Pub Date : 2023-11-06DOI: 10.2174/0126660822252790231102102410
Ali ÇAYKÖYLÜ, Hayriye Dilek HAMURCU, Ersin Hatice KARSLIOĞLU, Pakize Evşen ATA, Neşe Burcu BAL
Background: Identifying the psychosocial effects on healthcare workers is critical in dealing with the COVID-19 pandemic. Objective: In this study, we aimed to examine the psychological effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on healthcare workers of a cancer hospital in Turkey and to determine its predictors. Methods: The psychosocial effects of the epidemic on hospital staff were evaluated by a psychiatrist through a face-to-face psychiatric interview. A semi-structured questionnaire containing socio-demographic variables and questions about social changes, and Symptom Checklist-90 Revised (SCL-90-R) were administered to the hospital staff that agreed to participate in the study. Results: Twenty-three percent of the subjects had threshold values for the Global Severity Index in SCL-90-R. The most common symptoms were obsessions and depressive symptoms (42% and 36.5%, respectively). Being young, being a woman, being single, worsening economic situation, high education level, history of past psychiatric disorders, isolation and/or quarantine history, lack of personal protective equipment, separation from the family, fear of infecting a family member or cancer patient were determined as risk factors. Conclusions: The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in significant psychosocial impact on healthcare workers, highlighting the need for appropriate strategies to understand and mitigate these effects.
{"title":"The Psychological Status of Healthcare Workers of a COVID-19- Free Cancer Hospital during COVID-19 Pandemic in Turkey - A Cross-sectional Study","authors":"Ali ÇAYKÖYLÜ, Hayriye Dilek HAMURCU, Ersin Hatice KARSLIOĞLU, Pakize Evşen ATA, Neşe Burcu BAL","doi":"10.2174/0126660822252790231102102410","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0126660822252790231102102410","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Identifying the psychosocial effects on healthcare workers is critical in dealing with the COVID-19 pandemic. Objective: In this study, we aimed to examine the psychological effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on healthcare workers of a cancer hospital in Turkey and to determine its predictors. Methods: The psychosocial effects of the epidemic on hospital staff were evaluated by a psychiatrist through a face-to-face psychiatric interview. A semi-structured questionnaire containing socio-demographic variables and questions about social changes, and Symptom Checklist-90 Revised (SCL-90-R) were administered to the hospital staff that agreed to participate in the study. Results: Twenty-three percent of the subjects had threshold values for the Global Severity Index in SCL-90-R. The most common symptoms were obsessions and depressive symptoms (42% and 36.5%, respectively). Being young, being a woman, being single, worsening economic situation, high education level, history of past psychiatric disorders, isolation and/or quarantine history, lack of personal protective equipment, separation from the family, fear of infecting a family member or cancer patient were determined as risk factors. Conclusions: The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in significant psychosocial impact on healthcare workers, highlighting the need for appropriate strategies to understand and mitigate these effects.","PeriodicalId":36711,"journal":{"name":"Current Psychiatry Research and Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135681649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-06DOI: 10.2174/0126660822257804231026054939
Doaa Ibrahim, Shaymaa Mohammed Arafa, Eman Mostafa Moazen, Fatima Gaber Yehia, Ahmed Mohamed Khalifa, Sara Sallam, Eman Ali
Background and Aim: Mental health of non-hospitalized patients and those with non-severe infections has attracted lower attention in comparison to other patients. Circulating monocytes are deeply involved in all stages of COVID-19 infection. The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio (MLR) and depressive symptoms in patients with non-severe COVID-19 infection. Patients and Methods: The study included 312 patients with non-severe COVID-19 infection diagnosed on the basis of a positive reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) test of nasopharyngeal swabs. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the validated Arabic version of the 7-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD). According to the obtained scores, patients were classified to have mild (10-13), moderate (14- 17), or severe depression (>17). Results: The present study included 312 patients with non-severe COVID-19. According to HAMDS, clinically significant depression was diagnosed in 144 patients (46.2 %). They comprised 38 patients (12.2 %) with mild depression, 30 patients (9.6 %) with mild-tomoderate depression and 76 patients (24.4 %) with moderate-to-severe depression. Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified male sex [OR (95% CI): 2.07 (1.27-3.36), p = 0.003], presence of dyspnea [(OR (95 % CI): 1.99 (1.21-3.27), p = 0.007], D dimer levels [OR (95% CI): 2.32 (1.19-4.52), p = 0.013], MLR [OR (95% CI): 0.52 (0.28-0.99), p = 0.046] and abnormal CT findings [OR (95% CI): 1.79 (1.08-2.95), p = 0.023] as significant predictors of depression in the studied patients. Conclusion: Low MLR is related to depressive symptoms in patients with non-severe covid-19 infection. Other predictors include male sex, dyspnea, abnormal CT findings and elevated D-dimer levels.
