Los animales han sido utilizados desde hace tiempo como sujetos experimentales para apoyar el progreso cientifico y los avances de la medicina. A dia de hoy, diversos protocolos incluyendo el uso de animales todavia estan en vigor en multiples campos cientificos y aplicaciones, como por ejemplo el de la seguridad de los dispositivos medicos. El objetivo de dichos estudios es determinar si un dispositivo medico es seguro para su uso humano o si supone un riesgo para la salud del paciente. Las pruebas en animales para este proposito estan motivadas por requisitos regulatorios, estipulando que el uso de este tipo de test es necesario y justificandolo en un contexto de gestion de riesgos. Los modelos animales ya no se usan de manera sistematica como en el pasado, pero siguen siendo una piedra angular en el proceso de toma de decision delicado, relacionado con el marketing de los dispositivos medicos. Sin embargo, las pruebas en animales tienen limitaciones, como las preocupaciones eticas y la validez de los datos que cuestionan su uso para este fin. Una atencion especial esta dada a dia de hoy a las alternativas libres de animales para respaldar mejor la aplicacion del concepto de los 3R (replacement, reduction, refining) en este campo. Desgraciadamente, los metodos muy avanzados y tecnologias en desarrollo encuentran obstaculos importantes (p.ej. validacion y estandarizacion) que impiden y ralentizan su implementacion como alternativas aceptadas del punto de vista regulatorio. Para superar estas dificultades, el proceso de aceptacion regulatoria de las alternativas se podria optimizar. Este se puede alcanzar por ejemplo mejorando la cooperacion, la coordinacion y la comunicacion entre los diferentes actores, i.e. investigadores, organismos regulatorios certificadores e industrias. Generalmente, una atencion especial se debe prestar al compromiso y a un esfuerzo comun para mejorar la eficacia de este proceso, y para establecer un marco regulatorio de comprobacion que no dependa mas de los modelos animales.
{"title":"Medical Devices Biological Safety Assessment: Towards Animal-free Testing","authors":"N. Sachot, A. Vitale","doi":"10.5565/REV/DA.392","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5565/REV/DA.392","url":null,"abstract":"Los animales han sido utilizados desde hace tiempo como sujetos experimentales para apoyar el progreso cientifico y los avances de la medicina. A dia de hoy, diversos protocolos incluyendo el uso de animales todavia estan en vigor en multiples campos cientificos y aplicaciones, como por ejemplo el de la seguridad de los dispositivos medicos. El objetivo de dichos estudios es determinar si un dispositivo medico es seguro para su uso humano o si supone un riesgo para la salud del paciente. Las pruebas en animales para este proposito estan motivadas por requisitos regulatorios, estipulando que el uso de este tipo de test es necesario y justificandolo en un contexto de gestion de riesgos. Los modelos animales ya no se usan de manera sistematica como en el pasado, pero siguen siendo una piedra angular en el proceso de toma de decision delicado, relacionado con el marketing de los dispositivos medicos. Sin embargo, las pruebas en animales tienen limitaciones, como las preocupaciones eticas y la validez de los datos que cuestionan su uso para este fin. Una atencion especial esta dada a dia de hoy a las alternativas libres de animales para respaldar mejor la aplicacion del concepto de los 3R (replacement, reduction, refining) en este campo. Desgraciadamente, los metodos muy avanzados y tecnologias en desarrollo encuentran obstaculos importantes (p.ej. validacion y estandarizacion) que impiden y ralentizan su implementacion como alternativas aceptadas del punto de vista regulatorio. Para superar estas dificultades, el proceso de aceptacion regulatoria de las alternativas se podria optimizar. Este se puede alcanzar por ejemplo mejorando la cooperacion, la coordinacion y la comunicacion entre los diferentes actores, i.e. investigadores, organismos regulatorios certificadores e industrias. Generalmente, una atencion especial se debe prestar al compromiso y a un esfuerzo comun para mejorar la eficacia de este proceso, y para establecer un marco regulatorio de comprobacion que no dependa mas de los modelos animales.","PeriodicalId":36357,"journal":{"name":"Derecho Animal","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80200548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Neither Labor Law nor Civil Law has yet drawn the legal consequences of the existence of labor relations that unite animals and man. There are no rules protecting animals at work, while their participation in multiple human activities is unequivocal. The use of horses in sports and tourism generates wealth, while the services they provide save or improve lives. While it is easy to "work with animals", it is true that it is never explicitly recognized that animals "work with people". Why? Because animals are subject to the legal regime of property. The case of an animal as versatile as the horse leads us to believe that after having inspired numerous animal protection laws, his participation in society through work could be the first to be recognized. A service provider, transporter, plow, therapist, athlete... he has many roles and is recruited according to his personal skills and physical, intellectual or emotional abilities that make him unique. The social fact that animal labor represents prompts us to claim the specific protection of animals in this context, in light of the emergence of their fundamental right to welfare and, therefore, not to be mistreated. Being well treated in the workplace should be considered as a right of the working population, not as a specific human right. Likewise, the protection and monitoring of the health of the sportsperson must be an imperative that goes beyond the species to which the athlete belongs. This contribution was presented during the Symposium organized by the ADDCDA (Association des Doctorants et Docteurs du Centre de Droit des Affaires) on 11 October 2018 at the University of Toulouse 1 Capitole, on the theme of Sport and Business Law. It is part of the DER2015-69314-P project financed by MINECO, on the legal status of animals.
