Pub Date : 2022-09-13DOI: 10.24018/ejsport.2022.1.5.32
Armin Hakkak Moghadam Torbati, Mohammadamin Gholibeigi, S. Jami
Objectives: There has been a big challenge for athletes at any level to reach their ultimate performance. According to a Motor Control theory, accurate programming of movements during the last stage of preparation to work out can improve athletes' performance. So, this study aims to design a performance analysis method that can be used to classify athletes and give them feedback during exercise. In this way, athletes and coaches can consider exercise schemes to modify and ameliorate athletes' performance. Methods: The participants were made up of 20 men between 25 to 30 years old. These subjects include ten professional football players and ten amateur football players. The same trials in 6 successive days were done by all athletes, both professional and amateur. Two different types of conditions were designed for all participants. In the first three days, subjects were asked to shoot a penalty kick (football player) 10 times in an actual situation like what they do in a competition. These procedures were done in the simulation condition, in the next three days designed by the computer (Xbox). Surface electromyography (sEMG) was recorded from the gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior muscles during trials. Results: Results showed the maximum error between basis vectors in all of the professional subjects in each situation, real and game, were 0.48 and 0.37, respectively (Mean square error index), which are very low relative to the range of data (5.1). In contrast, the minimum error among amateurs in each situation was 13.18 and 18.72, which are a high amount compared with the range of data (7). Discussion: Professional athletes always, in both situations, use their muscles in the same way. In fact, professional athletes' muscles follow specific patterns due to slight errors, while amateurs' muscles do not.
{"title":"New Method to Assess and Enhance Athletes’ Performance Based on Muscle Synergy Patterns: A New Approach to Design a Biofeedback Training Scheme","authors":"Armin Hakkak Moghadam Torbati, Mohammadamin Gholibeigi, S. Jami","doi":"10.24018/ejsport.2022.1.5.32","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24018/ejsport.2022.1.5.32","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives: There has been a big challenge for athletes at any level to reach their ultimate performance. According to a Motor Control theory, accurate programming of movements during the last stage of preparation to work out can improve athletes' performance. So, this study aims to design a performance analysis method that can be used to classify athletes and give them feedback during exercise. In this way, athletes and coaches can consider exercise schemes to modify and ameliorate athletes' performance. \u0000Methods: The participants were made up of 20 men between 25 to 30 years old. These subjects include ten professional football players and ten amateur football players. The same trials in 6 successive days were done by all athletes, both professional and amateur. Two different types of conditions were designed for all participants. In the first three days, subjects were asked to shoot a penalty kick (football player) 10 times in an actual situation like what they do in a competition. These procedures were done in the simulation condition, in the next three days designed by the computer (Xbox). Surface electromyography (sEMG) was recorded from the gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior muscles during trials.\u0000Results: Results showed the maximum error between basis vectors in all of the professional subjects in each situation, real and game, were 0.48 and 0.37, respectively (Mean square error index), which are very low relative to the range of data (5.1). In contrast, the minimum error among amateurs in each situation was 13.18 and 18.72, which are a high amount compared with the range of data (7). \u0000Discussion: Professional athletes always, in both situations, use their muscles in the same way. In fact, professional athletes' muscles follow specific patterns due to slight errors, while amateurs' muscles do not.","PeriodicalId":36509,"journal":{"name":"Central European Journal of Sport Sciences and Medicine","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84852700","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-06DOI: 10.24018/ejsport.2022.1.5.31
Frederike Veit, Juliane Veit, T. Heinen
In technical compositional sports, such as gymnastics, judges' decisions regarding deductions for errors in an athlete's execution of complex skills lead to the final evaluation of the exercise shown. Different variables can become important in the context of decisions in sports, and consequently, various factors influence the judges’ performances. Therefore, the current study aims to investigate the influence of music on the evaluations of female gymnastics floor routines. Participants' task was to evaluate gymnastic series on the floor in three different conditions (audio-visual, beat-matched, and visual). The results show that the participants (22 judges and 22 laypeople) rated the executions of the gymnastic series in the beat-matched condition (unchanged video file and selected music) higher than in the audio-visual (unchanged video file and auditory information) and visual (unchanged video file and no auditory information) conditions. By the fact that performances in the beat-matched condition are rated the highest by the judges, one could conclude that it makes it worthwhile for the gymnasts to select their music so that the rhythmical structure coincides with the corresponding motor activity.