背景与目的:与其他患者相比，非住院患者和非严重感染患者的心理健康受到的关注较少。循环单核细胞深入参与COVID-19感染的各个阶段。本研究旨在探讨单核细胞/淋巴细胞比(MLR)与非重症COVID-19感染患者抑郁症状的关系。患者和方法:本研究纳入312例经鼻咽拭子逆转录酶聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)检测阳性诊断的非重症COVID-19感染患者。使用经验证的阿拉伯语版本的7项汉密尔顿抑郁评定量表(HAMD)评估抑郁症状。根据获得的评分，将患者分为轻度(10-13)、中度(14- 17)和重度抑郁(>17)。结果:本研究纳入312例非重症COVID-19患者。根据HAMDS, 144例(46.2%)患者被诊断为有临床意义的抑郁症。他们包括38例(12.2%)轻度抑郁症患者，30例(9.6%)轻度至中度抑郁症患者和76例(24.4%)中度至重度抑郁症患者。多因素logistic回归分析发现，男性[OR (95% CI): 2.07 (1.27-3.36)， p = 0.003]，呼吸困难[OR (95% CI): 1.99 (1.21-3.27)， p = 0.007]， D二聚体水平[OR (95% CI): 2.32 (1.19-4.52)， p = 0.013]， MLR [OR (95% CI): 0.52 (0.28-0.99)， p = 0.046]和异常CT表现[OR (95% CI): 1.79 (1.08-2.95)， p = 0.023]是研究患者抑郁的重要预测因素。结论:低MLR与非重症covid-19感染患者的抑郁症状有关。其他预测因素包括男性、呼吸困难、异常CT表现和d -二聚体水平升高。
{"title":"Relation Between Monocyte-to-lymphocyte Ratio and Depressive Symptoms in Patients with Non-severe Covid-19 Infection","authors":"Doaa Ibrahim, Shaymaa Mohammed Arafa, Eman Mostafa Moazen, Fatima Gaber Yehia, Ahmed Mohamed Khalifa, Sara Sallam, Eman Ali","doi":"10.2174/0126660822257804231026054939","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0126660822257804231026054939","url":null,"abstract":"Background and Aim: Mental health of non-hospitalized patients and those with non-severe infections has attracted lower attention in comparison to other patients. Circulating monocytes are deeply involved in all stages of COVID-19 infection. The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio (MLR) and depressive symptoms in patients with non-severe COVID-19 infection. Patients and Methods: The study included 312 patients with non-severe COVID-19 infection diagnosed on the basis of a positive reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) test of nasopharyngeal swabs. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the validated Arabic version of the 7-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD). According to the obtained scores, patients were classified to have mild (10-13), moderate (14- 17), or severe depression (>17). Results: The present study included 312 patients with non-severe COVID-19. According to HAMDS, clinically significant depression was diagnosed in 144 patients (46.2 %). They comprised 38 patients (12.2 %) with mild depression, 30 patients (9.6 %) with mild-tomoderate depression and 76 patients (24.4 %) with moderate-to-severe depression. Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified male sex [OR (95% CI): 2.07 (1.27-3.36), p = 0.003], presence of dyspnea [(OR (95 % CI): 1.99 (1.21-3.27), p = 0.007], D dimer levels [OR (95% CI): 2.32 (1.19-4.52), p = 0.013], MLR [OR (95% CI): 0.52 (0.28-0.99), p = 0.046] and abnormal CT findings [OR (95% CI): 1.79 (1.08-2.95), p = 0.023] as significant predictors of depression in the studied patients. Conclusion: Low MLR is related to depressive symptoms in patients with non-severe covid-19 infection. Other predictors include male sex, dyspnea, abnormal CT findings and elevated D-dimer levels.","PeriodicalId":36711,"journal":{"name":"Current Psychiatry Research and Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135681269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-06DOI: 10.2174/0126660822262191231024081805
Soni Rani, Soma Mondal Ghorai, Shubham Yadav
Abstract: The bidirectional communication among the different peptide neurotransmitters and their receptors influences brain, immunity, and behavior. Among the peptide neurotransmitters, Glutamate is the primary excitatory while; gamma-aminobutyrate (γ-GABA), is the inhibitory neurotransmitter. Glutamatergic/GABAergic imbalances are seen in many neurological and autoimmune disorders. With an aim to understand more deeply the intricacies of glutamate/GABA homeostasis, we provide a critical review of glutamate, glycine and GABA peptide neurotransmitters and their role in the brain, behavior, and immunity. Another aspect of maintaining this homeostasis has its origin in the gut-brain-axis which influences mood and behavior via the bidirectional biochemical exchange network between central (CNS) and enteric nervous system (ENS). This present review also provides evidence of the cross-talk between glutamate, glycine, and GABA along the microbiotagut- brain axis, thus any variations in this axis bear the consequences of the pathological condition. Drugs like alcohol, Benzodiazepines (Barbiturates) and neurosteroids inhibit the excitatory action of glutamate leading to an overall increase of glutamate/GABA ratio that causes relaxation of nerves. However, these drugs are misused and abused among drug addicts and now their commercial production is either banned or downsized and heavily monitored. Because only a limited number of drug molecules are considered in pharmaceutics and clinics as antidepressants, it is essential to focus on alternate peptide modulator analogues which are safe, eco-friendly and can be used as drugs to relieve stress and anxiety. In this review, we present a synopsis of the studies on synthetic GABAergic agonists or GABA modulators that can be targeted for future therapeutics and clinics.
