Pub Date : 2026-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.tfp.2026.101147
Eny Sulistyaningrum , Prayudi Ibrahim Nasution
This study aims to analyse the current development of the Forestry Sector regarding the impact of forest degradation in Indonesia on Gross Domestic Product (GDP), income, and employment, and also the consequences on the relationship between employment status and the welfare of forestry sector workers. The main findings show that forest degradation at around IDR 683 billion leads to an estimated loss of IDR 882 billion in GDP, reduction of IDR 261 billion in income, and the loss of approximately 4735 workforce in 2022. On the micro level, the study finds that informal workers are less likely to have access to financial services and are more likely to experience food insecurity, but it is not show a statistically significant access to healthcare.
{"title":"Forest degradation and its economic and employment consequences: Evidence from Indonesia","authors":"Eny Sulistyaningrum , Prayudi Ibrahim Nasution","doi":"10.1016/j.tfp.2026.101147","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tfp.2026.101147","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study aims to analyse the current development of the Forestry Sector regarding the impact of forest degradation in Indonesia on Gross Domestic Product (GDP), income, and employment, and also the consequences on the relationship between employment status and the welfare of forestry sector workers. The main findings show that forest degradation at around IDR 683 billion leads to an estimated loss of IDR 882 billion in GDP, reduction of IDR 261 billion in income, and the loss of approximately 4735 workforce in 2022. On the micro level, the study finds that informal workers are less likely to have access to financial services and are more likely to experience food insecurity, but it is not show a statistically significant access to healthcare.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36104,"journal":{"name":"Trees, Forests and People","volume":"23 ","pages":"Article 101147"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145938740","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.tfp.2025.101139
Fatima Salaheldin Mohamad Ali , Ahmed A.H. Siddig , Jan Henning Sommer , Christian Borgemeister , Lisa Biber-Freudenberger
Gum arabic forests in Sudan are significant and biodiverse habitats, providing various ecosystem services (ES) that support both rural livelihoods and the national economy. However, effectively protecting and managing these forests is challenging, as the government's primary objective of producing gum for export often conflicts with local communities' reliance on forests for other ES. In this study, we explored the valuation of ES in the Okalma Reserved Forest using a participatory approach.
We surveyed 150 households in two villages bordering the Okalma buffer zone at varying distances from the forest. Participants valued 12 different forest ES based on their perceived contribution to livelihoods, using a scale from zero to five. We employed descriptive statistics, feature selection, and Generalized Linear Models (GLM) to analyze the data and explore the impact of socioeconomic factors on ES valuation by community members.
Our results indicate that regulating ES received the highest values, followed by provisioning and cultural ES. Despite its national economic importance, gum arabic was assigned a lower local value than other ES, highlighting a conflict between state and community priorities. However, people with forest-based livelihoods, diversified livelihoods, and those in distant villages assigned the highest value to gum arabic.
For other ES, we observed distinct patterns: households with forest-based livelihoods and those relying on motorbikes or traditional carts for access assigned higher-than-average values to combined and provisioning services. Regulating ES were highly valued by individuals with a single livelihood source, and even more so by those with diversified livelihoods. For cultural ES, respondents with forest-based livelihoods and any formal education showed significantly higher valuation than those with no education. Finally, men valued tangible ES significantly less than women, a pattern that was particularly clear for wood ES.
Collectively, these findings demonstrate that ES valuation depends on the specific ES type, forest users’ characteristics, and forest governance context. Moreover, they provide empirical insights for global commodity–oriented forest management in Sudan and Africa, highlighting the need to balance export-driven production with local livelihoods and biodiversity conservation and restoration.