{"title":"The Influence of Music on Judges’ Evaluation of Complex Skills in Gymnastics","authors":"Frederike Veit, Juliane Veit, T. Heinen","doi":"10.24018/ejsport.2022.1.5.31","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24018/ejsport.2022.1.5.31","url":null,"abstract":"In technical compositional sports, such as gymnastics, judges' decisions regarding deductions for errors in an athlete's execution of complex skills lead to the final evaluation of the exercise shown. Different variables can become important in the context of decisions in sports, and consequently, various factors influence the judges’ performances. Therefore, the current study aims to investigate the influence of music on the evaluations of female gymnastics floor routines. Participants' task was to evaluate gymnastic series on the floor in three different conditions (audio-visual, beat-matched, and visual). The results show that the participants (22 judges and 22 laypeople) rated the executions of the gymnastic series in the beat-matched condition (unchanged video file and selected music) higher than in the audio-visual (unchanged video file and auditory information) and visual (unchanged video file and no auditory information) conditions. By the fact that performances in the beat-matched condition are rated the highest by the judges, one could conclude that it makes it worthwhile for the gymnasts to select their music so that the rhythmical structure coincides with the corresponding motor activity.","PeriodicalId":36509,"journal":{"name":"Central European Journal of Sport Sciences and Medicine","volume":"59 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87044756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-31DOI: 10.24018/ejsport.2022.1.4.30
Marisa Kempe, T. Heinen
Dance as moving art is an adequate medium for exploring visual perception and the aesthetic value of movements. The aesthetic experience in dance movements and performances was investigated over the last two decades. Still, research on stage setups in dance is severely underrepresented despite their importance in dance choreographies. The study aimed to assess dancers (hip-hop and modern dance) and non-dancers' aesthetic evaluation of three different prototypical movements performed on five prototypical stage setups. N=27 dancers (hip-hop and modern) and non-dancers evaluated various movements performed on different stage setups on their perceived aesthetic. It was hypothesized that symmetrical stage setups and a fast movement or a movement with a wide form were generally preferred. It was furthermore expected that dancers and non-dancers, as well as dancers from different styles, differ in their aesthetic perception of stage setups and dance movements. Results revealed that the movement contract-release and the stage setup V were generally evaluated as most aesthetic. Nevertheless, while hip-hop dancers and non-dancers preferred a free stage setup as the least aesthetic, modern dancers preferred a bloc setup as the least aesthetic. It can be concluded that there is a general preference for movements comprising a large amplitude and range of motions and for stage setups that contain symmetry and a wide form. Thus, symmetry seems essential when developing stage setups in dance. This can be used as a tool trying to delight the observer as well as trying to play with contrast and convergence throughout a whole dance performance.
