SUMMARY Although doctors are uniquely placed to detect hazardous or harmful drinking and alcoholism, much research has documented that these problems are underdiagnosed in clinical settings. This paper summarizes recent developments of easy-to-use and brief questionnaires that health professionals can use to screen patients for heavy drinking/alcoholism. These instruments can be combined with laboratory indicators of the metabolic and biochemical effects of excessive alcohol consumption. New biochemical indicators of alcoholism as well as recent investigations of biological indicators of vulnerability (trait markers) to develop alcoholism are also reviewed. This information, together with the reasons why health professionals need to be involved in screening patients for alcohol abuse/alcoholism, should be included in medical education curriculum and continuing education programs.
{"title":"Recent Developments in Detection and Biological Indicators of Alcoholism","authors":"A. Chan","doi":"10.1300/J023V08N01_02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1300/J023V08N01_02","url":null,"abstract":"SUMMARY Although doctors are uniquely placed to detect hazardous or harmful drinking and alcoholism, much research has documented that these problems are underdiagnosed in clinical settings. This paper summarizes recent developments of easy-to-use and brief questionnaires that health professionals can use to screen patients for heavy drinking/alcoholism. These instruments can be combined with laboratory indicators of the metabolic and biochemical effects of excessive alcohol consumption. New biochemical indicators of alcoholism as well as recent investigations of biological indicators of vulnerability (trait markers) to develop alcoholism are also reviewed. This information, together with the reasons why health professionals need to be involved in screening patients for alcohol abuse/alcoholism, should be included in medical education curriculum and continuing education programs.","PeriodicalId":366329,"journal":{"name":"Drugs in society","volume":"69 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134447386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
SUMMARY Epidemiological data suggest that women who are sexual partners of injection drug users (IDUs) are at increasing risk for HIV (CDC, 1992). This study describes characteristics of 180 female sexual partners (FSPs) living in southern Arizona. These characteristics include ethnicity, age, income source, living arrangement, sexual risk behavior, reasons for sexual risk, and knowledge of AIDS risk and transmission. Data from this study indicate that FSPs vary a great deal on all of these characteristics and thus a single “profile” of FSPs is difficult to conceptualize. Implications of the data suggest that effective interventions for HIV risk reduction for FSPs should be personalized to fit the specific characteristics and needs of the individual.
{"title":"Characteristics of Female Sexual Partners of Injection Drug Users in Southern Arizona: Implications for Effective HIV Risk Reduction Interventions","authors":"S. Stevens, J. Erickson, A. Estrada","doi":"10.1300/J023V07N03_10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1300/J023V07N03_10","url":null,"abstract":"SUMMARY Epidemiological data suggest that women who are sexual partners of injection drug users (IDUs) are at increasing risk for HIV (CDC, 1992). This study describes characteristics of 180 female sexual partners (FSPs) living in southern Arizona. These characteristics include ethnicity, age, income source, living arrangement, sexual risk behavior, reasons for sexual risk, and knowledge of AIDS risk and transmission. Data from this study indicate that FSPs vary a great deal on all of these characteristics and thus a single “profile” of FSPs is difficult to conceptualize. Implications of the data suggest that effective interventions for HIV risk reduction for FSPs should be personalized to fit the specific characteristics and needs of the individual.","PeriodicalId":366329,"journal":{"name":"Drugs in society","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115384504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"An Office-Based AIDS Prevention Program for High Risk Drug Users","authors":"J. Liebman, N. Mulia","doi":"10.1300/j023v07n03_14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1300/j023v07n03_14","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":366329,"journal":{"name":"Drugs in society","volume":"330 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114375020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rafaela R. Robles EdD, Héctor M. Colón Ma, D. Freeman
SUMMARY Monitoring behaviors and serostatus of drug addicts requires the recruitment and assessment of successive samples of the not-in-treatment population. Sampling of street addicts presents a number of difficult methodological problems. This paper describes the strategies used to implement random sampling strategies in the recruitment of out-of-treatment crack and injection drag users in the San Juan Metropolitan Area. A three-stage sampling procedure was designed. This procedure generates independent monthly samples of the population of interest. The advantages and constraints involved in the methodology are discussed.
