R. Booth, S. Koester, C. S. Reichardt, J. Brewster
SUMMARY The risk injecting drug users (IDUs) have for contracting the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) led to governmental requests for interventions to prevent its spread. At the same time there was an urgent need to evaluate the effectiveness of these proposed interventions. We believe that both quantitative and qualitative research methods should be employed in this effort. In this paper we discuss the differences between the two approaches, how they can complement one another, and present findings derived from their joint application to a particular risk behavior, needle sharing. Despite behavioral changes in a number of high risk activities, significant reductions in borrowing syringes were not reported by participants in structured interviews. Evidence obtained through participant observation and open-ended interviews indicated Colorado's paraphernalia law may have played a major role in encouraging this behavior.
{"title":"Quantitative and Qualitative Methods to Assess Behavioral Change Among Injection Drug Users","authors":"R. Booth, S. Koester, C. S. Reichardt, J. Brewster","doi":"10.1300/J023V07N03_12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1300/J023V07N03_12","url":null,"abstract":"SUMMARY The risk injecting drug users (IDUs) have for contracting the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) led to governmental requests for interventions to prevent its spread. At the same time there was an urgent need to evaluate the effectiveness of these proposed interventions. We believe that both quantitative and qualitative research methods should be employed in this effort. In this paper we discuss the differences between the two approaches, how they can complement one another, and present findings derived from their joint application to a particular risk behavior, needle sharing. Despite behavioral changes in a number of high risk activities, significant reductions in borrowing syringes were not reported by participants in structured interviews. Evidence obtained through participant observation and open-ended interviews indicated Colorado's paraphernalia law may have played a major role in encouraging this behavior.","PeriodicalId":366329,"journal":{"name":"Drugs in society","volume":"119 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121070794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
SUMMARY A major purpose of public health service and research demonstration projects is to develop models, interventions, or programs geared toward a particular problem. At the same time, these projects need to be structured so that the research design allows for the collection of valid and reliable data that can be used to test the efficacy of the program. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the balance that must be obtained between rigorous research and the ongoing demands of providing services to a target population that is at high risk for contracting and/or transmitting HIV. The paper discusses the day-to-day issues that arise and strategies that have been developed to respond to them.
{"title":"Balancing Prevention Research and service","authors":"L. Kotranski","doi":"10.1300/J023V07N03_01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1300/J023V07N03_01","url":null,"abstract":"SUMMARY A major purpose of public health service and research demonstration projects is to develop models, interventions, or programs geared toward a particular problem. At the same time, these projects need to be structured so that the research design allows for the collection of valid and reliable data that can be used to test the efficacy of the program. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the balance that must be obtained between rigorous research and the ongoing demands of providing services to a target population that is at high risk for contracting and/or transmitting HIV. The paper discusses the day-to-day issues that arise and strategies that have been developed to respond to them.","PeriodicalId":366329,"journal":{"name":"Drugs in society","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114533973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Deren, M. Beardsley, S. Tortu, R. Davis, M. Clatts
{"title":"Behavior Change Strategies for Women at High Risk for HIV","authors":"S. Deren, M. Beardsley, S. Tortu, R. Davis, M. Clatts","doi":"10.1300/J023V07N03_09","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1300/J023V07N03_09","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":366329,"journal":{"name":"Drugs in society","volume":"538 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127647496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
SUMMARY A six-month HIV/AIDS risk intervention program for injection drug and crack users not in treatment is described, incorporating behavioral contracting, social support, and social modeling as core elements. The program utilizes goal-oriented behavioral counseling and HIV testing in conjunction with social support by peers and project outreach workers to facilitate personal change by drug-using participants. The intervention incorporates both group workshops and individual counseling sessions plus monthly social events for participants, supportive peers, and project staff. Local drug users who have successfully reduced their own risk of HIV/AIDS are utilized as positive role models for risk reduction. In addition, outreach workers maintain structured supportive contacts with program participants on a scheduled basis. The efficacy of this enhanced intervention program in comparison with standard HIV testing and AIDS education is currently being evaluated in a follow-up study.