{"title":"Aesthetic Perception of Stage Setups in Dance","authors":"Marisa Kempe, T. Heinen","doi":"10.24018/ejsport.2022.1.4.30","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24018/ejsport.2022.1.4.30","url":null,"abstract":"Dance as moving art is an adequate medium for exploring visual perception and the aesthetic value of movements. The aesthetic experience in dance movements and performances was investigated over the last two decades. Still, research on stage setups in dance is severely underrepresented despite their importance in dance choreographies. The study aimed to assess dancers (hip-hop and modern dance) and non-dancers' aesthetic evaluation of three different prototypical movements performed on five prototypical stage setups. N=27 dancers (hip-hop and modern) and non-dancers evaluated various movements performed on different stage setups on their perceived aesthetic. It was hypothesized that symmetrical stage setups and a fast movement or a movement with a wide form were generally preferred. It was furthermore expected that dancers and non-dancers, as well as dancers from different styles, differ in their aesthetic perception of stage setups and dance movements. Results revealed that the movement contract-release and the stage setup V were generally evaluated as most aesthetic. Nevertheless, while hip-hop dancers and non-dancers preferred a free stage setup as the least aesthetic, modern dancers preferred a bloc setup as the least aesthetic. It can be concluded that there is a general preference for movements comprising a large amplitude and range of motions and for stage setups that contain symmetry and a wide form. Thus, symmetry seems essential when developing stage setups in dance. This can be used as a tool trying to delight the observer as well as trying to play with contrast and convergence throughout a whole dance performance.","PeriodicalId":36509,"journal":{"name":"Central European Journal of Sport Sciences and Medicine","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85165088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-02DOI: 10.24018/ejsport.2022.1.4.24
Elizabeth Orozco, Hannah Joslin, Katelyn Blumenthal, Martin G. Rosario
Treadmill walking is a popular form of exercise that offers many benefits to its users, such as improvements in cardiovascular health and gait patterns. Few research studies have explored muscle activation of various lower extremity joints at different levels of inclination on a treadmill. Therefore, this study aims to further characterize muscle activation during gait in healthy individuals in response to changes in treadmill inclination at a constant speed. Twenty healthy participants (24.5 ± 4.3 years of age) were recruited for this study. Participants were instructed to walk on a treadmill at six different inclines (0%, 3%, 6%, 9%, 12%, and 15%) while maintaining a constant speed of 3.4 mph. Muscle activation of the tibialis anterior (TA), gastrocnemius (GA), gluteus maximus (GMAX), gluteus medius (GMED), vastus medialis (QUADS), and biceps femoris (HS) were collected using surface EMG. There were slight differences in muscle activation between the muscle groups during the various intervals. However, there were no significant differences between muscle groups. The results revealed that the extensor muscles (GA, HS, and GMAX) of the lower extremity showed trends of longer activation periods with an increase in inclination. This study found that as inclination increases, activation of the extensor muscles of the lower extremity also increases while walking on a treadmill. The findings of this study will serve as a baseline for research to compare populations with known gait impairments, such as individuals with HIV, post-stroke, or the elderly, to better understand EMG analysis leading to gait deviations or abnormalities with neuromuscular activation.
{"title":"Characteristics of Lower Extremity Muscle Activation in Response to Change in Inclination while Walking on a Treadmill","authors":"Elizabeth Orozco, Hannah Joslin, Katelyn Blumenthal, Martin G. Rosario","doi":"10.24018/ejsport.2022.1.4.24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24018/ejsport.2022.1.4.24","url":null,"abstract":"Treadmill walking is a popular form of exercise that offers many benefits to its users, such as improvements in cardiovascular health and gait patterns. Few research studies have explored muscle activation of various lower extremity joints at different levels of inclination on a treadmill. Therefore, this study aims to further characterize muscle activation during gait in healthy individuals in response to changes in treadmill inclination at a constant speed. Twenty healthy participants (24.5 ± 4.3 years of age) were recruited for this study. Participants were instructed to walk on a treadmill at six different inclines (0%, 3%, 6%, 9%, 12%, and 15%) while maintaining a constant speed of 3.4 mph. Muscle activation of the tibialis anterior (TA), gastrocnemius (GA), gluteus maximus (GMAX), gluteus medius (GMED), vastus medialis (QUADS), and biceps femoris (HS) were collected using surface EMG. There were slight differences in muscle activation between the muscle groups