{"title":"Cross-talk between Peptide Neurotransmitters and their Role in Homeostasis of Brain, Behavior, and Immunity","authors":"Soni Rani, Soma Mondal Ghorai, Shubham Yadav","doi":"10.2174/0126660822262191231024081805","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0126660822262191231024081805","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: The bidirectional communication among the different peptide neurotransmitters and their receptors influences brain, immunity, and behavior. Among the peptide neurotransmitters, Glutamate is the primary excitatory while; gamma-aminobutyrate (γ-GABA), is the inhibitory neurotransmitter. Glutamatergic/GABAergic imbalances are seen in many neurological and autoimmune disorders. With an aim to understand more deeply the intricacies of glutamate/GABA homeostasis, we provide a critical review of glutamate, glycine and GABA peptide neurotransmitters and their role in the brain, behavior, and immunity. Another aspect of maintaining this homeostasis has its origin in the gut-brain-axis which influences mood and behavior via the bidirectional biochemical exchange network between central (CNS) and enteric nervous system (ENS). This present review also provides evidence of the cross-talk between glutamate, glycine, and GABA along the microbiotagut- brain axis, thus any variations in this axis bear the consequences of the pathological condition. Drugs like alcohol, Benzodiazepines (Barbiturates) and neurosteroids inhibit the excitatory action of glutamate leading to an overall increase of glutamate/GABA ratio that causes relaxation of nerves. However, these drugs are misused and abused among drug addicts and now their commercial production is either banned or downsized and heavily monitored. Because only a limited number of drug molecules are considered in pharmaceutics and clinics as antidepressants, it is essential to focus on alternate peptide modulator analogues which are safe, eco-friendly and can be used as drugs to relieve stress and anxiety. In this review, we present a synopsis of the studies on synthetic GABAergic agonists or GABA modulators that can be targeted for future therapeutics and clinics.","PeriodicalId":36711,"journal":{"name":"Current Psychiatry Research and Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135684929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-02DOI: 10.2174/0126660822258340231025171755
Sara Ataei, Leila Jahangard, Sina Anaraki, Dara Dastan, Salman Khazaei
Introduction: Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is characterized by exaggerated anxiety without any apparent cause of concern. The primary treatment of this disorder is usually SSRIs, which have many digestive side effects and do not provide complete treatment for the patient. The use of non-pharmacological methods may help reduce these complications. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the effect of ginger as an adjunctive therapy along with SSRIs to reduce anxiety in patients with GAD. Materials and Methods: In this double-blind, controlled clinical trial study, a total of 80 patients with GAD were randomly assigned into two groups. For the intervention group, at the same time as SSRI drug, two 500-mg ginger capsules were used daily while in the control group, two starch capsules were used daily as a placebo along with SSRI. Data collection tools were Hamilton's anxiety questionnaire and a gastrointestinal symptom severity scale. Data were collected before the intervention and after the 12-week intervention. Results: There was no significant difference between the intervention and control groups in terms of average anxiety and severity of digestive symptoms before the intervention (P>0.05), but there was a significant difference between the groups after the intervention (P<0.05). Also, the average scores of anxiety and severity of gastrointestinal symptoms in the intervention group increased significantly from the beginning of the intervention to the follow-up (intragroup difference) (p<0.05). Conclusion: The results of the study showed that the use of ginger along with SSRIs reduced anxiety and released the severity of gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with GAD. In addition, in this study, it was found that ginger, along with SSRIs, can have beneficial effects on indigestion, diarrhea, and nausea in patients with GAD. However, these findings require more extensive research.