{"title":"Welfare protection of the animal-athlete in the sports company in light of the evolution of the legal regime for animals.","authors":"Marine Lercier","doi":"10.5565/REV/DA.404","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5565/REV/DA.404","url":null,"abstract":"Neither Labor Law nor Civil Law has yet drawn the legal consequences of the existence of labor relations that unite animals and man. There are no rules protecting animals at work, while their participation in multiple human activities is unequivocal. The use of horses in sports and tourism generates wealth, while the services they provide save or improve lives. While it is easy to \"work with animals\", it is true that it is never explicitly recognized that animals \"work with people\". Why? Because animals are subject to the legal regime of property. The case of an animal as versatile as the horse leads us to believe that after having inspired numerous animal protection laws, his participation in society through work could be the first to be recognized. A service provider, transporter, plow, therapist, athlete... he has many roles and is recruited according to his personal skills and physical, intellectual or emotional abilities that make him unique. The social fact that animal labor represents prompts us to claim the specific protection of animals in this context, in light of the emergence of their fundamental right to welfare and, therefore, not to be mistreated. Being well treated in the workplace should be considered as a right of the working population, not as a specific human right. Likewise, the protection and monitoring of the health of the sportsperson must be an imperative that goes beyond the species to which the athlete belongs. This contribution was presented during the Symposium organized by the ADDCDA (Association des Doctorants et Docteurs du Centre de Droit des Affaires) on 11 October 2018 at the University of Toulouse 1 Capitole, on the theme of Sport and Business Law. It is part of the DER2015-69314-P project financed by MINECO, on the legal status of animals.","PeriodicalId":36357,"journal":{"name":"Derecho Animal","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74430596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Over the past decade, the fifty state legislatures of the United States have been adopting legislation for the benefit of the group of animals known as companion animals. When considered together as a set, these laws create an initial set of legal rights for that group of animals. To explore that conclusion, the definition of a legal right and the particular statutes, such as new divorce laws, must be considered.
{"title":"Next Steps for Animal Rights","authors":"David S. Favre","doi":"10.5565/REV/DA.414","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5565/REV/DA.414","url":null,"abstract":"Over the past decade, the fifty state legislatures of the United States have been adopting legislation for the benefit of the group of animals known as companion animals. When considered together as a set, these laws create an initial set of legal rights for that group of animals. To explore that conclusion, the definition of a legal right and the particular statutes, such as new divorce laws, must be considered.","PeriodicalId":36357,"journal":{"name":"Derecho Animal","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90729486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The draft law, called “Code on the protection of pets” by the Italian deputy Michela Brambilla has been proposed to the Italian Chamber of Deputies on March 23, 2018. This draft law is the results of several precious legislative proposal, made by the above-mentioned deputy, concerning various aspects about animals’ protection and prevention of stray animals’ phenomenon in a way desirably more effective than previous law n.281/1991 provided. The goals this latter provision fixed have not been achieved at all. The “Brambilla Code”, as the draft laws is renamed, composed by 50 articles aims at solving the problem of kennels’ overcrowding and poor hygiene conditions kennels rage on, together with the problematical increase of pets abandoning caused by several factors, such as, the unconsciousness and lack of care people have when it comes to adopt or have in custody a pet, or problems caused by the fact that pets are often not allowed to access public transports and areas. Broadly speaking, the draft law aims at spreading a different sensitiveness about care people take for their pets which are more and more involved in people daily life. The draft, in fact, comes up with a full-fledged status for pets, claiming them to be “sentient living beings” and to have a full-fledged “right to wellness” with due respect of their biological and ethological features.