during the various intervals. However, there were no significant differences between muscle groups. The results revealed that the extensor muscles (GA, HS, and GMAX) of the lower extremity showed trends of longer activation periods with an increase in inclination. This study found that as inclination increases, activation of the extensor muscles of the lower extremity also increases while walking on a treadmill. The findings of this study will serve as a baseline for research to compare populations with known gait impairments, such as individuals with HIV, post-stroke, or the elderly, to better understand EMG analysis leading to gait deviations or abnormalities with neuromuscular activation.","PeriodicalId":36509,"journal":{"name":"Central European Journal of Sport Sciences and Medicine","volume":"33 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80648901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-31DOI: 10.24018/ejsport.2022.1.4.26
Mynor G. Rodriguez-Hernandez, J. McDonald, D. Pascoe, D. Wadsworth
Background: Exercise has positive effects on overall health and reduces risk for several chronic diseases. Diverse program modalities are growing as a potential intervention to improve physiological and psychological outcomes. Purpose: The present study examines the effect of a 10-week sprint interval training (SIT) and resistance training program on physiological and psychological variables in young women. Methods: 37 women (M Age = 24.9±4.3, BMI = 24.7±4.3) participated in a 10-week exercise intervention, consisting of a SIT treadmill protocol and resistance training three times a week for a total of 30 sessions. Participants were randomly assigned to one of two SIT programs (0% incline and 6% incline) and assessed at baseline and post testing for body composition, muscular strength and aerobic fitness. Enjoyment was assessed via a semi-structured interview following the intervention. Results: There were no significant group by time interactions. There was a significant reduction in body fat percentage (p<0.001, Δ 2.23% & 2.52% respectively), as well as a significant increase in lean mass (p<0.001, Δ 2.59 kg & 2.56 kg, respectively), bench press (p<0.001, Δ 25.87 kg & 24.4 kg, respectively), back squat (p<0.001, Δ 69.7 kg & 64.3 kg, respectively) following the intervention for both groups. There were no significant changes in aerobic fitness, kcal intake, and body fat mass. Overall participants reported enjoying the protocol but expressed apprehension of continuing the exercise on their own. Conclusions: Our current data suggest that a SIT and resistance program accounts for positive changes on physiological and psychological variables like percentage of body fat reductions and lean mass increments, muscular strength and exercise enjoyment.
{"title":"The Effect of a Sprint Interval and Resistance Training Program on Body Composition, Aerobic Fitness, and Self-regulation in Young Women","authors":"Mynor G. Rodriguez-Hernandez, J. McDonald, D. Pascoe, D. Wadsworth","doi":"10.24018/ejsport.2022.1.4.26","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24018/ejsport.2022.1.4.26","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Exercise has positive effects on overall health and reduces risk for several chronic diseases. Diverse program modalities are growing as a potential intervention to improve physiological and psychological outcomes. Purpose: The present study examines the effect of a 10-week sprint interval training (SIT) and resistance training program on physiological and psychological variables in young women.\u0000Methods: 37 women (M Age = 24.9±4.3, BMI = 24.7±4.3) participated in a 10-week exercise intervention, consisting of a SIT treadmill protocol and resistance training three times a week for a total of 30 sessions. Participants were randomly assigned to one of two SIT programs (0% incline and 6% incline) and assessed at baseline and post testing for body composition, muscular strength and aerobic fitness. Enjoyment was assessed via a semi-structured interview following the intervention.\u0000Results: There were no significant group by time interactions. There was a significant reduction in body fat percentage (p<0.001, Δ 2.23% & 2.52% respectively), as well as a significant increase in lean mass (p<0.001, Δ 2.59 kg & 2.56 kg, respectively), bench press (p<0.001, Δ 25.87 kg & 24.4 kg, respectively), back squat (p<0.001, Δ 69.7 kg & 64.3 kg, respectively) following the intervention for both groups. There were no significant changes in aerobic fitness, kcal intake, and body fat mass. Overall participants reported enjoying the protocol but expressed apprehension of continuing the exercise on their own.\u0000Conclusions: Our current data suggest that a SIT and resistance program accounts for positive changes on physiological and psychological variables like percentage of body fat reductions and lean mass increments, muscular strength and exercise enjoyment.","PeriodicalId":36509,"journal":{"name":"Central European Journal of Sport Sciences and Medicine","volume":"45 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73276225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-14DOI: 10.24018/ejsport.2022.1.4.16
