Pub Date : 2024-11-08DOI: 10.1016/j.tfp.2024.100726
Riko Wahyudi , Wahyu Marjaka , Christian Silangen , Muis Fajar , I. Wayan Susi Dharmawan , Mariamah
The jurisdictional REDD+ (JREDD+) mechanism, aimed at reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, has been crucial in global climate change mitigation efforts. However, designing effective, efficient, and equitable benefit-distribution policy at the site level remains a challenge. This research assesses three benefit distribution mechanisms in Indonesia for JREDD+ initiatives, facilitated by the Indonesian Environment Fund (IEF). They include: (1) distribution through the provincial revenue and expenditure budget (APBD), (2) distribution through intermediary institutions (LEMTARA), and (3) direct distribution or transfer to beneficiaries. Each mechanism is evaluated on effectiveness, efficiency, and equity, considering bureaucratic processes and stakeholder capacities. The study utilizes public deliberation by involving relevant stakeholders at the national and Jambi province levels and expert judgment by purposively selecting based on certain criteria to help determine the optimal mechanism as the reference for achieving Indonesia's climate mitigation goals and the administrative intricacies involved. The findings suggest that direct distribution to beneficiaries is the most efficient and equitable, although using LEMTARA is deemed slightly more effective for targeted fund allocation. The study provides recommendations for policy makers on enhancing institutional capacities and integrating flexible inclusive mechanisms to optimize JREDD+ benefit distribution at the sub-national level.
{"title":"Effectiveness, efficiency, and equity in jurisdictional REDD+ benefit distribution mechanisms: Insights from Jambi province, Indonesia","authors":"Riko Wahyudi , Wahyu Marjaka , Christian Silangen , Muis Fajar , I. Wayan Susi Dharmawan , Mariamah","doi":"10.1016/j.tfp.2024.100726","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tfp.2024.100726","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The jurisdictional REDD+ (JREDD+) mechanism, aimed at reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, has been crucial in global climate change mitigation efforts. However, designing effective, efficient, and equitable benefit-distribution policy at the site level remains a challenge. This research assesses three benefit distribution mechanisms in Indonesia for JREDD+ initiatives, facilitated by the Indonesian Environment Fund (IEF). They include: (1) distribution through the provincial revenue and expenditure budget (APBD), (2) distribution through intermediary institutions (LEMTARA), and (3) direct distribution or transfer to beneficiaries. Each mechanism is evaluated on effectiveness, efficiency, and equity, considering bureaucratic processes and stakeholder capacities. The study utilizes public deliberation by involving relevant stakeholders at the national and Jambi province levels and expert judgment by purposively selecting based on certain criteria to help determine the optimal mechanism as the reference for achieving Indonesia's climate mitigation goals and the administrative intricacies involved. The findings suggest that direct distribution to beneficiaries is the most efficient and equitable, although using LEMTARA is deemed slightly more effective for targeted fund allocation. The study provides recommendations for policy makers on enhancing institutional capacities and integrating flexible inclusive mechanisms to optimize JREDD+ benefit distribution at the sub-national level.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36104,"journal":{"name":"Trees, Forests and People","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100726"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142652226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-08DOI: 10.1016/j.tfp.2024.100716
Kurt W. Smith, Ryan Thomson
Heirs’ property ownership and its associated challenges continues to be a persistent problem despite efforts to prevent, educate and remediate heirs’ property ownership throughout the south. It continues to be a mechanism for land loss and continue fragmentation of forested land. While there have been many efforts to create a metrics to assess the size, and scope of heirs’ property in the United States, there have been few or no known efforts to make an accurate assessment of the value of heir's property for timber, water quality, wildlife, biodiversity, and its role in defining community character and a host of other benefits. This paper provides a starting point with some consideration of these resources beginning with locked up timber value in North Carolina classified as heirs’ property. While most study of heir's property explores issues from a social justice standpoint, this paper explores the economic impact to an essential forest industry. Few studies have been done on the cohort of heir's property owners to examine their perspectives and challenges associated with this particularly vulnerable form of land ownership. This paper will also give a brief examination of recent survey research of heir's property owners. This paper examines North Carolina as a first case study that can be learned from, improved on and refined to apply to other states to better understand the values and/or lost opportunities from land being held in heirs’ property status.