{"title":"Using Goal-Oriented Counseling; and Peer Support to Reduce HIV/AIDS Risk Among Drug Users Not in Treatment","authors":"F. Rhodes, G. Humfleet","doi":"10.1300/J023V07N03_13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1300/J023V07N03_13","url":null,"abstract":"SUMMARY A six-month HIV/AIDS risk intervention program for injection drug and crack users not in treatment is described, incorporating behavioral contracting, social support, and social modeling as core elements. The program utilizes goal-oriented behavioral counseling and HIV testing in conjunction with social support by peers and project outreach workers to facilitate personal change by drug-using participants. The intervention incorporates both group workshops and individual counseling sessions plus monthly social events for participants, supportive peers, and project staff. Local drug users who have successfully reduced their own risk of HIV/AIDS are utilized as positive role models for risk reduction. In addition, outreach workers maintain structured supportive contacts with program participants on a scheduled basis. The efficacy of this enhanced intervention program in comparison with standard HIV testing and AIDS education is currently being evaluated in a follow-up study.","PeriodicalId":366329,"journal":{"name":"Drugs in society","volume":"65 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127522886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article contains three sections. The first part is a brief overview of National Institute on Drug Abuse's (NIDA) ethnic minority research and research training efforts initiated between 1986 to 1991. The second part contains excerpts from a report entitled "Research Monograph: Drug Abuse Research Issues at Historically Black Colleges and Universities" submitted as a final contract deliverable to NIDA. The third part is a summary of the proceedings of a NIDA sponsored conference, entitled "Toward the Development of Ethnic Minority Drug Abuse Research and Researchers."
{"title":"Overview of Selected Federal Efforts to Encourage Minority Drug Abuse Research and Researchers","authors":"Catherine S. Bolek, J. Debro, J. Trimble","doi":"10.1300/J023V06N03_07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1300/J023V06N03_07","url":null,"abstract":"This article contains three sections. The first part is a brief overview of National Institute on Drug Abuse's (NIDA) ethnic minority research and research training efforts initiated between 1986 to 1991. The second part contains excerpts from a report entitled \"Research Monograph: Drug Abuse Research Issues at Historically Black Colleges and Universities\" submitted as a final contract deliverable to NIDA. The third part is a summary of the proceedings of a NIDA sponsored conference, entitled \"Toward the Development of Ethnic Minority Drug Abuse Research and Researchers.\"","PeriodicalId":366329,"journal":{"name":"Drugs in society","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123707469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alaska, with its predominately youthful population and its "last frontier" ethic, provides an ideal setting to explore what role drugs may play in people's lifestyles, and to learn how such behavior is related to a society that is still attempting to define itself. The present research was undertaken to identify the prevalence of drug use among Alaskan youth, specifically focusing on gaining an understanding of prevalence levels among members of different ethnic groups. The findings from a study of students in grades 7 to 12 revealed that lifetime prevalence for experience with any chemical substances is extraordinarily high among all youth in these grades. The levels are much higher than that found in comparable ages youth in the lower-48 states. High prevalence levels are also noted for 4th and 6th graders. A study of the proportion of youth within each of the different ethnic groups revealed that drug involvement was very high for Alaskan Natives, Americna Indians, Hispanics, and students of mixed back...
{"title":"Ethnicity and Drug-Taking Behavior","authors":"B. Segal","doi":"10.1300/J023V06N03_05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1300/J023V06N03_05","url":null,"abstract":"Alaska, with its predominately youthful population and its \"last frontier\" ethic, provides an ideal setting to explore what role drugs may play in people's lifestyles, and to learn how such behavior is related to a society that is still attempting to define itself. The present research was undertaken to identify the prevalence of drug use among Alaskan youth, specifically focusing on gaining an understanding of prevalence levels among members of different ethnic groups. The findings from a study of students in grades 7 to 12 revealed that lifetime prevalence for experience with any chemical substances is extraordinarily high among all youth in these grades. The levels are much higher than that found in comparable ages youth in the lower-48 states. High prevalence levels are also noted for 4th and 6th graders. A study of the proportion of youth within each of the different ethnic groups revealed that drug involvement was very high for Alaskan Natives, Americna Indians, Hispanics, and students of mixed back...","PeriodicalId":366329,"journal":{"name":"Drugs in society","volume":"99 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127675298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The present study examined adolescent substance use in an American Indian boarding school population from a multicausal prespective, with special emphasis on the role of life stress, social support, and depression. Structual equation modeling (joreskog & Sorbom, 1989) was employed to test alternative models of the relative influence of such life experiences on the nature and extent of alcohol and drug use. As hypothesized, life stress was positively related to rates of substance use, levels of family support, and depression. However, social support had minimal influence as a mediating factor for subsstance use.