{"title":"Copping Areas as Sampling and Recruitment Sites for Out-of-Treatment Crack and Injection Drag Users","authors":"Rafaela R. Robles EdD, Héctor M. Colón Ma, D. Freeman","doi":"10.1300/J023V07N03_07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1300/J023V07N03_07","url":null,"abstract":"SUMMARY Monitoring behaviors and serostatus of drug addicts requires the recruitment and assessment of successive samples of the not-in-treatment population. Sampling of street addicts presents a number of difficult methodological problems. This paper describes the strategies used to implement random sampling strategies in the recruitment of out-of-treatment crack and injection drag users in the San Juan Metropolitan Area. A three-stage sampling procedure was designed. This procedure generates independent monthly samples of the population of interest. The advantages and constraints involved in the methodology are discussed.","PeriodicalId":366329,"journal":{"name":"Drugs in society","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127493364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
SUMMARY Discussed are issues related to the importance of sampling from hidden populations in research. These issues include the limitations of dependency on institutional samples in public health and social science. Specific examples are drawn from research into HIV/AIDS infection and risk behaviors and substance abuse. Discussed is the problem of developing knowledge that does not generalize to non-institutional populations. Possible future directions for research in hidden populations in the context of HIV/AIDS research are addressed.
{"title":"The Significance or sampling and Understanding Hidden Populations","authors":"J. Watters","doi":"10.1300/J023V07N03_02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1300/J023V07N03_02","url":null,"abstract":"SUMMARY Discussed are issues related to the importance of sampling from hidden populations in research. These issues include the limitations of dependency on institutional samples in public health and social science. Specific examples are drawn from research into HIV/AIDS infection and risk behaviors and substance abuse. Discussed is the problem of developing knowledge that does not generalize to non-institutional populations. Possible future directions for research in hidden populations in the context of HIV/AIDS research are addressed.","PeriodicalId":366329,"journal":{"name":"Drugs in society","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133170114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
SUMMARY Research on moderate dunking treatments, while remaining controversial in the Voiced States, has extended our knowledge regarding alcohol use disorders and raised important theoretical and practical issues to be addressed in future research. The present assessment of the current status of dunking moderation treatments focuses on two topics. The fits: concerns the viability of moderate drinking treatment approaches as a contemporary therapeutic strategy. The second topic is whether research on moderate drinking has helped or hindered progress in die treatment of alcohol problems. It is argued that moderate drinking techniques indeed are a viable treatment approach for some alcohol abusers and that research in this area has fostered progress in the treatment of alcohol problems. Some directions for future research are identified.
{"title":"Drinking Moderation Training as a Contemporary Therapeutic Approach","authors":"G. Connors","doi":"10.1300/J023V08N01_05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1300/J023V08N01_05","url":null,"abstract":"SUMMARY Research on moderate dunking treatments, while remaining controversial in the Voiced States, has extended our knowledge regarding alcohol use disorders and raised important theoretical and practical issues to be addressed in future research. The present assessment of the current status of dunking moderation treatments focuses on two topics. The fits: concerns the viability of moderate drinking treatment approaches as a contemporary therapeutic strategy. The second topic is whether research on moderate drinking has helped or hindered progress in die treatment of alcohol problems. It is argued that moderate drinking techniques indeed are a viable treatment approach for some alcohol abusers and that research in this area has fostered progress in the treatment of alcohol problems. Some directions for future research are identified.","PeriodicalId":366329,"journal":{"name":"Drugs in society","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116745675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Chitwood, J. Rivers, Mary Comerford Msph, D. McBride
SUMMARY This paper compares the demographic traits and the risk behaviors of injection drug users (IDUs) not in treatment who were recruited into an AIDS risk reduction program in Miami, FL with attributes of IDUs who were clients of drug treatment programs. The majority of both IDU samples were male and in their 30's. Most street IDUs were African-American; a majority of treatment clients were White, non-Hispanic. Prevalence of HIV was high for African-Americans and Hispanics from both IDU samples. Prevalence of HIV was relatively low among both samples of White, non-Hispanic IDUs but somewhat higher among White street IDUs than among White treatment clients. Similar proportions of street and treatment IDUs injected daily, but street IDUs were more likely to share works, inject in shooting galleries, use crack and alcohol daily, have multiple sex partners and have IDU sex partners.
{"title":"A Comparison of HIV Related Risk Behaviors of Street Recruited and Treatment Program Recruited Injection Drug Users","authors":"D. Chitwood, J. Rivers, Mary Comerford Msph, D. McBride","doi":"10.1300/J023V07N03_05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1300/J023V07N03_05","url":null,"abstract":"SUMMARY This paper compares the demographic traits and the risk behaviors of injection drug users (IDUs) not in treatment who were recruited into an AIDS risk reduction program in Miami, FL with attributes of IDUs who were clients of drug treatment programs. The majority of both IDU samples were male and in their 30's. Most street IDUs were African-American; a majority of treatment clients were White, non-Hispanic. Prevalence of HIV was high for African-Americans and Hispanics from both IDU samples. Prevalence of HIV was relatively low among both samples of White, non-Hispanic IDUs but somewhat higher among White street IDUs than among White treatment clients. Similar proportions of street and treatment IDUs injected daily, but street IDUs were more likely to share works, inject in shooting galleries, use crack and alcohol daily, have multiple sex partners and have IDU sex partners.","PeriodicalId":366329,"journal":{"name":"Drugs in society","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124314014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
SUMMARY This article presents data which support the use of a cognitive anthropology research method, “pile sorting,” to compliment and enhance the qualitative and quantitative evaluation tools used by drug prevention programs. The method was employed in the assessment of a Drug, Alcohol, and AIDS prevention program conducted by a community based organization. It produced significant information on the cognitive models of risks held by Native American teenagers, and provided a method of determining target areas for revision of the prevention and intervention program, as well as assessing the impact of the existing program. Pile sorting proved to be simple to administer, fin for respondents, and provided analytical information at a positive ratio between time-on-task compared to richness of result.