{"title":"Property estimation, landowner perspectives and timber valuation of heirs property in North Carolina","authors":"Kurt W. Smith, Ryan Thomson","doi":"10.1016/j.tfp.2024.100716","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tfp.2024.100716","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Heirs’ property ownership and its associated challenges continues to be a persistent problem despite efforts to prevent, educate and remediate heirs’ property ownership throughout the south. It continues to be a mechanism for land loss and continue fragmentation of forested land. While there have been many efforts to create a metrics to assess the size, and scope of heirs’ property in the United States, there have been few or no known efforts to make an accurate assessment of the value of heir's property for timber, water quality, wildlife, biodiversity, and its role in defining community character and a host of other benefits. This paper provides a starting point with some consideration of these resources beginning with locked up timber value in North Carolina classified as heirs’ property. While most study of heir's property explores issues from a social justice standpoint, this paper explores the economic impact to an essential forest industry. Few studies have been done on the cohort of heir's property owners to examine their perspectives and challenges associated with this particularly vulnerable form of land ownership. This paper will also give a brief examination of recent survey research of heir's property owners. This paper examines North Carolina as a first case study that can be learned from, improved on and refined to apply to other states to better understand the values and/or lost opportunities from land being held in heirs’ property status.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36104,"journal":{"name":"Trees, Forests and People","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100716"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142652227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-06DOI: 10.1016/j.tfp.2024.100725
Tigabu R. Alle , Samora M. Andrew , Miriam F. Karlsson , Abdella Gure
Ziziphus tree species commonly known as “jujube” are wide sources of nutritious and socio-economically important fruits in arid and semi-arid regions of Asia and Africa. However, understanding of local communities’ engagement in harvesting and utilization of these fruits remains limited consequently undermining sustainable harvesting and broader utilization. Household interviews (HHIs), focus group discussions (FGDs) and key informants’ interviews (KIIs) were used to investigate the level of harvesting and utilization of fruits from different tree species of jujube in Ethiopia. Multiple linear and binary logistic regressions were utilized to investigate factors influencing the annual fruit yield per tree and to discern factors impacting the local community's capacity to grow and sell jujube, respectively. Fruit yield per tree, market involvement and the principal challenges to growing were found to vary among two study sites. Bosset district's yield exceeded Bati's by 0.87 times. Women and children played significant roles in fruit collection, sale and management. Less rainfall reduced annual yield by 33 kg per tree while planting seedlings instead of relying solely on naturally regenerated trees boosted yield by 42 kg per year. With each advancing year in age, older respondents were 0.04 times less likely to sell harvested jujube fruits. The increasing impact of pests, water shortage and cultural influences decreased community interest in growing jujube by factors of 1.15, 1.41 and 2 times, respectively. Suboptimal involvement in jujube cultivation, fruit harvest and market activities was frequently ascribed to inadequate community support, organizational oversight and depressed market prices. These findings highlight the need to enhance awareness, management and market access for jujube fruits to broaden community benefits in Ethiopia.
{"title":"Challenges in harvesting and utilization of Ziziphus tree fruits in Ethiopia","authors":"Tigabu R. Alle , Samora M. Andrew , Miriam F. Karlsson , Abdella Gure","doi":"10.1016/j.tfp.2024.100725","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tfp.2024.100725","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Ziziphus</em> tree species commonly known as “jujube” are wide sources of nutritious and socio-economically important fruits in arid and semi-arid regions of Asia and Africa. However, understanding of local communities’ engagement in harvesting and utilization of these fruits remains limited consequently undermining sustainable harvesting and broader utilization. Household interviews (HHIs), focus group discussions (FGDs) and key informants’ interviews (KIIs) were used to investigate the level of harvesting and utilization of fruits from different tree species of jujube in Ethiopia. Multiple linear and binary logistic regressions were utilized to investigate factors influencing the annual fruit yield per tree and to discern factors impacting the local community's capacity to grow and sell jujube, respectively. Fruit yield per tree, market involvement and the principal challenges to growing were found to vary among two study sites. Bosset district's yield exceeded Bati's by 0.87 times. Women and children played significant roles in fruit collection, sale and management. Less rainfall reduced annual yield by 33 kg per tree while planting seedlings instead of relying solely on naturally regenerated trees boosted yield by 42 kg per year. With each advancing year in age, older respondents were 0.04 times less likely to sell harvested jujube fruits. The increasing impact of pests, water shortage and cultural influences decreased community interest in growing jujube by factors of 1.15, 1.41 and 2 times, respectively. Suboptimal involvement in jujube cultivation, fruit harvest and market activities was frequently ascribed to inadequate community support, organizational oversight and depressed market prices. These findings highlight the need to enhance awareness, management and market access for jujube fruits to broaden community benefits in Ethiopia.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36104,"journal":{"name":"Trees, Forests and People","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100725"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142652311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-05DOI: 10.1016/j.tfp.2024.100721
P.A. Sofi , T.H. Masoodi , Nazir A. Pala , Muhammad Waheed , Saud Alamri , Shaista Khan , Khaled A. Alakeel , Shiekh Marifatul Haq , Rainer W. Bussmann
The global mean temperature is rising at an unprecedented rate, and the investigation of ecosystem functioning and phenological events offered some of the most compelling evidence for the impact of these changes on plant species in alpine regions. The present study assessed the impact of topographic and edaphic factors on treeline structure/diversity, regeneration behavior, phenological characteristics, and ex-situ conservation of endemic and relict species, Betula utilis D. Don in the Kashmir Himalaya, India. The data was collected using a stratified random sampling method along the three altitudinal gradients of 3000–3200 m, 3200–3400 m and 3400–3600 m asl. The results revealed that IVI of this species on the Southeastern and Southwestern aspect increase from lower to higher altitude. The lower IVI value of 156.92 and 181.85 % was observed at lower altitudes, followed by 186.05 and 208.80 percent at middle altitude and higher value of 236.58 and 260.04 % at the upper altitudinal range. On the eastern slope, the maximum and minimum numbers of recruits (1375 and 593 ha-1) were present at middle and upper altitudinal gradients, respectively. The established regeneration decreased with altitude and better regeneration was observed in the Southwest. The phenophases of B. utilis were completed earlier with an increase in altitude. Under the nursery conditions, the maximum germination of 89.11 % was recorded in the seeds subjected to 90 days of stratification while a minimum of 47.33 % was recorded under control. The satellite data observations on resource mapping showed the scattered distribution of B. utilis dominated forests at higher elevations within the Sindh Forest division in patches. B. utilis dominated forests are distributed over an area of 2746.58 ha (1.67 %) of the total 164,236.82 ha) geographical area of the division which makes its conservation highly significant. The Canonical Correspondence Analysis highlights the primary role of soil particularly sand, silt, and clay content well as bulk density in shaping the ecological distribution and regeneration patterns of B. utilis forest stands. The study's findings reveal field-based patterns related to numerous ecological characteristics of the endemic and relict species, B. utilis, which can be utilized in developing ecological restoration and conservation efforts in the region.