{"title":"Investigating the Effect of Ginger as an Adjunctive Treatment along with SSRIs to Reduce Anxiety in Patients with GAD: A Clinical Trial Study","authors":"Sara Ataei, Leila Jahangard, Sina Anaraki, Dara Dastan, Salman Khazaei","doi":"10.2174/0126660822258340231025171755","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0126660822258340231025171755","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is characterized by exaggerated anxiety without any apparent cause of concern. The primary treatment of this disorder is usually SSRIs, which have many digestive side effects and do not provide complete treatment for the patient. The use of non-pharmacological methods may help reduce these complications. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the effect of ginger as an adjunctive therapy along with SSRIs to reduce anxiety in patients with GAD. Materials and Methods: In this double-blind, controlled clinical trial study, a total of 80 patients with GAD were randomly assigned into two groups. For the intervention group, at the same time as SSRI drug, two 500-mg ginger capsules were used daily while in the control group, two starch capsules were used daily as a placebo along with SSRI. Data collection tools were Hamilton's anxiety questionnaire and a gastrointestinal symptom severity scale. Data were collected before the intervention and after the 12-week intervention. Results: There was no significant difference between the intervention and control groups in terms of average anxiety and severity of digestive symptoms before the intervention (P>0.05), but there was a significant difference between the groups after the intervention (P<0.05). Also, the average scores of anxiety and severity of gastrointestinal symptoms in the intervention group increased significantly from the beginning of the intervention to the follow-up (intragroup difference) (p<0.05). Conclusion: The results of the study showed that the use of ginger along with SSRIs reduced anxiety and released the severity of gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with GAD. In addition, in this study, it was found that ginger, along with SSRIs, can have beneficial effects on indigestion, diarrhea, and nausea in patients with GAD. However, these findings require more extensive research.","PeriodicalId":36711,"journal":{"name":"Current Psychiatry Research and Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135974640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-01DOI: 10.2174/266608221903230317164828
{"title":"Acknowledgement to Reviewers","authors":"","doi":"10.2174/266608221903230317164828","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/266608221903230317164828","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":36711,"journal":{"name":"Current Psychiatry Research and Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136102922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-01DOI: 10.2174/266608221903230317162234
Marc Fakhoury
{"title":"Meet the Editorial Board Member","authors":"Marc Fakhoury","doi":"10.2174/266608221903230317162234","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/266608221903230317162234","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":36711,"journal":{"name":"Current Psychiatry Research and Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136102921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-11DOI: 10.2174/2666082219666230627154627
Hashim Talib Hashim, Ali Talib Hashim, Asghar Shah, Jaffer Shah, Zoaib Habib Tharwani, Zarmina Islam, Mehr Muhammad Adeel Riaz, Shoaib Ahmad, Mustafa Abd al Latif Abd al Khudair
Background: Video game Addiction Disorder, in addition to other dependency disorders, seem to affect the pleasure center of the brain. The addictive behavior triggers a release of dopamine to promote the pleasurable experience activating the release of this chemical. Over time, more and more of the activity is needed to induce the same pleasurable response, creating a dependency. Methods: It is a cross-sectional study conducted among 2500 participants (more than 18 years) distributed in all the Iraqi provinces including both males and females. The questionnaire contains demographic questions and an internet addiction special validated questionnaire in the Arabic language. Results: The present study, comprising a predominantly male population (82%) showed a mild-moderate level of internet addiction among 93% of its participants (62% mild and 31% moderate), and an average internet usage score of 45. Race, particularly Kurdish, and the need to socialize were statistically significant predictors of video gaming. Twenty percent of participants in our study spent more than 3 hours a day playing video games using more than one device. The majority of these participants played racing (16%), platform (12%), and stealth (9.5%) video games. Conclusion: Everything is Internet-based. Adding an additional layer of confusion and distinction is that another digital technology is taking over the world as well – making access to computers even easier. But these benefits have a lot of consequences on humanity as well and it can cause an addiction especially to video games that are spreading among adolescents and early adults all over the world.