{"title":"Animals Rights Code: What the Draft Law States","authors":"Margherita Pittalis","doi":"10.5565/rev/da.413","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5565/rev/da.413","url":null,"abstract":"The draft law, called “Code on the protection of pets” by the Italian deputy Michela Brambilla has been proposed to the Italian Chamber of Deputies on March 23, 2018. This draft law is the results of several precious legislative proposal, made by the above-mentioned deputy, concerning various aspects about animals’ protection and prevention of stray animals’ phenomenon in a way desirably more effective than previous law n.281/1991 provided. The goals this latter provision fixed have not been achieved at all. The “Brambilla Code”, as the draft laws is renamed, composed by 50 articles aims at solving the problem of kennels’ overcrowding and poor hygiene conditions kennels rage on, together with the problematical increase of pets abandoning caused by several factors, such as, the unconsciousness and lack of care people have when it comes to adopt or have in custody a pet, or problems caused by the fact that pets are often not allowed to access public transports and areas. Broadly speaking, the draft law aims at spreading a different sensitiveness about care people take for their pets which are more and more involved in people daily life. The draft, in fact, comes up with a full-fledged status for pets, claiming them to be “sentient living beings” and to have a full-fledged “right to wellness” with due respect of their biological and ethological features.","PeriodicalId":36357,"journal":{"name":"Derecho Animal","volume":"116 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87784841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In a judgment, the Court of First Instance in Rome establishes shared custody of the family pet in in the aftermath of an extra-marital cohabitation cessation and consequent partners’ disagreement on the issue. The Court indicates rules of conduct for pet custody and maintenance. Court’s decision grounds on the analogical application of the norms about custody of children and on the evaluation of the material, spiritual ad affective interest of the pet. The author highlights the remarkable court’s attempt in overcoming the traditional concept of pets conceived as res and, starting from this decision, indicates which perspectives the law can follow in this respect.
{"title":"Cessation of non-marital cohabitation and shared custody of pets","authors":"Margherita Pittalis","doi":"10.5565/rev/da.412","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5565/rev/da.412","url":null,"abstract":"In a judgment, the Court of First Instance in Rome establishes shared custody of the family pet in in the aftermath of an extra-marital cohabitation cessation and consequent partners’ disagreement on the issue. The Court indicates rules of conduct for pet custody and maintenance. Court’s decision grounds on the analogical application of the norms about custody of children and on the evaluation of the material, spiritual ad affective interest of the pet. The author highlights the remarkable court’s attempt in overcoming the traditional concept of pets conceived as res and, starting from this decision, indicates which perspectives the law can follow in this respect.","PeriodicalId":36357,"journal":{"name":"Derecho Animal","volume":"33 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91201194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
espanolEl libro, coordinado por Gisele Kronhardt Scheffer, reune catorce capitulos, de diferentes autores, tratando de diversos temas de Derecho Animal, con enfoque multidisciplinario, especialmente orientados a la reflexion etica, juridica y empirica sobre el crimen de maltrato hacia los animales, esegun recoge el articulo 32 de la Ley Federal 9.605/1998. EnglishThe book, coordinated by Gisele Kronhardt Scheffer, brings together fourteen chapters, written by different authors, dealing with various themes of Animal Law, with a multidisciplinary approach, especially focused on an ethical, legal and empirical reflection on the crime of animal cruelty, provided for in Article 32 of Brazilian Federal Law 9.605/1998.