{"title":"Exploration of the ecology and ex-situ conservation of Betula utilis D. Don: Insights from topography, edaphic factors, and nursery management practices","authors":"P.A. Sofi , T.H. Masoodi , Nazir A. Pala , Muhammad Waheed , Saud Alamri , Shaista Khan , Khaled A. Alakeel , Shiekh Marifatul Haq , Rainer W. Bussmann","doi":"10.1016/j.tfp.2024.100721","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tfp.2024.100721","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The global mean temperature is rising at an unprecedented rate, and the investigation of ecosystem functioning and phenological events offered some of the most compelling evidence for the impact of these changes on plant species in alpine regions. The present study assessed the impact of topographic and edaphic factors on treeline structure/diversity, regeneration behavior, phenological characteristics, and ex-situ conservation of endemic and relict species, <em>Betula utilis</em> D. Don in the Kashmir Himalaya, India. The data was collected using a stratified random sampling method along the three altitudinal gradients of 3000–3200 m, 3200–3400 m and 3400–3600 m asl. The results revealed that IVI of this species on the Southeastern and Southwestern aspect increase from lower to higher altitude. The lower IVI value of 156.92 and 181.85 % was observed at lower altitudes, followed by 186.05 and 208.80 percent at middle altitude and higher value of 236.58 and 260.04 % at the upper altitudinal range. On the eastern slope, the maximum and minimum numbers of recruits (1375 and 593 ha<sup>-1</sup>) were present at middle and upper altitudinal gradients, respectively. The established regeneration decreased with altitude and better regeneration was observed in the Southwest. The phenophases of <em>B. utilis</em> were completed earlier with an increase in altitude. Under the nursery conditions, the maximum germination of 89.11 % was recorded in the seeds subjected to 90 days of stratification while a minimum of 47.33 % was recorded under control. The satellite data observations on resource mapping showed the scattered distribution of <em>B. utilis</em> dominated forests at higher elevations within the Sindh Forest division in patches. <em>B. utilis</em> dominated forests are distributed over an area of 2746.58 ha (1.67 %) of the total 164,236.82 ha) geographical area of the division which makes its conservation highly significant. The Canonical Correspondence Analysis highlights the primary role of soil particularly sand, silt, and clay content well as bulk density in shaping the ecological distribution and regeneration patterns of <em>B. utilis</em> forest stands. The study's findings reveal field-based patterns related to numerous ecological characteristics of the endemic and relict species, <em>B. utilis</em>, which can be utilized in developing ecological restoration and conservation efforts in the region.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36104,"journal":{"name":"Trees, Forests and People","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100721"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142652315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Over the past 30 years, outgrower/contract farming has been promoted as an institutional innovation to boost agricultural and farm forestry in less developed countries. Understanding factors that make outgrower arrangements beneficial is crucial to realizing their full potential. This study examines a commercial tree-growing outgrower scheme in Uganda, assessing socioeconomic factors influencing farmers' participation and their motivations. Data collection utilized a mixed-method approach, including semi-structured interviews (n = 80), focus group discussions, and key informant interviews. Findings revealed that participation was significantly associated with the purpose for the trees (χ2 = 19.7875, p= 0.00005), membership in farmer-based organizations (χ2 = 76.05, p= 2.77E-18), and household size (χ2 = 14.12667, p= 0.000856). Key motivations were access to quality seedlings, rated very important by 95 % of respondents, and farm credits, rated very important and important by 43.8 % and 36.3 % of farmers, respectively. Additionally, 96.3 % and 95 % considered training in agrochemical application and in planting, maintenance, and harvesting techniques, respectively, as very important. Most farmers (93 %) preferred on-spot cash payment over payment in kind. 55 % of farmers preferred donation with charge while 45 % preferred purchasing inputs at a subsidized price. Most farmers (65 %) favored a cost-sharing arrangement for harvesting costs, and 98 % wanted the company to cover post-harvest expenses. This study highlights the need of considering farmers' socioeconomic characteristics and preferences for contractual arrangements when designing outgrower schemes, as well providing seedlings, financial support, and training to enhance participation.