{"title":"The Prevalence of Video Games Addiction among Iraqi People in 2022","authors":"Hashim Talib Hashim, Ali Talib Hashim, Asghar Shah, Jaffer Shah, Zoaib Habib Tharwani, Zarmina Islam, Mehr Muhammad Adeel Riaz, Shoaib Ahmad, Mustafa Abd al Latif Abd al Khudair","doi":"10.2174/2666082219666230627154627","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/2666082219666230627154627","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Video game Addiction Disorder, in addition to other dependency disorders, seem to affect the pleasure center of the brain. The addictive behavior triggers a release of dopamine to promote the pleasurable experience activating the release of this chemical. Over time, more and more of the activity is needed to induce the same pleasurable response, creating a dependency. Methods: It is a cross-sectional study conducted among 2500 participants (more than 18 years) distributed in all the Iraqi provinces including both males and females. The questionnaire contains demographic questions and an internet addiction special validated questionnaire in the Arabic language. Results: The present study, comprising a predominantly male population (82%) showed a mild-moderate level of internet addiction among 93% of its participants (62% mild and 31% moderate), and an average internet usage score of 45. Race, particularly Kurdish, and the need to socialize were statistically significant predictors of video gaming. Twenty percent of participants in our study spent more than 3 hours a day playing video games using more than one device. The majority of these participants played racing (16%), platform (12%), and stealth (9.5%) video games. Conclusion: Everything is Internet-based. Adding an additional layer of confusion and distinction is that another digital technology is taking over the world as well – making access to computers even easier. But these benefits have a lot of consequences on humanity as well and it can cause an addiction especially to video games that are spreading among adolescents and early adults all over the world.","PeriodicalId":36711,"journal":{"name":"Current Psychiatry Research and Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136254095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Introduction: Schizophrenia, a complex psychiatric disorder, is often associated with consciousness disorders, typically characterized by an elevated threshold of conscious perception. Over the years, a multitude of research has been dedicated to uncovering the primary cause of these disorders, leading to the development of several theories. Methods: In this article, two central answers to this problem have been reviewed. For this, the articles that were more related to the topic were selected. Based on the relevance to the subject of research, the main ideas of targeted articles are reordered to be comprehensible for the readers. Finally, the judgment and conclusion of the authors about the discussed problem are presented in this study. Discussion: The first theory, which we will explore in this article, suggests that the root cause of these disorders lies in defects within bottom-up processes. These processes, fundamental to our understanding of the world, involve the progression of sensory information from low-level perception to high-level awareness. In individuals with schizophrenia, these processes are believed to be compromised, leading to a distorted perception of reality. The second theory, in contrast, attributes the cause to impairments in top-down processes. These processes, which refer to the influence of high-level cognitive functions on lower-level sensory perception, are also considered dysfunctional in schizophrenic patients. This dysfunction is thought to disrupt the integration of sensory information, thereby affecting the individual's consciousness. However, a third perspective has emerged, suggesting the coexistence of impairments in both bottom-up and top-down processing. This perspective argues that to fully comprehend the nature of consciousness disorders in schizophrenia, it is crucial to determine the type and severity of both bottom-up and top-down impairments. Conclusion: In this review, we delve into these theories, examining the evidence supporting each and discussing their implications for our understanding of schizophrenia. Considering both bottom-up and top-down impairments, the third perspective offers a more holistic explanation for these disorders. We further argue that this perspective underscores the need for a more nuanced approach to studying schizophrenia. It suggests that future research should not only focus on these processes in isolation but also explore their interaction and the potential synergistic effects of their impairment. By doing so, we can hope to gain a more comprehensive understanding of consciousness disorders in schizophrenia, which could ultimately lead to more effective treatment strategies.