Kali Venkata Rajasekhar, Meda Sandhya Sree
High intensity sustained aerobic physical activities like ultra-endurance running and cycling may induce higher intensities of inflammatory and oxidative stress in the body and may cause disturbances in the general immunity and more specifically respiratory immunity temporarily and may also cause some health implications. Also, the chronic high intensity training of these athletes is another aspect that needs much attention. Respiratory tract gets affected severely during these high intensity sustained aerobic activities and may lead to the compromise in the bronchial epithelial integrity, leading to respiratory tract infections, which in turn could induce palpable reductions in the performances of these endurance athletes. Hence, health and performance are the two important factors that are to be considered during the training and competition of these ultra-endurance athletes. The training protocols of these athletes should consider the methods of tackling these inflammatory and oxidative stress both during practice and during competitions. A major recovery method for these athletes may be the proper nutrition program that can provide these ultra-endurance runners and cyclists with proper micronutrients. Special diets consisting of ample anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory nutrients would certainly help these athletes in this regard. Enough quality protein and energy substrates may also help in the proper synthesis of the cell signaling cytokines and hormones that may protect the immune function of the body. Proper rest periods and proper consolidation of the anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative capacities through sufficiently long duration training before taking part in such high intensity aerobic activities is highly recommended.
{"title":"Respiratory Health of the Ultra-Endurance Cyclists and Runners–A Perspective","authors":"Kali Venkata Rajasekhar, Meda Sandhya Sree","doi":"10.24018/ejsport.2022.1.4.16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24018/ejsport.2022.1.4.16","url":null,"abstract":"High intensity sustained aerobic physical activities like ultra-endurance running and cycling may induce higher intensities of inflammatory and oxidative stress in the body and may cause disturbances in the general immunity and more specifically respiratory immunity temporarily and may also cause some health implications. Also, the chronic high intensity training of these athletes is another aspect that needs much attention. Respiratory tract gets affected severely during these high intensity sustained aerobic activities and may lead to the compromise in the bronchial epithelial integrity, leading to respiratory tract infections, which in turn could induce palpable reductions in the performances of these endurance athletes. Hence, health and performance are the two important factors that are to be considered during the training and competition of these ultra-endurance athletes. The training protocols of these athletes should consider the methods of tackling these inflammatory and oxidative stress both during practice and during competitions. A major recovery method for these athletes may be the proper nutrition program that can provide these ultra-endurance runners and cyclists with proper micronutrients. Special diets consisting of ample anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory nutrients would certainly help these athletes in this regard. Enough quality protein and energy substrates may also help in the proper synthesis of the cell signaling cytokines and hormones that may protect the immune function of the body. Proper rest periods and proper consolidation of the anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative capacities through sufficiently long duration training before taking part in such high intensity aerobic activities is highly recommended.","PeriodicalId":36509,"journal":{"name":"Central European Journal of Sport Sciences and Medicine","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87431444","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-14DOI: 10.24018/ejsport.2022.1.4.23
P. Constantinides
The school curriculum clearly defines that the main purpose of elementary physical education is to help students develop positive attitudes towards physical education, engage in lifetime physical activity through the development of knowledge and skills, develop an integrated personality and cultivate moral and social values. How close are elementary children to the above purpose? Is this achieved through elementary physical education class? The purpose of the study was to examine the teaching efficiency or inefficiency of classroom teachers when teaching physical education, from the perspective of time. For that purpose, 30 elementary school teachers (18 female and 12 male) from public schools all over Cyprus were randomly selected to participate in this study. Participating teachers were assigned to teach physical education in their schools. Teachers were asked to give 2 dates on which school visits to schools were scheduled to attend their courses and collect data related to their