缚下取得成功，从而实现国家计划的目标。

{"title":"Linking commoning with social forestry: An Indonesian case","authors":"Nurhady Sirimorok , Muhammad Alif K. Sahide , Haudec Herrawan , Fatwa Faturachmat , Ahmad Maryudi","doi":"10.1016/j.tfp.2024.100737","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tfp.2024.100737","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Social forestry schemes aimed at both conservation and land redistribution for smallholders surrounding the Indonesian state forests. However, the results so far are mixed at best, with limited areas having been granted to the intended beneficiary groups. Several problems appear to be the causes. They range from the domination of administrative and managerial aspects of the scheme, lack of decision-making participation of the intended beneficiaries, to the program granting marginal land and/or located far from the smallholder villages. Consequently, smallholders are unenthusiastic about the schemes, conflict ensuing at the local level, and the marginalized groups are excluded from accessing the schemes. Focusing on a case from two smallholder groups granted with a Community Forestry scheme in a South Sulawesi village, we delve into the ways in which, and the extent to which, the smallholders are actually able to access the social forestry program. Exploring the case through the commoning perspective we examine the unique ways in which the local smallholder groups create specific social relations and governing institutions, through the practice of commoning, that enable them to effectively benefitting from the scheme. We found that through commoning the groups create their own collective local rules, as well as activating informal relations, they were able to develop effective collective management of their plots–that are treated as individual-holding in most other similar groups. These successes hinge on their ability to develop and maintain the commoning practice, utilizing deep local knowledge, and unique historical context around Indonesian social forestry. The case presents a unique way in which smallholders are muddling through the red tapes of formal rules in order to make a successful story that the state scheme intended to achieve.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36104,"journal":{"name":"Trees, Forests and People","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100737"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142704546","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0