{"title":"Valuing ecosystem services in Sudan: a participatory study of the Okalma reserved forest","authors":"Fatima Salaheldin Mohamad Ali , Ahmed A.H. Siddig , Jan Henning Sommer , Christian Borgemeister , Lisa Biber-Freudenberger","doi":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.101139","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.101139","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Gum arabic forests in Sudan are significant and biodiverse habitats, providing various ecosystem services (ES) that support both rural livelihoods and the national economy. However, effectively protecting and managing these forests is challenging, as the government's primary objective of producing gum for export often conflicts with local communities' reliance on forests for other ES. In this study, we explored the valuation of ES in the Okalma Reserved Forest using a participatory approach.</div><div>We surveyed 150 households in two villages bordering the Okalma buffer zone at varying distances from the forest. Participants valued 12 different forest ES based on their perceived contribution to livelihoods, using a scale from zero to five. We employed descriptive statistics, feature selection, and Generalized Linear Models (GLM) to analyze the data and explore the impact of socioeconomic factors on ES valuation by community members.</div><div>Our results indicate that regulating ES received the highest values, followed by provisioning and cultural ES. Despite its national economic importance, gum arabic was assigned a lower local value than other ES, highlighting a conflict between state and community priorities. However, people with forest-based livelihoods, diversified livelihoods, and those in distant villages assigned the highest value to gum arabic.</div><div>For other ES, we observed distinct patterns: households with forest-based livelihoods and those relying on motorbikes or traditional carts for access assigned higher-than-average values to combined and provisioning services. Regulating ES were highly valued by individuals with a single livelihood source, and even more so by those with diversified livelihoods. For cultural ES, respondents with forest-based livelihoods and any formal education showed significantly higher valuation than those with no education. Finally, men valued tangible ES significantly less than women, a pattern that was particularly clear for wood ES.</div><div>Collectively, these findings demonstrate that ES valuation depends on the specific ES type, forest users’ characteristics, and forest governance context. Moreover, they provide empirical insights for global commodity–oriented forest management in Sudan and Africa, highlighting the need to balance export-driven production with local livelihoods and biodiversity conservation and restoration.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36104,"journal":{"name":"Trees, Forests and People","volume":"23 ","pages":"Article 101139"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145938833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.tfp.2025.101132
Zhenfan Liu , Yiwei Han , Hanqing Zheng , Wenjuan Wu , Ming Chen , Donghui Peng
Urban green spaces help mitigate urban heat, yet the equity of their cooling services remains insufficiently examined. Existing equity assessments often emphasize the quantity of green space while overlooking qualitative attributes and resident preferences. This study analyzes 52 green spaces in Fuzhou and develops an integrated framework to assess the equity of cooling services by combining cooling performance, service quality, and user preferences. The evaluation covers cooling intensity, accessibility, and spatial equity. The results show that: (1) cooling performance varies substantially across the city, with large peripheral parks providing strong cooling effects, whereas many small centrally located green spaces offer limited cooling; (2) cooling accessibility exhibits a “core clusters—peripheral gaps—local hotspots” pattern, indicating pronounced disparities at the urban–rural interface; and (3) overall cooling equity remains low as high-quality cooling services are unevenly allocated relative to population needs, and extending travel-time thresholds does little to correct this imbalance. The study’s primary contribution is integrating cooling effects, service quality, and resident preferences into a comprehensive equity assessment framework, offering valuable guidance for green space planning and promoting environmental justice.