{"title":"Factors influencing smallholder participation in commercial tree growing outgrower schemes: The case of Namwasa outgrower scheme in Uganda","authors":"Sherry Kyamagero , Kendisha Soekardjo Hintz , Nelson Turyahabwe , Gerald Kapp","doi":"10.1016/j.tfp.2024.100718","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tfp.2024.100718","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Over the past 30 years, outgrower/contract farming has been promoted as an institutional innovation to boost agricultural and farm forestry in less developed countries. Understanding factors that make outgrower arrangements beneficial is crucial to realizing their full potential. This study examines a commercial tree-growing outgrower scheme in Uganda, assessing socioeconomic factors influencing farmers' participation and their motivations. Data collection utilized a mixed-method approach, including semi-structured interviews (<em>n</em> = 80), focus group discussions, and key informant interviews. Findings revealed that participation was significantly associated with the purpose for the trees (χ<sup>2</sup> = 19.7875, <em>p</em> <em>=</em> 0.00005), membership in farmer-based organizations (χ<sup>2</sup> = 76.05, <em>p</em> <em>=</em> 2.77E-18), and household size (χ<sup>2</sup> = 14.12667, <em>p</em> <em>=</em> 0.000856). Key motivations were access to quality seedlings, rated very important by 95 % of respondents, and farm credits, rated very important and important by 43.8 % and 36.3 % of farmers, respectively. Additionally, 96.3 % and 95 % considered training in agrochemical application and in planting, maintenance, and harvesting techniques, respectively, as very important. Most farmers (93 %) preferred on-spot cash payment over payment in kind. 55 % of farmers preferred donation with charge while 45 % preferred purchasing inputs at a subsidized price. Most farmers (65 %) favored a cost-sharing arrangement for harvesting costs, and 98 % wanted the company to cover post-harvest expenses. This study highlights the need of considering farmers' socioeconomic characteristics and preferences for contractual arrangements when designing outgrower schemes, as well providing seedlings, financial support, and training to enhance participation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36104,"journal":{"name":"Trees, Forests and People","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100718"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142704534","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-04DOI: 10.1016/j.tfp.2024.100723
Zeko McKenzie
<div><div>Early historical-ecological records of the pine forest on Grand Bahama indicated that large-scale commercial removal of the mature pine trees from the island during logging in The Bahamas substantially reduced the pine population in Grand Bahama from 1944 to 1960. Additional losses of the pine population on the island were results of the major hurricanes in the post-logging era. There were ca. 43 million pine trees in Grand Bahama before the 2004 and 2005 major hurricanes. This study uses ridge regression and a nested linear mixed-effects model (with a random intercept included as the variance-covariance structure) to reconstruct and compare Grand Bahama pine forest age across different domains (pre-Dorian dead, post-Dorian dead, and post-Dorian live pine areas). Statistical results revealed that the mature pine forest (DBH ≥ 10 cm) in Grand Bahama in 2004 ranged in age from 38 to 49 years old. These are the pine seedlings that germinated between 1950 and 1970 during and at the end of the logging era in Grand Bahama. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC [1]) indicated that the nesting effect (survey plots within domains) in the linear mixed-effects model (LMM) explained 33.8% (ICC [1] = 0.338) of the total variance captured by the grouping effect of pine forest age. Both the fixed and random factors (predictors) explained 48.8% (<span><math><msubsup><mi>R</mi><mi>c</mi><mn>2</mn></msubsup></math></span> = 0.488) of the total variance of the mean pine forest age across domains. This compared better to the fixed-effects factor, which alone explained a much smaller percentage of the variation of the response variable (<span><math><msubsup><mi>R</mi><mi>m</mi><mn>2</mn></msubsup></math></span> = 0.227). The mean pine forest age was statistically significant across domains (<em>F</em> <sub>2, 300.34</sub> = 79.94; <em>p</em> < 0.0001), indicating age-specific variation in pine tree age across the pine landscape.</div><div>From 1950 to 1970, Grand Bahama pine forest age underwent radical shifts due to extensive commercial harvesting during the logging era (1944–1960). The major hurricanes in 2004, 2005, and 2019 further changed the pine forest age structure, resulting in discrete fragments of dead pine forests scattered throughout Grand Bahama Island. Small-scale deforestation from urban growth continues to impact the pine forest age structure in Grand Bahama. Given that both logging and hurricanes result in structural changes to landscapes, the pine forest in Grand Bahama should consist of uneven-aged pine vegetation. The presence of uneven-aged pine trees should occur in areas with a repeated history of logging and along the north shore, where the effects of the 2004 and 2005 major hurricanes were the most impactful. This study provides historical contexts of Grand Bahama pine forest in the pre-major hurricane era. The findings presented here add to our understanding of the Bahamian pine forest by providing critical information on