teaching, such as time management, presentation of activities, organization of children and equipment, feedback provided and others. For data collection purposes a previously validated recording instrument designed by Silverman, Subramaniam, & Woods (1998) was used. The teacher behavior instrument required the coder to collect data on both instructional behaviors (e.g., explanation, demonstration, and monitoring) and organizational behaviors (e.g., children organization and equipment organization). In addition, informal semi-structured interviews with the teachers were also conducted, in order to learn about their beliefs about teachers’ behaviors in class and the value they give to them, such as organizational behaviors and others. The descriptive statistical analysis revealed data that show in principle the diversity, from class to class, in the variables that have been studied. The most important factor, however, is the ineffective use of the available class time, which negatively affected the components of a physical education course, such as the consumption of a large part of the time in organizational or other processes while deducting time that could be offered to the children for more physical activity, more efforts, and probably better learning. Data analysis revealed four important themes that should be of concern to those involved with physical education: 1) The need for better time management, 2) The need to improve the teaching and organizational factors of the class, 3) The need for feedback to students during practice time, and 4) The need for final assessment when at the end of the class.
{"title":"Teaching Efficiency or Inefficiency in Elementary Physical Education","authors":"P. Constantinides","doi":"10.24018/ejsport.2022.1.4.23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24018/ejsport.2022.1.4.23","url":null,"abstract":"The school curriculum clearly defines that the main purpose of elementary physical education is to help students develop positive attitudes towards physical education, engage in lifetime physical activity through the development of knowledge and skills, develop an integrated personality and cultivate moral and social values. How close are elementary children to the above purpose? Is this achieved through elementary physical education class? The purpose of the study was to examine the teaching efficiency or inefficiency of classroom teachers when teaching physical education, from the perspective of time. For that purpose, 30 elementary school teachers (18 female and 12 male) from public schools all over Cyprus were randomly selected to participate in this study. Participating teachers were assigned to teach physical education in their schools. Teachers were asked to give 2 dates on which school visits to schools were scheduled to attend their courses and collect data related to their teaching, such as time management, presentation of activities, organization of children and equipment, feedback provided and others. For data collection purposes a previously validated recording instrument designed by Silverman, Subramaniam, & Woods (1998) was used. The teacher behavior instrument required the coder to collect data on both instructional behaviors (e.g., explanation, demonstration, and monitoring) and organizational behaviors (e.g., children organization and equipment organization). In addition, informal semi-structured interviews with the teachers were also conducted, in order to learn about their beliefs about teachers’ behaviors in class and the value they give to them, such as organizational behaviors and others. The descriptive statistical analysis revealed data that show in principle the diversity, from class to class, in the variables that have been studied. The most important factor, however, is the ineffective use of the available class time, which negatively affected the components of a physical education course, such as the consumption of a large part of the time in organizational or other processes while deducting time that could be offered to the children for more physical activity, more efforts, and probably better learning. Data analysis revealed four important themes that should be of concern to those involved with physical education: 1) The need for better time management, 2) The need to improve the teaching and organizational factors of the class, 3) The need for feedback to students during practice time, and 4) The need for final assessment when at the end of the class.","PeriodicalId":36509,"journal":{"name":"Central European Journal of Sport Sciences and Medicine","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90059578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-13DOI: 10.24018/ejsport.2022.1.3.22
Aleksandra Siedlaczek-Szwed, Agata Jałowiecka-Frania
The text addresses issues related to the impact of yoga on the general psycho-physical condition of the human body. Movement combined with relaxation techniques and proper breathing not only reduces muscle tension, energizes the body and mind, releases activity, improves mood, but also develops the ability to cope with anxiety or stress. The text presents basic yoga positions as well as palm yoga techniques.