{"title":"Equity of cooling services of urban green spaces from the perspective of community life circles: Integrating cooling effects, service quality, and resident preferences","authors":"Zhenfan Liu , Yiwei Han , Hanqing Zheng , Wenjuan Wu , Ming Chen , Donghui Peng","doi":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.101132","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.101132","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Urban green spaces help mitigate urban heat, yet the equity of their cooling services remains insufficiently examined. Existing equity assessments often emphasize the quantity of green space while overlooking qualitative attributes and resident preferences. This study analyzes 52 green spaces in Fuzhou and develops an integrated framework to assess the equity of cooling services by combining cooling performance, service quality, and user preferences. The evaluation covers cooling intensity, accessibility, and spatial equity. The results show that: (1) cooling performance varies substantially across the city, with large peripheral parks providing strong cooling effects, whereas many small centrally located green spaces offer limited cooling; (2) cooling accessibility exhibits a “core clusters—peripheral gaps—local hotspots” pattern, indicating pronounced disparities at the urban–rural interface; and (3) overall cooling equity remains low as high-quality cooling services are unevenly allocated relative to population needs, and extending travel-time thresholds does little to correct this imbalance. The study’s primary contribution is integrating cooling effects, service quality, and resident preferences into a comprehensive equity assessment framework, offering valuable guidance for green space planning and promoting environmental justice.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36104,"journal":{"name":"Trees, Forests and People","volume":"23 ","pages":"Article 101132"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145938837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.tfp.2026.101146
Renjie Wu , Zhijun Dai , Xuefei Mei , Chuqi Long , Diankai Wang , Jie Wang , Jinping Cheng
Mangroves play a crucial role in coastal protection and biodiversity but face escalating threats from anthropogenic pressures and climate-driven disturbances. Long-term monitoring remains challenging due to mangrove fragmentation and limited high-resolution historical data. This study presents a deep learning–based approach for mangrove identification, leveraging cloud-free Sentinel-2 MSI imagery (10 m resolution) and Mask R-CNN to map and analyze mangrove dynamics on Lantau Island, Hong Kong, from 2016 to 2024. The model integrates surface reflectance bands, spectral indices (EVI, LSWI, MVI), and elevation data, achieving high accuracy (mean absolute percentage error: 6.91%; root mean square error: 0.04 × 10⁴ ha). Multi-source validation demonstrated its strong generalization capacity across global mangrove ecosystems. Spatiotemporal analysis revealed divergent trends in two key mangrove stands. In Shui Hau, mangrove area declined continuously from 0.77 ha in 2016 to 0.39 ha in 2024, accompanied by shoreline erosion at a rate of 3.07 m/yr. This loss was associated with reduced suspended sediment concentration and persistent high wave energy. In contrast, Tung Chung’s mangrove area expanded from 3.28 ha to 3.59 ha, with shoreline accretion at 0.85 m/yr, supported by moderate wave dynamics and higher sediment availability. These findings underscore the value of 10 m resolution Sentinel-2 MSI imagery for historical mangrove mapping, providing critical insights for targeted conservation and management strategies.
{"title":"Mask R-CNN-based detection and segmentation of Mangrove ecosystems in Lantau Island, Hong Kong","authors":"Renjie Wu , Zhijun Dai , Xuefei Mei , Chuqi Long , Diankai Wang , Jie Wang , Jinping Cheng","doi":"10.1016/j.tfp.2026.101146","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tfp.2026.101146","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Mangroves play a crucial role in coastal protection and biodiversity but face escalating threats from anthropogenic pressures and climate-driven disturbances. Long-term monitoring remains challenging due to mangrove fragmentation and limited high-resolution historical data. This study presents a deep learning–based approach for mangrove identification, leveraging cloud-free Sentinel-2 MSI imagery (10 m resolution) and Mask R-CNN to map and analyze mangrove dynamics on Lantau Island, Hong Kong, from 2016 to 2024. The model integrates surface reflectance bands, spectral indices (EVI, LSWI, MVI), and elevation data, achieving high accuracy (mean absolute percentage error: 6.91%; root mean square error: 0.04 × 10⁴ ha). Multi-source validation demonstrated its strong generalization capacity across global mangrove ecosystems. Spatiotemporal analysis revealed divergent trends in two key mangrove stands. In Shui Hau, mangrove area declined continuously from 0.77 ha in 2016 to 0.39 ha in 2024, accompanied by shoreline erosion at a rate of 3.07 m/yr. This loss was associated with reduced suspended sediment concentration and persistent high wave energy. In contrast, Tung Chung’s mangrove area expanded from 3.28 ha to 3.59 ha, with shoreline accretion at 0.85 m/yr, supported by moderate wave dynamics and higher sediment availability. These findings underscore the value of 10 m resolution Sentinel-2 MSI imagery for historical mangrove mapping, providing critical insights for targeted conservation and management strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36104,"journal":{"name":"Trees, Forests and People","volume":"23 ","pages":"Article 101146"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145976592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.tfp.2026.101148
Niamjit Das
Disturbance gradients strongly influence tropical forest dynamics, shaping biodiversity, structure, and regeneration. This study provides the first empirical assessment of disturbance effects on Sal (Shorea robusta) forests in Dharmapur National Park, Bangladesh, part of the Indo-Burma biodiversity hotspot. Across 105 plots, species richness declined from 35 in low-disturbance stands to 17 in highly disturbed stands, while Shannon diversity decreased from 2.4 to 2.1. Stand structure was similarly eroded, with basal area reduced by ∼50% and tree density halved. Although regeneration of S. robusta remained relatively resilient, late-successional and shade-tolerant associates declined sharply, indicating vulnerability to disturbance. Ordination analyses revealed significant compositional turnover, with highly disturbed plots dominated by S. robusta and disturbance-tolerant taxa. These findings demonstrate that disturbance simplifies forest structure, reduces diversity, and constrains regeneration of non-Sal species, increasing the risk of long-term homogenization into Sal-dominated stands. Disturbance-sensitive management, enrichment planting of vulnerable associates, and community-based conservation are critical to sustain biodiversity and ecosystem services, while supporting Bangladesh’s forest policy priorities, REDD+ commitments, and the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.