{"title":"A reconstruction and comparison of Grand Bahama pine forest age during the pre-major hurricane era using ridge regression and nested linear mixed-effects model","authors":"Zeko McKenzie","doi":"10.1016/j.tfp.2024.100723","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tfp.2024.100723","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Early historical-ecological records of the pine forest on Grand Bahama indicated that large-scale commercial removal of the mature pine trees from the island during logging in The Bahamas substantially reduced the pine population in Grand Bahama from 1944 to 1960. Additional losses of the pine population on the island were results of the major hurricanes in the post-logging era. There were ca. 43 million pine trees in Grand Bahama before the 2004 and 2005 major hurricanes. This study uses ridge regression and a nested linear mixed-effects model (with a random intercept included as the variance-covariance structure) to reconstruct and compare Grand Bahama pine forest age across different domains (pre-Dorian dead, post-Dorian dead, and post-Dorian live pine areas). Statistical results revealed that the mature pine forest (DBH ≥ 10 cm) in Grand Bahama in 2004 ranged in age from 38 to 49 years old. These are the pine seedlings that germinated between 1950 and 1970 during and at the end of the logging era in Grand Bahama. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC [1]) indicated that the nesting effect (survey plots within domains) in the linear mixed-effects model (LMM) explained 33.8% (ICC [1] = 0.338) of the total variance captured by the grouping effect of pine forest age. Both the fixed and random factors (predictors) explained 48.8% (<span><math><msubsup><mi>R</mi><mi>c</mi><mn>2</mn></msubsup></math></span> = 0.488) of the total variance of the mean pine forest age across domains. This compared better to the fixed-effects factor, which alone explained a much smaller percentage of the variation of the response variable (<span><math><msubsup><mi>R</mi><mi>m</mi><mn>2</mn></msubsup></math></span> = 0.227). The mean pine forest age was statistically significant across domains (<em>F</em> <sub>2, 300.34</sub> = 79.94; <em>p</em> < 0.0001), indicating age-specific variation in pine tree age across the pine landscape.</div><div>From 1950 to 1970, Grand Bahama pine forest age underwent radical shifts due to extensive commercial harvesting during the logging era (1944–1960). The major hurricanes in 2004, 2005, and 2019 further changed the pine forest age structure, resulting in discrete fragments of dead pine forests scattered throughout Grand Bahama Island. Small-scale deforestation from urban growth continues to impact the pine forest age structure in Grand Bahama. Given that both logging and hurricanes result in structural changes to landscapes, the pine forest in Grand Bahama should consist of uneven-aged pine vegetation. The presence of uneven-aged pine trees should occur in areas with a repeated history of logging and along the north shore, where the effects of the 2004 and 2005 major hurricanes were the most impactful. This study provides historical contexts of Grand Bahama pine forest in the pre-major hurricane era. The findings presented here add to our understanding of the Bahamian pine forest by providing critical information on","PeriodicalId":36104,"journal":{"name":"Trees, Forests and People","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100723"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142652314","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-02DOI: 10.1016/j.tfp.2024.100719
Ernestine Lonpi Tipi , Raoul Sambieni Kouagou , Jean-Pierre Messina Ndzomo , Papy Nsevolo Miankeba , Louis Looli Boyombe , Joseph Lumande Kasali , Damase Khasa , François Malaisse , Jan Bogaert
Edible caterpillars are an important food and economic resource for rural African people. However, they are subject to a number of threats; in particular, their host plants are threatened. The Luki Biosphere Reserve landscape is a region of the Democratic Republic of Congo where the practice of eating caterpillars is a recent phenomenon; however, rural communities have reported their scarcity. This study assessed the diversity and availability of host plants of the edible caterpillars in the Luki Biosphere Reserve (LBR) landscape. Botanical inventories were conducted in eleven ha plots of each of the following habitats: forest, savannah under protection, fallow, and inhabited areas, covering an area of 44 ha. The coverage-based rarefaction and extrapolation method and the iNEXT online software were used to calculate the true diversity of edible caterpillar host plants. The diameter structure of the edible caterpillar host plant species was assessed by counting the number of individuals in each diameter class. The results revealed that in the Luki Biosphere Reserve landscape, edible caterpillars rely on 15 main plant host species (Spondias mombin L., Petersianthus macrocarpus (P.Beauv.) Liben, Croton sylvaticus Hochst. ex Krauss, Hymenocardia acida Tul., Lannea welwitschii (Hiern) Engl., Macaranga spinosa Müll.Arg., Celtis mildbraedii Engl., Coelocaryon botryoïdes Vermoesen, Albizia gummifera (J.F.Gmel.) C. A. Sm, Bridelia atroviridis Müll.Arg, Ficus mucuso Welw. ex Ficalho, Funtumia elastica (P.Preuss) Stapf, Lannea welwitschii (Hiern) Engl., Milicia excelsa (Welw.) C.C. Berg., and Terminalia superba Engl. & Diels). The habitats exhibited low species diversity of the edible caterpillar host plants. Moreover, several of these species are becoming scarce or are locally threatened with extinction. The trend in the diametric structure is similar to species evolving in a disturbed environment.The results of this study suggest potential habitat instability linked to human activities that could lead to biodiversity loss and, thus, a decline in edible caterpillars in the LBR landscape. A better understanding of the unfavourable conditions that influence the nutritional support for the edible caterpillars would help promote appropriate strategies that can be applied in local development plans for community lands at a landscape scale.