{"title":"A Structural Equation Model of Factors Related to Substance Use Among American Indian Adolescents","authors":"Jeff A. King, J. Beals, S. Manson, J. Trimble","doi":"10.1300/J023V06N03_04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1300/J023V06N03_04","url":null,"abstract":"The present study examined adolescent substance use in an American Indian boarding school population from a multicausal prespective, with special emphasis on the role of life stress, social support, and depression. Structual equation modeling (joreskog & Sorbom, 1989) was employed to test alternative models of the relative influence of such life experiences on the nature and extent of alcohol and drug use. As hypothesized, life stress was positively related to rates of substance use, levels of family support, and depression. However, social support had minimal influence as a mediating factor for subsstance use.","PeriodicalId":366329,"journal":{"name":"Drugs in society","volume":"274 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122140501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Common methodological problems in substance abuse research in ethnic minority populations, and issues related to research design, are described. These issues include sampling, the failure to acknowledge sources of heterogeneity within ethnic groups, and the need for common definitions of constructs. It is suggetsed that attention to these issues will lead to improvements in the design and conduct of quantitative research on substance abuse. Improvements in methodology will result in advances in knowledge concerning substance abuse in ethnic minorities.
{"title":"Methodological Issues in Conducting Substance Abuse Research on Ethnic Minority Populations","authors":"R. Collins","doi":"10.1300/J023V06N01_03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1300/J023V06N01_03","url":null,"abstract":"Common methodological problems in substance abuse research in ethnic minority populations, and issues related to research design, are described. These issues include sampling, the failure to acknowledge sources of heterogeneity within ethnic groups, and the need for common definitions of constructs. It is suggetsed that attention to these issues will lead to improvements in the design and conduct of quantitative research on substance abuse. Improvements in methodology will result in advances in knowledge concerning substance abuse in ethnic minorities.","PeriodicalId":366329,"journal":{"name":"Drugs in society","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129089980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Three sets of variables-Lifestyle, Social Support/Stress, and Well Being-were used to predict frequency of alcohol, marijuana, and hard drug use among urban African-American male adolescents. A sample of 150 adolescents, most of whom had dropped out of school, participated in an initial 90-minute interview and a follow-up interview six months later. The prevalence rates for illicit substance use among this sample of Black males were higher than the National average. Using a hierarchical regression approach, different psychosocial variables were found to predict use of different substances. Lifestyle was a significant predictor of marijuana and hard drug use at both measurement points, and a predictor of alcohol use at one of two measurement points. Support/Stress explained significant variance in alcohol use at both measurement points, and in marijuana use at one of two measurement points. Among individual predictor variables, in cross-sectional analyses (with all predictor variables entered) independent ...
{"title":"Psychological Predictors of Substance Abuse Among Urban Black Male Adolescents","authors":"K. Maton, M. Zimmerman","doi":"10.1300/J023V06N01_04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1300/J023V06N01_04","url":null,"abstract":"Three sets of variables-Lifestyle, Social Support/Stress, and Well Being-were used to predict frequency of alcohol, marijuana, and hard drug use among urban African-American male adolescents. A sample of 150 adolescents, most of whom had dropped out of school, participated in an initial 90-minute interview and a follow-up interview six months later. The prevalence rates for illicit substance use among this sample of Black males were higher than the National average. Using a hierarchical regression approach, different psychosocial variables were found to predict use of different substances. Lifestyle was a significant predictor of marijuana and hard drug use at both measurement points, and a predictor of alcohol use at one of two measurement points. Support/Stress explained significant variance in alcohol use at both measurement points, and in marijuana use at one of two measurement points. Among individual predictor variables, in cross-sectional analyses (with all predictor variables entered) independent ...","PeriodicalId":366329,"journal":{"name":"Drugs in society","volume":"63 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117299538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Cultural Sensitivity in Drug Treatment Research with African American Males","authors":"J. Peña, J. Koss-Chioino","doi":"10.1300/J023V06N01_06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1300/J023V06N01_06","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":366329,"journal":{"name":"Drugs in society","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132641446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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