{"title":"Disturbance gradients reshape biodiversity, structure, and regeneration in Sal (Shorea robusta) forests of Dharmapur National Park, Bangladesh","authors":"Niamjit Das","doi":"10.1016/j.tfp.2026.101148","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tfp.2026.101148","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Disturbance gradients strongly influence tropical forest dynamics, shaping biodiversity, structure, and regeneration. This study provides the first empirical assessment of disturbance effects on Sal (<em>Shorea robusta</em>) forests in Dharmapur National Park, Bangladesh, part of the Indo-Burma biodiversity hotspot. Across 105 plots, species richness declined from 35 in low-disturbance stands to 17 in highly disturbed stands, while Shannon diversity decreased from 2.4 to 2.1. Stand structure was similarly eroded, with basal area reduced by ∼50% and tree density halved. Although regeneration of <em>S. robusta</em> remained relatively resilient, late-successional and shade-tolerant associates declined sharply, indicating vulnerability to disturbance. Ordination analyses revealed significant compositional turnover, with highly disturbed plots dominated by <em>S. robusta</em> and disturbance-tolerant taxa. These findings demonstrate that disturbance simplifies forest structure, reduces diversity, and constrains regeneration of non-Sal species, increasing the risk of long-term homogenization into Sal-dominated stands. Disturbance-sensitive management, enrichment planting of vulnerable associates, and community-based conservation are critical to sustain biodiversity and ecosystem services, while supporting Bangladesh’s forest policy priorities, REDD+ commitments, and the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36104,"journal":{"name":"Trees, Forests and People","volume":"23 ","pages":"Article 101148"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146037525","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Converting monoculture plantations into mixed stands is a key strategy for enhancing soil carbon sequestration. The mechanisms behind soil organic carbon (SOC) turnover and its temperature response at different mixed densities are unclear. This limits the design of targeted carbon management strategies for plantations. In the study we used incubation experiments across temperatures (15, 25, and 35 °C), investigated different mixed density affect SOC fractions, enzyme activities, and mineralization. Results showed that low-density mixed stands significantly increased microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and β-1,4-glucosidase (BG) activity and showed the highest mineralization rate and cumulative release at 25 -35 °C in surface soil (0–20 cm). Potential mineralization of SOC (C0) decreased with depth but increased with temperature, and Chinese fir plantations exhibited the highest C0 at 25 -35 °C. Moreover, temperature sensitivity (Q10) was higher in Chinese fir plantations at 15–25 °C but greater in mixed stands–especially under high density–at 25–35 °C. Regression analysis indicated Q10 (15–25°C) and Q10 (25–35°C) were significantly positively correlated with readily oxidizable organic carbon (ROC) and phenol oxidase (PPO) activity in topsoil (0-20cm). The variance partitioning analysis (VPA) showed that the factors of SOC mineralization shifted from ROC and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) (explaining 81.7% of variance) at lower temperatures to ROC and combined available phosphorus (aP) (explaining 80.8% of variance) under high temperature. Moreover, the labile C (ROC or DOC, explaining 74.2%∼89% of variance) and AN (explaining 47.1%∼87.9% of variance) were the primary factors regulated Q10 in topsoil and subsoil, respectively. These results provided data on how converting Chinese fir plantations to mixed stands affects soil mineralization when temperature rises and suggested that low-density mixed stands should be considered for management to enhance soil carbon sequestration under warming.