espanolEl书,由Gisele Kronhardt hoop Scheffer),把十四capitulos的,不同的作者试图对动物权利的各种问题,多学科办法,尤其是针对reflexion与犯罪的,juridica empirica关于虐待动物,esegun收集9.605/1998联邦法》第32条。EnglishThe book,协调by Gisele Kronhardt hoop Scheffer),树立共同fourteen chapters, lending)的authors,处理解决组件of Law, with a小组实践方式的动物,尤其是聚焦an伦理,legal and经验reflection on the crime of委员会进行的动物,第32条中所Brazilian联邦法律9.605/1998。
{"title":"Gisele Kronhardt Scheffer (coord.). Direito animal e ciências criminais - Canal Ciências Criminais (Porto Alegre/RS/Brazil, 2018) 160 p.","authors":"V. Júnior","doi":"10.5565/REV/DA.403","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5565/REV/DA.403","url":null,"abstract":"espanolEl libro, coordinado por Gisele Kronhardt Scheffer, reune catorce capitulos, de diferentes autores, tratando de diversos temas de Derecho Animal, con enfoque multidisciplinario, especialmente orientados a la reflexion etica, juridica y empirica sobre el crimen de maltrato hacia los animales, esegun recoge el articulo 32 de la Ley Federal 9.605/1998. EnglishThe book, coordinated by Gisele Kronhardt Scheffer, brings together fourteen chapters, written by different authors, dealing with various themes of Animal Law, with a multidisciplinary approach, especially focused on an ethical, legal and empirical reflection on the crime of animal cruelty, provided for in Article 32 of Brazilian Federal Law 9.605/1998.","PeriodicalId":36357,"journal":{"name":"Derecho Animal","volume":"164 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84133452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Maria Teresa Bautista Garrastazu, Carolina Cruz Moreno
espanolLos pasados 9 y 10 de noviembre de 2018 se celebraron en Fuerteventura las jornadas juridicas de la campana nacional “YO HABLO POR TI” organizada por el zoologico y centro CITES Oasis Fuerteventura, asi como por el Gobierno de Canarias. El dia 9 se centro en las intervenciones de Autoridades como los diversos tipos de Agentes de las Fuerzas y Seguridad del Estado, Magistrados y Fiscales. El dia 10 se destino a la formacion general para Asociaciones Protectoras de Animales, impartida basicamente por abogados y veterinarios. Jornadas intensisimas donde todo el que participo dio lo maximo posible, y los asistentes enriquecieron las exposiciones con su participacion activa. La conclusion genera a la que todos llegaron era la necesidad de una formacion rigurosa en materia de Derecho Animal tanto a nivel de los Cuerpos y Fuerzas de Seguridad del Estado, como en el ambito Judicial y de Fiscalia. EnglishOn the 9th and 10th November 2018, the legal training days related to the national campaign "I SPEAK FOR YOU" were held in Fuerteventura, organized by CITES Oasis Fuerteventura zoo and centre, as well as by the Government of Canary Islands. November 9th focused on the interventions of authorities, such as different officers of the State Security Forces, judges and prosecutors. The 10th was the day of general training given to the members of animal protection associations, provided by lawyers and veterinarians. Both were very intense days where every participant gave as much as possible, and the attendees enriched the presentations with their active participation. The shared conclusion was the need for a rigorous training in animal law matters both at State Security Forces and Corps level, as well as at the judicial and prosecutor's offices level.