{"title":"Diversity and availability of edible caterpillar host plants in the Luki biosphere reserve landscape in the Democratic Republic of the Congo","authors":"Ernestine Lonpi Tipi , Raoul Sambieni Kouagou , Jean-Pierre Messina Ndzomo , Papy Nsevolo Miankeba , Louis Looli Boyombe , Joseph Lumande Kasali , Damase Khasa , François Malaisse , Jan Bogaert","doi":"10.1016/j.tfp.2024.100719","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tfp.2024.100719","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Edible caterpillars are an important food and economic resource for rural African people. However, they are subject to a number of threats; in particular, their host plants are threatened. The Luki Biosphere Reserve landscape is a region of the Democratic Republic of Congo where the practice of eating caterpillars is a recent phenomenon; however, rural communities have reported their scarcity. This study assessed the diversity and availability of host plants of the edible caterpillars in the Luki Biosphere Reserve (LBR) landscape. Botanical inventories were conducted in eleven ha plots of each of the following habitats: forest, savannah under protection, fallow, and inhabited areas, covering an area of 44 ha. The coverage-based rarefaction and extrapolation method and the iNEXT online software were used to calculate the true diversity of edible caterpillar host plants. The diameter structure of the edible caterpillar host plant species was assessed by counting the number of individuals in each diameter class. The results revealed that in the Luki Biosphere Reserve landscape, edible caterpillars rely on 15 main plant host species (<em>Spondias mombin</em> L., <em>Petersianthus macrocarpus</em> (P.Beauv.) Liben, <em>Croton sylvaticus</em> Hochst. ex Krauss, <em>Hymenocardia acida</em> Tul., <em>Lannea welwitschii</em> (Hiern) Engl., <em>Macaranga spinosa</em> Müll.Arg., <em>Celtis mildbraedii</em> Engl., <em>Coelocaryon botryoïdes</em> Vermoesen, <em>Albizia gummifera</em> (J.F.Gmel.) C. A. Sm, <em>Bridelia atroviridis</em> Müll.Arg<em>, Ficus mucuso</em> Welw. ex Ficalho, <em>Funtumia elastica</em> (P.Preuss) Stapf, <em>Lannea welwitschii</em> (Hiern) Engl<em>., Milicia excelsa</em> (Welw.) C.C. Berg., and <em>Terminalia superba</em> Engl. & Diels). The habitats exhibited low species diversity of the edible caterpillar host plants. Moreover, several of these species are becoming scarce or are locally threatened with extinction. The trend in the diametric structure is similar to species evolving in a disturbed environment.The results of this study suggest potential habitat instability linked to human activities that could lead to biodiversity loss and, thus, a decline in edible caterpillars in the LBR landscape. A better understanding of the unfavourable conditions that influence the nutritional support for the edible caterpillars would help promote appropriate strategies that can be applied in local development plans for community lands at a landscape scale.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36104,"journal":{"name":"Trees, Forests and People","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100719"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142652255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Post-fire salvage logging is widely applied in Mongolia's boreal forests with the intent to prevent intact forests from logging. The rationale behind this approach is the assumption that the additional disturbance caused by the removal of standing deadwood after stand-replacing fire is of no further significance for the already heavily disturbed ecosystem. However, while there is a global debate on effects of salvage logging for regeneration success, biodiversity, and soil health, little evidence has been collected from strongly drought-limited southern boreal forests of Central Asia. Comparing sites with and without salvage logging, we investigated forests of Siberian larch (Larix sibirica) ca. 20 years after stand-replacing fire and asked whether postfire salvage logging affected regeneration density, terminal shoot length and radial stem increment, ecosystem carbon stock densities, and reduced organic layer depth and compacted the soil. The biomass of the larch regeneration was significantly reduced by salvage logging, while tree growth was not affected. The ecosystem carbon stock density of burnt forest without salvage logging was 202 Mg C ha−1 and thus even in the lower range of intact larch forests from Mongolia, whereas burnt forests with salvage logging had organic carbon stock densities (104 Mg C ha−1) that were lower than those of unburned grasslands in the forest-steppe. These results show that removing deadwood from burnt forest is not insignificant, but has the potential to delay forest recovery and strongly reduces organic carbon storage. However, we did not find significant reductions in soil organic carbon stocks or soil compaction. Nonetheless, our findings raise the question of whether careful management of intact forests (especially by selective felling under a continuous-cover forestry regime) would be a more ecologically sustainable alternative than post-fire salvage logging.