{"title":"Pile Sorts, A Cognitive Anthropological Model of Drug and AIDS Risks for Navajo Teenagers: Assessment of a New Evaluation Tool","authors":"R. Trotter, James M. Potter","doi":"10.1300/J023V07N03_03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1300/J023V07N03_03","url":null,"abstract":"SUMMARY This article presents data which support the use of a cognitive anthropology research method, “pile sorting,” to compliment and enhance the qualitative and quantitative evaluation tools used by drug prevention programs. The method was employed in the assessment of a Drug, Alcohol, and AIDS prevention program conducted by a community based organization. It produced significant information on the cognitive models of risks held by Native American teenagers, and provided a method of determining target areas for revision of the prevention and intervention program, as well as assessing the impact of the existing program. Pile sorting proved to be simple to administer, fin for respondents, and provided analytical information at a positive ratio between time-on-task compared to richness of result.","PeriodicalId":366329,"journal":{"name":"Drugs in society","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115483553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
SUMMARY A considerable body of research has indicated that alcoholism and other chemical dependencies are multidimensional phenomena. Biological, psychological, and sociocultural variables enter into the origins, nature, maintenance, and change of these disorders. Hence, continued debate and argument over the “correct” unidimensional model is unlikely to prove fruitful. Neither a naive disease concept nor a naive behavioral concept can explain addictive disorders fully. Multidimensional, interactive, biopsychosocial models are now necessary for continued progress in understanding and altering these disorders and the many personal and societal problems associated with them.
{"title":"Modern Disease Models of Alcoholism and Other Chemical Dependencies: The New Biopsychosocial Models","authors":"J. Wallace","doi":"10.1300/J023V08N01_03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1300/J023V08N01_03","url":null,"abstract":"SUMMARY A considerable body of research has indicated that alcoholism and other chemical dependencies are multidimensional phenomena. Biological, psychological, and sociocultural variables enter into the origins, nature, maintenance, and change of these disorders. Hence, continued debate and argument over the “correct” unidimensional model is unlikely to prove fruitful. Neither a naive disease concept nor a naive behavioral concept can explain addictive disorders fully. Multidimensional, interactive, biopsychosocial models are now necessary for continued progress in understanding and altering these disorders and the many personal and societal problems associated with them.","PeriodicalId":366329,"journal":{"name":"Drugs in society","volume":"212 1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122456786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
SUMMARY An efficient and cost-effective public health model for reducing AIDS-related risk behavior among injecting drug users and their sexual partners is emerging from data obtained from NIDA's multi-site National AIDS Demonstration Research (NADR) project. Long-term (18-month post-intervention) follow-up data from the Miami site demonstrate the durability of substantial risk reduction among project participants, related to both drug use and sexual behavior. Public health, drug treatment, and other health care providers should be aware of successful outreach intervention strategies and incorporate them into state and local AIDS prevention programs targeting out-of-treatment drug users and their sexual partners.
{"title":"An emerging public health model for reducing AIDS-related risk behavior among injecting drug users and their sexual partners","authors":"C. Mccoy, J. Rivers, E. Khoury","doi":"10.1300/J023V07N03_11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1300/J023V07N03_11","url":null,"abstract":"SUMMARY An efficient and cost-effective public health model for reducing AIDS-related risk behavior among injecting drug users and their sexual partners is emerging from data obtained from NIDA's multi-site National AIDS Demonstration Research (NADR) project. Long-term (18-month post-intervention) follow-up data from the Miami site demonstrate the durability of substantial risk reduction among project participants, related to both drug use and sexual behavior. Public health, drug treatment, and other health care providers should be aware of successful outreach intervention strategies and incorporate them into state and local AIDS prevention programs targeting out-of-treatment drug users and their sexual partners.","PeriodicalId":366329,"journal":{"name":"Drugs in society","volume":"51 34","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120808837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：