{"title":"Converting Chinese fir plantations into mixed stands: Effects of density on soil organic carbon mineralization and its temperature sensitivity","authors":"Xiulan Zhang , Xiaocheng Song , Yongfeng Lou , Chunhui Leng , Jingjing Huang , Xingbin Cheng , Peng Yin , Xinchuan Zhu , Fuming Xiao","doi":"10.1016/j.tfp.2026.101160","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tfp.2026.101160","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Converting monoculture plantations into mixed stands is a key strategy for enhancing soil carbon sequestration. The mechanisms behind soil organic carbon (SOC) turnover and its temperature response at different mixed densities are unclear. This limits the design of targeted carbon management strategies for plantations. In the study we used incubation experiments across temperatures (15, 25, and 35 °C), investigated different mixed density affect SOC fractions, enzyme activities, and mineralization. Results showed that low-density mixed stands significantly increased microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and β-1,4-glucosidase (BG) activity and showed the highest mineralization rate and cumulative release at 25 -35 °C in surface soil (0–20 cm). Potential mineralization of SOC (C<sub>0</sub>) decreased with depth but increased with temperature, and Chinese fir plantations exhibited the highest C<sub>0</sub> at 25 -35 °C. Moreover, temperature sensitivity (Q<sub>10</sub>) was higher in Chinese fir plantations at 15–25 °C but greater in mixed stands–especially under high density–at 25–35 °C. Regression analysis indicated Q<sub>10</sub> (15–25°C) and Q<sub>10</sub> (25–35°C) were significantly positively correlated with readily oxidizable organic carbon (ROC) and phenol oxidase (PPO) activity in topsoil (0-20cm). The variance partitioning analysis (VPA) showed that the factors of SOC mineralization shifted from ROC and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) (explaining 81.7% of variance) at lower temperatures to ROC and combined available phosphorus (aP) (explaining 80.8% of variance) under high temperature. Moreover, the labile C (ROC or DOC, explaining 74.2%∼89% of variance) and AN (explaining 47.1%∼87.9% of variance) were the primary factors regulated Q<sub>10</sub> in topsoil and subsoil, respectively. These results provided data on how converting Chinese fir plantations to mixed stands affects soil mineralization when temperature rises and suggested that low-density mixed stands should be considered for management to enhance soil carbon sequestration under warming.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36104,"journal":{"name":"Trees, Forests and People","volume":"23 ","pages":"Article 101160"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146037527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.tfp.2025.101141
Arnaldo Marques , Teresa Cervera , Teresa Baiges , Pere Casals , Mario Beltrán , Lluís Coll , Miquel de Cáceres , Alejandra Morán-Ordóñez , Aitor Ameztegui
Forest management is crucial for climate change mitigation, particularly in Mediterranean forests, which serve as significant carbon pools but face increasing climate threats. This study assesses the impact of different forest management strategies on the carbon balance of Mediterranean forests in Catalonia (NE Spain) under two climate scenarios (RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5). We simulate forest dynamics over 100 years and apply a Life Cycle Assessment approach to quantify carbon fluxes associated with four contrasting management strategies: (i) Business-as-usual, (ii) Promotion of wood energy, (iii) Carbon storage, and (iv) Ecohydrological-based management. Our results indicate that management strongly influences the carbon balance, often outweighing the effect of climate change. The carbon storage scenario exhibited the highest net sequestration due to extended rotations and the production of long-lived wood products, while the Promotion of wood energy scenario led to higher emissions, resulting in carbon losses in low-productivity Pinus nigra forests. Manufacturing dominated emissions (50–75%), while forest growth accounted for most uptake (77%). Our findings indicate that climate-smart forestry in Mediterranean landscapes should prioritize strategies that balance productivity, resilience, and carbon storage. Ecohydrological management stands out as a scalable pathway for the fragmented private forests typical of the region, while carbon-storage practices may be selectively applied in productive and well-protected stands.