{"title":"Effects of salvage logging after forest fire on Siberian larch regeneration and ecosystem carbon stocks at the drought limit of the boreal forest in Mongolia","authors":"Choimaa Dulamsuren , Avirmed Buyanbaatar , Ganbaatar Batsaikhan , Dovdondemberel Batdorj , Mookhor Khishigjargal , Chimidnyam Dorjsuren , Zandraabal Tsogt , Tumurbaatar Ariunbaatar , Batmunkh Munkhtuya , Daramragchaa Tuya","doi":"10.1016/j.tfp.2024.100720","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tfp.2024.100720","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Post-fire salvage logging is widely applied in Mongolia's boreal forests with the intent to prevent intact forests from logging. The rationale behind this approach is the assumption that the additional disturbance caused by the removal of standing deadwood after stand-replacing fire is of no further significance for the already heavily disturbed ecosystem. However, while there is a global debate on effects of salvage logging for regeneration success, biodiversity, and soil health, little evidence has been collected from strongly drought-limited southern boreal forests of Central Asia. Comparing sites with and without salvage logging, we investigated forests of Siberian larch (<em>Larix sibirica</em>) ca. 20 years after stand-replacing fire and asked whether postfire salvage logging affected regeneration density, terminal shoot length and radial stem increment, ecosystem carbon stock densities, and reduced organic layer depth and compacted the soil. The biomass of the larch regeneration was significantly reduced by salvage logging, while tree growth was not affected. The ecosystem carbon stock density of burnt forest without salvage logging was 202 Mg C ha<sup>−1</sup> and thus even in the lower range of intact larch forests from Mongolia, whereas burnt forests with salvage logging had organic carbon stock densities (104 Mg C ha<sup>−1</sup>) that were lower than those of unburned grasslands in the forest-steppe. These results show that removing deadwood from burnt forest is not insignificant, but has the potential to delay forest recovery and strongly reduces organic carbon storage. However, we did not find significant reductions in soil organic carbon stocks or soil compaction. Nonetheless, our findings raise the question of whether careful management of intact forests (especially by selective felling under a continuous-cover forestry regime) would be a more ecologically sustainable alternative than post-fire salvage logging.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36104,"journal":{"name":"Trees, Forests and People","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100720"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142652225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-31DOI: 10.1016/j.tfp.2024.100717
Rodrigo Costa Pinto , Thales A.P. West , Edson Vidal
Given the mounting global concerns about mitigating climate change and curbing greenhouse gas emissions, it becomes increasingly crucial to comprehend the effects of logging techniques on biomass dynamics in tropical forests. This understanding is essential for fostering greater carbon retention and sequestration, aligning with the objectives of initiatives like REDD+ (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation plus sustainable forest management and the conservation and enhancement of forest carbon stocks) and other conservation goals. In this context, this study investigated the effects of two wood harvesting methods, reduced-impact logging (RIL) and conventional logging (CL), on above-ground biomass (AGB) recovery rates 24 years after harvesting. The experimental design was based on three treatments: RIL, CL, and an unlogged control plot, situated in the municipality of Paragominas, State of Pará, in the Eastern Amazon region of Brazil. All trees with diameter at breast height (DBH) ≥25 cm, as well as all trees of commercial species with a DBH ≥10 cm, were monitored in a 24.5 ha plot within each treatment. Additionally, a 5.25 ha subplot within each treatment was designated for the monitoring of all trees with DBH ≥10 cm. The biomass data were generated from 11 measurements carried out from 1993 to 2017 (24-year period). Pre-logging AGB stocks were estimated at 181 Mg ha-1 in the RIL plot, 187 Mg ha-1 in the CL plot, and 174 Mg ha-1 in the control plot. One year after logging, AGB decreased by 19 % under RIL and 30 % under CL, while the control forest remained unchanged. By 13 years after harvest, the RIL plot achieved 102 % AGB recovery, while the CL plot recovered 86 % of the original pre-harvest stock. Over the 24-year post-logging period, AGB stocks recovered to 128 % in the RIL plot compared to only 90 % in the CL plot, while the control forest maintained 93 % of its original stock. The average annual ABG increment rates were 3.56 Mg ha-1 year-1 after RIL and 2.33 Mg ha-1 year-1 after CL. Our findings demonstrate that implementing RIL is a more effective strategy for maintaining post-logging AGB stocks and accelerating AGB recovery rates, serving as a significant mitigation measure against climate change.