{"title":"Yoga – A Way to Achieve Emotional Balance","authors":"Aleksandra Siedlaczek-Szwed, Agata Jałowiecka-Frania","doi":"10.24018/ejsport.2022.1.3.22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24018/ejsport.2022.1.3.22","url":null,"abstract":"The text addresses issues related to the impact of yoga on the general psycho-physical condition of the human body. Movement combined with relaxation techniques and proper breathing not only reduces muscle tension, energizes the body and mind, releases activity, improves mood, but also develops the ability to cope with anxiety or stress. The text presents basic yoga positions as well as palm yoga techniques.","PeriodicalId":36509,"journal":{"name":"Central European Journal of Sport Sciences and Medicine","volume":"40 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90227962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-31DOI: 10.24018/ejsport.2022.1.3.14
Phung Xuan Dung, Nguyen Quang Vinh
The article is written to provide accurate and thorough information regarding the present level of physical fitness among secondary students in Hanoi suburbs. The researcher has employed conventional scientific research methods in the field of physical education to determine 12 criteria to assess the physical fitness of secondary school students in the suburbs of Hanoi through 03 factors: morphological traits (4 criteria), physical strength (7 criteria), and physical functions (1 criterion). In terms of morphological indicators, stamina, and agility, the results show that the students in Hanoi suburbs appear healthier than other Vietnamese students of the same age and sex in 2001; they are superior in speed and agility at some ages, and nearly equivalent in endurance and physical functions. This provides the foundation for suggesting strategies to increase the efficacy of physical education in today's schools.
{"title":"The Current Situation of Secondary Students’ Physical Fitness in Hanoi Suburbs","authors":"Phung Xuan Dung, Nguyen Quang Vinh","doi":"10.24018/ejsport.2022.1.3.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24018/ejsport.2022.1.3.14","url":null,"abstract":"The article is written to provide accurate and thorough information regarding the present level of physical fitness among secondary students in Hanoi suburbs. The researcher has employed conventional scientific research methods in the field of physical education to determine 12 criteria to assess the physical fitness of secondary school students in the suburbs of Hanoi through 03 factors: morphological traits (4 criteria), physical strength (7 criteria), and physical functions (1 criterion). In terms of morphological indicators, stamina, and agility, the results show that the students in Hanoi suburbs appear healthier than other Vietnamese students of the same age and sex in 2001; they are superior in speed and agility at some ages, and nearly equivalent in endurance and physical functions. This provides the foundation for suggesting strategies to increase the efficacy of physical education in today's schools.","PeriodicalId":36509,"journal":{"name":"Central European Journal of Sport Sciences and Medicine","volume":"41 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86698269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-22DOI: 10.24018/ejsport.2022.1.2.12
Martin G. Rosario, Collin Pagel, Whitney Miller, Mark Weber
Physical inactivity is rising in both youthful and older people. Such inactivity is problematic for many reasons, primarily because it contributes to overall physical deconditioning. This study examines characteristics in lower extremity muscle adaptations while pushing a sled at constant resistance with three varying cadences. Twenty-one graduate school participants with an average age of 22.8 years consented to place electromyography (EMG) electrodes on their dominant leg. The targeted muscles for the EMG electrodes were over the gastrocnemius (GA), tibialis anterior (TA), and gluteus maximus (GMax). The subject's muscle activation was monitored over three different walking protocols at varying cadences. The protocols were: slow walk (SW, 80 bpm), intermediate walk (IW, 110 bpm), and fast walk cadence (FW, 140 bpm). The investigation results portrayed two main findings: the muscles studied exhibited faster muscle recruitment and a shorter duration of activation when cadence was increased from the IW to the FW cadence. The second discovery among the IW and FW protocols revealed that the GA and Gmax showed greater muscular adaptations than the TA. In conclusion, pushing the sled proves effective in recruiting lower extremity musculature, indicating it could be of great use in rehabilitating individuals deemed deconditioned.
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