{"title":"Legal training days in animal law – Fuerteventura, November 2018","authors":"Maria Teresa Bautista Garrastazu, Carolina Cruz Moreno","doi":"10.5565/REV/DA.402","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5565/REV/DA.402","url":null,"abstract":"espanolLos pasados 9 y 10 de noviembre de 2018 se celebraron en Fuerteventura las jornadas juridicas de la campana nacional “YO HABLO POR TI” organizada por el zoologico y centro CITES Oasis Fuerteventura, asi como por el Gobierno de Canarias. El dia 9 se centro en las intervenciones de Autoridades como los diversos tipos de Agentes de las Fuerzas y Seguridad del Estado, Magistrados y Fiscales. El dia 10 se destino a la formacion general para Asociaciones Protectoras de Animales, impartida basicamente por abogados y veterinarios. Jornadas intensisimas donde todo el que participo dio lo maximo posible, y los asistentes enriquecieron las exposiciones con su participacion activa. La conclusion genera a la que todos llegaron era la necesidad de una formacion rigurosa en materia de Derecho Animal tanto a nivel de los Cuerpos y Fuerzas de Seguridad del Estado, como en el ambito Judicial y de Fiscalia. EnglishOn the 9th and 10th November 2018, the legal training days related to the national campaign \"I SPEAK FOR YOU\" were held in Fuerteventura, organized by CITES Oasis Fuerteventura zoo and centre, as well as by the Government of Canary Islands. November 9th focused on the interventions of authorities, such as different officers of the State Security Forces, judges and prosecutors. The 10th was the day of general training given to the members of animal protection associations, provided by lawyers and veterinarians. Both were very intense days where every participant gave as much as possible, and the attendees enriched the presentations with their active participation. The shared conclusion was the need for a rigorous training in animal law matters both at State Security Forces and Corps level, as well as at the judicial and prosecutor's offices level.","PeriodicalId":36357,"journal":{"name":"Derecho Animal","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78924494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
espanolEn su obra, de claro estilo academico, pero con una narrativa fluida, Arthur Regis se centra en analizar el ordenamiento juridico brasileno con el interes de fundamentar un nuevo marco juridico para los animales. Asi, el hace un paralelo con diversos grupos vulnerables (ninos, ancianos, mujeres, afroamericanos, amerindios, personas con discapacidad) y la situacion de los animales no humanos en el Derecho brasileno. Por ello, Regis propone la vulnerabilidad como un fundamento para el cambio del status juridico de los animales. Asi pues, a pesar de las consideraciones hechas, seguramente este libro es de lectura importante para todos los interesados en conocer una nueva propuesta de fundamentacion de los derechos de los animales que tiene su apoyo en el pensamiento de la Bioetica brasilena. EnglishIn his work, of an evident academic style, but with a very smooth narrative, Arthur Regis concentrates on examining the Brazilian legal system with a view to substantiating a new legal framework for animals. In so doing, he draws parallels between various vulnerable groups (children, the elderly, women, African-Americans, Amerindians, people with disabilities) and the situation of non-human animals in Brazilian law. Therefore, Regis argues for vulnerability as a rationale for modifying the legal status of animals. That is why, in spite of the comments made, this book is surely an important reading for all those interested in hearing a brand new ground for animal rights that is supported by the thinking of Brazilian Bioethics.
{"title":"Arthur H. P. Régis. Vulnerabilidade como fundamento para os direitos dos animais: uma proposta para um novo enquadramento jurídico - Novas Edições Acadêmicas (2018) p. 132","authors":"Luciano Rocha Santana","doi":"10.5565/REV/DA.405","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5565/REV/DA.405","url":null,"abstract":"espanolEn su obra, de claro estilo academico, pero con una narrativa fluida, Arthur Regis se centra en analizar el ordenamiento juridico brasileno con el interes de fundamentar un nuevo marco juridico para los animales. Asi, el hace un paralelo con diversos grupos vulnerables (ninos, ancianos, mujeres, afroamericanos, amerindios, personas con discapacidad) y la situacion de los animales no humanos en el Derecho brasileno. Por ello, Regis propone la vulnerabilidad como un fundamento para el cambio del status juridico de los animales. Asi pues, a pesar de las consideraciones hechas, seguramente este libro es de lectura importante para todos los interesados en conocer una nueva propuesta de fundamentacion de los derechos de los animales que tiene su apoyo en el pensamiento de la Bioetica brasilena. EnglishIn his work, of an evident academic style, but with a very smooth narrative, Arthur Regis concentrates on examining the Brazilian legal system with a view to substantiating a new legal framework for animals. In so doing, he draws parallels between various vulnerable groups (children, the elderly, women, African-Americans, Amerindians, people with disabilities) and the situation of non-human animals in Brazilian law. Therefore, Regis argues for vulnerability as a rationale for modifying the legal status of animals. That is why, in spite of the comments made, this book is surely an important reading for all those interested in hearing a brand new ground for animal rights that is supported by the thinking of Brazilian Bioethics.","PeriodicalId":36357,"journal":{"name":"Derecho Animal","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86565762","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Billions of animals worldwide are used annually for human consumption. The agricultural industry enjoys a high-level of state protection because of its role in supplying the populace with food, and in turn, supporting the nation’s security. In Europe and the United States, activists make similar challenges to status quo animal industry practices: activists use video cameras to expose animal abuses and share their findings with the public. Several U.S. states with strong animal agricultural industries have passed “ag-gag” laws aimed at outlawing many of these activities, including filming undercover and entering slaughterhouses under false pretenses. Finding these laws restrict free speech and impede efforts to gather evidence for whistling blowing operations, activists have challenged these laws in U.S. federal district courts. This paper examines three of these lawsuits, including two in which activists won rather “easily” under favorable U.S. free speech jurisprudence. Next, I compare these cases to three free speech and expression cases brought by animal activists in Europe. I use this comparison to argue that even well written and strategically crafted “ag-gag” laws are unlikely to withstand judicial scrutiny in the future because U.S. free speech jurisprudence exists to protect against the very purpose of ag-gag laws: government-led silencing of speech at the request of a powerful industry group.