{"title":"Forest biomass recovery twenty-four years after conventional and reduced-impact logging in Eastern Amazon","authors":"Rodrigo Costa Pinto , Thales A.P. West , Edson Vidal","doi":"10.1016/j.tfp.2024.100717","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tfp.2024.100717","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Given the mounting global concerns about mitigating climate change and curbing greenhouse gas emissions, it becomes increasingly crucial to comprehend the effects of logging techniques on biomass dynamics in tropical forests. This understanding is essential for fostering greater carbon retention and sequestration, aligning with the objectives of initiatives like REDD+ (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation plus sustainable forest management and the conservation and enhancement of forest carbon stocks) and other conservation goals. In this context, this study investigated the effects of two wood harvesting methods, reduced-impact logging (RIL) and conventional logging (CL), on above-ground biomass (AGB) recovery rates 24 years after harvesting. The experimental design was based on three treatments: RIL, CL, and an unlogged control plot, situated in the municipality of Paragominas, State of Pará, in the Eastern Amazon region of Brazil. All trees with diameter at breast height (DBH) ≥25 cm, as well as all trees of commercial species with a DBH ≥10 cm, were monitored in a 24.5 ha plot within each treatment. Additionally, a 5.25 ha subplot within each treatment was designated for the monitoring of all trees with DBH ≥10 cm. The biomass data were generated from 11 measurements carried out from 1993 to 2017 (24-year period). Pre-logging AGB stocks were estimated at 181 Mg ha<sup>-1</sup> in the RIL plot, 187 Mg ha<sup>-1</sup> in the CL plot, and 174 Mg ha<sup>-1</sup> in the control plot. One year after logging, AGB decreased by 19 % under RIL and 30 % under CL, while the control forest remained unchanged. By 13 years after harvest, the RIL plot achieved 102 % AGB recovery, while the CL plot recovered 86 % of the original pre-harvest stock. Over the 24-year post-logging period, AGB stocks recovered to 128 % in the RIL plot compared to only 90 % in the CL plot, while the control forest maintained 93 % of its original stock. The average annual ABG increment rates were 3.56 Mg ha<sup>-1</sup> year<sup>-1</sup> after RIL and 2.33 Mg ha<sup>-1</sup> year<sup>-1</sup> after CL. Our findings demonstrate that implementing RIL is a more effective strategy for maintaining post-logging AGB stocks and accelerating AGB recovery rates, serving as a significant mitigation measure against climate change.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36104,"journal":{"name":"Trees, Forests and People","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100717"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142652312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Modern maple sugaring operations use vacuum tubing systems to enhance sap flow and maximize yield. The positioning of tapholes is a crucial aspect influencing tree health and sap yields, but is limited by dropline length. Inverting droplines to expand the tappable zone and reduce the risk of over-tapping has raised concerns about vacuum efficiency and microbial contamination.
We examined over 2200 trees on multiple high-vacuum 5/16″ tubing systems at two sites over three seasons, tapping at various heights above and below the lateral line. Our analysis showed no significant decrease in sap yield or sugar concentration when tapping below the lateral line. Taps at extreme heights above the lateral line produced slightly more sap (estimated at 0.6 l of sap per tap for a good production season) and marginally sweeter sap (0.06 °Brix). However, differences in vacuum management had a more significant impact on yield. Additionally, there was no evidence of increased microbial activity or changes in sap pH due to relative tapping height.
These findings demonstrate that tapping below the lateral line effectively doubles the tappable zone without significantly affecting sap yield or quality, promoting sustainable maple sugaring practices by ensuring long-term productivity without compromising sap yields or quality.
{"title":"Tapping below the lateral line does not reduce maple sap yield or quality","authors":"Tim Rademacher , Stéphane Corriveau , Jessica Durand , Jessica Houde , Mustapha Sadiki , Andréanne Ouellet , Marco Gilbert , Luc Lagacé","doi":"10.1016/j.tfp.2024.100712","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tfp.2024.100712","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Modern maple sugaring operations use vacuum tubing systems to enhance sap flow and maximize yield. The positioning of tapholes is a crucial aspect influencing tree health and sap yields, but is limited by dropline length. Inverting droplines to expand the tappable zone and reduce the risk of over-tapping has raised concerns about vacuum efficiency and microbial contamination.</div><div>We examined over 2200 trees on multiple high-vacuum 5/16″ tubing systems at two sites over three seasons, tapping at various heights above and below the lateral line. Our analysis showed no significant decrease in sap yield or sugar concentration when tapping below the lateral line. Taps at extreme heights above the lateral line produced slightly more sap (estimated at 0.6 l of sap per tap for a good production season) and marginally sweeter sap (0.06 °Brix). However, differences in vacuum management had a more significant impact on yield. Additionally, there was no evidence of increased microbial activity or changes in sap pH due to relative tapping height.</div><div>These findings demonstrate that tapping below the lateral line effectively doubles the tappable zone without significantly affecting sap yield or quality, promoting sustainable maple sugaring practices by ensuring long-term productivity without compromising sap yields or quality.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36104,"journal":{"name":"Trees, Forests and People","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100712"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142527943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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