{"title":"Impacts of forest management and climate change on carbon emissions in Mediterranean forests","authors":"Arnaldo Marques , Teresa Cervera , Teresa Baiges , Pere Casals , Mario Beltrán , Lluís Coll , Miquel de Cáceres , Alejandra Morán-Ordóñez , Aitor Ameztegui","doi":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.101141","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.101141","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Forest management is crucial for climate change mitigation, particularly in Mediterranean forests, which serve as significant carbon pools but face increasing climate threats. This study assesses the impact of different forest management strategies on the carbon balance of Mediterranean forests in Catalonia (NE Spain) under two climate scenarios (RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5). We simulate forest dynamics over 100 years and apply a Life Cycle Assessment approach to quantify carbon fluxes associated with four contrasting management strategies: (i) Business-as-usual, (ii) Promotion of wood energy, (iii) Carbon storage, and (iv) Ecohydrological-based management. Our results indicate that management strongly influences the carbon balance, often outweighing the effect of climate change. The <em>carbon storage</em> scenario exhibited the highest net sequestration due to extended rotations and the production of long-lived wood products, while the <em>Promotion of wood energy</em> scenario led to higher emissions, resulting in carbon losses in low-productivity <em>Pinus nigra</em> forests. Manufacturing dominated emissions (50–75%), while forest growth accounted for most uptake (77%). Our findings indicate that climate-smart forestry in Mediterranean landscapes should prioritize strategies that balance productivity, resilience, and carbon storage. Ecohydrological management stands out as a scalable pathway for the fragmented private forests typical of the region, while carbon-storage practices may be selectively applied in productive and well-protected stands.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36104,"journal":{"name":"Trees, Forests and People","volume":"23 ","pages":"Article 101141"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145938738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.tfp.2025.101115
Zhikun Yang , Houji Liu , Lijun Zhu , Jie Wang , Juntuan Zhai , Xuefei Guo , Zhijun Li
It is essential to accurately assess the carbon sink of Populus euphratica Oliv. (P. euphratica) forests, given their long-term sequestration ability, to understand the carbon balance in arid zones, yet quantitative studies are still lacking globally. This study applied an optimised Carnegie–Ames–Stanford Approach (CASA) incorporating biomass and unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) data to examine the spatiotemporal heterogeneity of the net ecosystem productivity (NEP) in China’s P. euphratica forests during 2000–2023 and to analyse the impacts of climatic factors, Ecological Water Conveyance (EWC) and land-use changes. Results show that: (1) overall, NEP demonstrated a volatile upward trend notwithstanding a post-2017 downturn, with seasonal maxima in summer and minima in winter; (2) significant spatiotemporal heterogeneity in NEP was observed, with contrasting trends of increase in the Tarim, Aksu, and Heihe River basins but decrease in the lower Qarqan River; (3) human activities have now surpassed climatic factors as the primary driver of increased NEP in poplar forests, with EWC benefiting 90 % of the implementation areas; (4) the cumulative NEP of China's P. euphratica forests increased by 1200.38 Gg C over the last 20 years, largely attributable to land-use change from unused land to P. euphratica forests and cropland. This research provides a robust NEP estimation, clarifies its spatiotemporal patterns and driving mechanisms, and demonstrates that poplar forests serve as significant carbon sinks in arid regions. These findings support the development of evidence-based conservation strategies and China’s ‘dual carbon’ goals.