{"title":"Silent slaughter: how freedom of speech and expression restrictions keep animal abuses hidden and stifle animal welfare activism in Europe and the United States","authors":"Mahalia Kahsay","doi":"10.5565/REV/DA.364","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5565/REV/DA.364","url":null,"abstract":"Billions of animals worldwide are used annually for human consumption. The agricultural industry enjoys a high-level of state protection because of its role in supplying the populace with food, and in turn, supporting the nation’s security. In Europe and the United States, activists make similar challenges to status quo animal industry practices: activists use video cameras to expose animal abuses and share their findings with the public. Several U.S. states with strong animal agricultural industries have passed “ag-gag” laws aimed at outlawing many of these activities, including filming undercover and entering slaughterhouses under false pretenses. Finding these laws restrict free speech and impede efforts to gather evidence for whistling blowing operations, activists have challenged these laws in U.S. federal district courts. This paper examines three of these lawsuits, including two in which activists won rather “easily” under favorable U.S. free speech jurisprudence. Next, I compare these cases to three free speech and expression cases brought by animal activists in Europe. I use this comparison to argue that even well written and strategically crafted “ag-gag” laws are unlikely to withstand judicial scrutiny in the future because U.S. free speech jurisprudence exists to protect against the very purpose of ag-gag laws: government-led silencing of speech at the request of a powerful industry group.","PeriodicalId":36357,"journal":{"name":"Derecho Animal","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85503310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Despite the importance of animals to South Africa, animal law is not yet recognized a separate distinct area of law. In an attempt to rectify this, the article provides a high level introduction to this highly complex field. By providing background and context into historical and current injustices regarding humans and animals, it alleges that the current legal system has failed to provide adequate protection to either group. By analyzing the existing regulatory framework and case law, it lays out the realities of obtaining better protection for animals in law. It then argues why it is particularly critical for the country to consider animal interests both individually and collectively with human interests by providing examples of how these interests intersect in practice. It suggests an approach for future protection efforts and concludes by providing some opportunities going forward for animal law reform in South Africa.
{"title":"Animal Law in South Africa: “Until the lions have their own lawyers, the law will continue to protect the hunter”","authors":"Amy P. Wilson","doi":"10.5565/rev/da.399","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5565/rev/da.399","url":null,"abstract":"Despite the importance of animals to South Africa, animal law is not yet recognized a separate distinct area of law. In an attempt to rectify this, the article provides a high level introduction to this highly complex field. By providing background and context into historical and current injustices regarding humans and animals, it alleges that the current legal system has failed to provide adequate protection to either group. By analyzing the existing regulatory framework and case law, it lays out the realities of obtaining better protection for animals in law. It then argues why it is particularly critical for the country to consider animal interests both individually and collectively with human interests by providing examples of how these interests intersect in practice. It suggests an approach for future protection efforts and concludes by providing some opportunities going forward for animal law reform in South Africa.","PeriodicalId":36357,"journal":{"name":"Derecho Animal","volume":"55 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73357821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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