{"title":"Spatiotemporal variations and driving mechanisms of carbon sinks in Populus euphratica Oliv. forests in China from 2000 to 2023","authors":"Zhikun Yang , Houji Liu , Lijun Zhu , Jie Wang , Juntuan Zhai , Xuefei Guo , Zhijun Li","doi":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.101115","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.101115","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>It is essential to accurately assess the carbon sink of <em>Populus euphratica</em> Oliv. (<em>P. euphratica</em>) forests, given their long-term sequestration ability, to understand the carbon balance in arid zones, yet quantitative studies are still lacking globally. This study applied an optimised Carnegie–Ames–Stanford Approach (CASA) incorporating biomass and unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) data to examine the spatiotemporal heterogeneity of the net ecosystem productivity (NEP) in China’s <em>P. euphratica</em> forests during 2000–2023 and to analyse the impacts of climatic factors, Ecological Water Conveyance (EWC) and land-use changes. Results show that: (1) overall, NEP demonstrated a volatile upward trend notwithstanding a post-2017 downturn, with seasonal maxima in summer and minima in winter; (2) significant spatiotemporal heterogeneity in NEP was observed, with contrasting trends of increase in the Tarim, Aksu, and Heihe River basins but decrease in the lower Qarqan River; (3) human activities have now surpassed climatic factors as the primary driver of increased NEP in poplar forests, with EWC benefiting 90 % of the implementation areas; (4) the cumulative NEP of China's <em>P. euphratica</em> forests increased by 1200.38 Gg C over the last 20 years, largely attributable to land-use change from unused land to <em>P. euphratica</em> forests and cropland. This research provides a robust NEP estimation, clarifies its spatiotemporal patterns and driving mechanisms, and demonstrates that poplar forests serve as significant carbon sinks in arid regions. These findings support the development of evidence-based conservation strategies and China’s ‘dual carbon’ goals.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36104,"journal":{"name":"Trees, Forests and People","volume":"23 ","pages":"Article 101115"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145938667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.tfp.2025.101135
Shun Li , Guowei He , Wenru Xu , Yuanyuan Fu , Chao Huang , Zhichao Huang , Ting Wu , Hong S. He , Zhiwei Wu , Fusheng Chen
Droughts are increasing in frequency and intensity, reducing photosynthesis and causing tree mortality, thereby weakening the boreal forest’s ability to act as a carbon sink. They also indirectly amplify the frequency and severity of wildfires, further affecting the carbon dynamics of boreal forests. We developed a model-coupling framework integrating species-specific drought sensitivity, wildfire dynamics, and forest succession to simulate the carbon dynamics of boreal forests in Northeast China over the 21st century. Our results show that drought substantially increases tree mortality and limits carbon sequestration. Accumulated fuel loads expand burned area and elevate fire severity. Drought-fire synergy offsets carbon sink gains from vegetation recovery and fire suppression, and they double interannual variability in the regional carbon budget. Under the ssp5–8.5 scenarios, boreal forests intermittently shift from a carbon sink to a source in the late 21st century. This study emphasizes the importance of considering synergistic drought-fire interactions explicitly when examining the effects of climate change on carbon dynamics of boreal forests. To mitigate these synergies, adaptive forest management should prioritize fuel load reduction measures (e.g., thinning or prescribed burning) and the promotion of drought-resistant tree species, thereby effectively reducing the probability of catastrophic wildfires and enhancing the long-term stability and carbon sequestration of boreal forests.
{"title":"Drought-wildfire synergy drives carbon-source transition and amplifies carbon budget uncertainty of boreal forests in Northeast China","authors":"Shun Li , Guowei He , Wenru Xu , Yuanyuan Fu , Chao Huang , Zhichao Huang , Ting Wu , Hong S. He , Zhiwei Wu , Fusheng Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.101135","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tfp.2025.101135","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Droughts are increasing in frequency and intensity, reducing photosynthesis and causing tree mortality, thereby weakening the boreal forest’s ability to act as a carbon sink. They also indirectly amplify the frequency and severity of wildfires, further affecting the carbon dynamics of boreal forests. We developed a model-coupling framework integrating species-specific drought sensitivity, wildfire dynamics, and forest succession to simulate the carbon dynamics of boreal forests in Northeast China over the 21<sup>st</sup> century. Our results show that drought substantially increases tree mortality and limits carbon sequestration. Accumulated fuel loads expand burned area and elevate fire severity. Drought-fire synergy offsets carbon sink gains from vegetation recovery and fire suppression, and they double interannual variability in the regional carbon budget. Under the ssp5–8.5 scenarios, boreal forests intermittently shift from a carbon sink to a source in the late 21<sup>st</sup> century. This study emphasizes the importance of considering synergistic drought-fire interactions explicitly when examining the effects of climate change on carbon dynamics of boreal forests. To mitigate these synergies, adaptive forest management should prioritize fuel load reduction measures (e.g., thinning or prescribed burning) and the promotion of drought-resistant tree species, thereby effectively reducing the probability of catastrophic wildfires and enhancing the long-term stability and carbon sequestration of boreal forests.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36104,"journal":{"name":"Trees, Forests and People","volume":"23 ","pages":"Article 101135"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145938836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.tfp.2026.101155
Gaurav Dhungel , Justin Baker , Jesse D. Henderson
Forest resources in the eastern US are located on heterogeneous landscapes with widely varying biophysical, social, and market characteristics. As such, the total inventory is rarely available for harvest within a region. Understanding the distinction between physical timber inventory and accessible inventory is crucial for conducting market analyses, developing forward-looking resource assessments, estimating the extractive (“active”) resource base, and, in general, ensuring the continued, sustainable flow of timber. To this end, we employ a mix of regression and spatial analysis to estimate and visualize timber and carbon accessibility on eastern forest land in the US – and how species-specific estimates vary, in our case, white oak (Quercus alba). The logistic regression shows that all seven biophysical and social characteristics, i.e., site physiography, productivity, slope, road distance, amenity value, ownership, and past harvest experience, significantly explain the lack of harvest/management decisions on forested lands in the eastern US. The subsequent spatial analysis illustrates that the higher timber accessibility spots/timber basins are mostly concentrated in the coastal Atlantic plains, gulf coast of the Southeast, and most of Maine, whereas the lower timber accessibility spots/timber basins are largely concentrated along the mountainous region of the Appalachia, the Ozarks, Ouachita, parts of the upper Midwest, and drier parts of west Texas. Results of this study have important applications and implications for timber supply models, policies, programs, and services that affect eastern forest land, and the benefits accrued from these forests, particularly concerns related to timber accessibility, white oak sustainability, and carbon additionality.
{"title":"Physical presence, practical absence: Accessibility of timber inventory in the eastern US","authors":"Gaurav Dhungel , Justin Baker , Jesse D. Henderson","doi":"10.1016/j.tfp.2026.101155","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tfp.2026.101155","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Forest resources in the eastern US are located on heterogeneous landscapes with widely varying biophysical, social, and market characteristics. As such, the total inventory is rarely available for harvest within a region. Understanding the distinction between physical timber inventory and accessible inventory is crucial for conducting market analyses, developing forward-looking resource assessments, estimating the extractive (“active”) resource base, and, in general, ensuring the continued, sustainable flow of timber. To this end, we employ a mix of regression and spatial analysis to estimate and visualize timber and carbon accessibility on eastern forest land in the US – and how species-specific estimates vary, in our case, white oak (<em>Quercus alba</em>). The logistic regression shows that all seven biophysical and social characteristics, i.e., site physiography, productivity, slope, road distance, amenity value, ownership, and past harvest experience, significantly explain the lack of harvest/management decisions on forested lands in the eastern US. The subsequent spatial analysis illustrates that the higher timber accessibility spots/timber basins are mostly concentrated in the coastal Atlantic plains, gulf coast of the Southeast, and most of Maine, whereas the lower timber accessibility spots/timber basins are largely concentrated along the mountainous region of the Appalachia, the Ozarks, Ouachita, parts of the upper Midwest, and drier parts of west Texas. Results of this study have important applications and implications for timber supply models, policies, programs, and services that affect eastern forest land, and the benefits accrued from these forests, particularly concerns related to timber accessibility, white oak sustainability, and carbon additionality.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36104,"journal":{"name":"Trees, Forests and People","volume":"23 ","pages":"Article 101155"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145976597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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