{"title":"The Conflict between Top-down and Bottom-up Impairments in Consciousness Disorder in Schizophrenia","authors":"Hesam Karbakhsh, Aliakbar Kouchakzadeh, Shahriar Gharibzadeh","doi":"10.2174/2666082219666230907093951","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/2666082219666230907093951","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Schizophrenia, a complex psychiatric disorder, is often associated with consciousness disorders, typically characterized by an elevated threshold of conscious perception. Over the years, a multitude of research has been dedicated to uncovering the primary cause of these disorders, leading to the development of several theories. Methods: In this article, two central answers to this problem have been reviewed. For this, the articles that were more related to the topic were selected. Based on the relevance to the subject of research, the main ideas of targeted articles are reordered to be comprehensible for the readers. Finally, the judgment and conclusion of the authors about the discussed problem are presented in this study. Discussion: The first theory, which we will explore in this article, suggests that the root cause of these disorders lies in defects within bottom-up processes. These processes, fundamental to our understanding of the world, involve the progression of sensory information from low-level perception to high-level awareness. In individuals with schizophrenia, these processes are believed to be compromised, leading to a distorted perception of reality. The second theory, in contrast, attributes the cause to impairments in top-down processes. These processes, which refer to the influence of high-level cognitive functions on lower-level sensory perception, are also considered dysfunctional in schizophrenic patients. This dysfunction is thought to disrupt the integration of sensory information, thereby affecting the individual's consciousness. However, a third perspective has emerged, suggesting the coexistence of impairments in both bottom-up and top-down processing. This perspective argues that to fully comprehend the nature of consciousness disorders in schizophrenia, it is crucial to determine the type and severity of both bottom-up and top-down impairments. Conclusion: In this review, we delve into these theories, examining the evidence supporting each and discussing their implications for our understanding of schizophrenia. Considering both bottom-up and top-down impairments, the third perspective offers a more holistic explanation for these disorders. We further argue that this perspective underscores the need for a more nuanced approach to studying schizophrenia. It suggests that future research should not only focus on these processes in isolation but also explore their interaction and the potential synergistic effects of their impairment. By doing so, we can hope to gain a more comprehensive understanding of consciousness disorders in schizophrenia, which could ultimately lead to more effective treatment strategies.","PeriodicalId":36711,"journal":{"name":"Current Psychiatry Research and Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135096564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-28DOI: 10.2174/2666082219666230828163404
M. Amidfar
Comparing the linguistic and metalinguistic profiles in common developmental speech and language disorders is important in advancing our understanding of their clinical symptoms, as well as potentially informing the conceptual basis of novel interventions. The purpose of the present review article is summarizing linguistic, metalinguistic and psychiatric characteristics of children with speech sound disorder (SSD). Clinically and theoretically, it is important that we can understand different error pattern uses among children with SSD only and children with co-occurring SSD and language impairment (LI). Identifying differences in error pattern use will help to discovering the underlying causes of the different types of patterns. In comparison with children with SSD, children with co-occurring SSD and LI use certain patterns more frequently that suggest more global linguistic deficits. The early identification of children who are at risk for development of co-occurring SSD and LI as well as later literacy problems needs to distinguish these patterns. Identification of speech error patterns and their underlying cognitive-linguistic processing deficits will contribute to diagnosis of children at risk of co-occurring SSD and LI and reading problems. Mounting studies have reported that children with SSD, with and without language impairment have differences in phonological processing, literacy skills, and speech production patterns. Children with both speech sound and language disorders are likely to have more severe literacy problems than those with isolated speech sound disorders. In addition, this paper focuses on the comorbidity between psychiatric disorders specially attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms and SSD.
{"title":"Linguistic, Metalinguistic and Psychiatric Characteristics of Children with Speech Sound Disorder","authors":"M. Amidfar","doi":"10.2174/2666082219666230828163404","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/2666082219666230828163404","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000Comparing the linguistic and metalinguistic profiles in common developmental speech and language disorders is important in advancing our understanding of their clinical symptoms, as well as potentially informing the conceptual basis of novel interventions. The purpose of the present review article is summarizing linguistic, metalinguistic and psychiatric characteristics of children with speech sound disorder (SSD). Clinically and theoretically, it is important that we can understand different error pattern uses among children with SSD only and children with co-occurring SSD and language impairment (LI). Identifying differences in error pattern use will help to discovering the underlying causes of the different types of patterns. In comparison with children with SSD, children with co-occurring SSD and LI use certain patterns more frequently that suggest more global linguistic deficits. The early identification of children who are at risk for development of co-occurring SSD and LI as well as later literacy problems needs to distinguish these patterns. Identification of speech error patterns and their underlying cognitive-linguistic processing deficits will contribute to diagnosis of children at risk of co-occurring SSD and LI and reading problems. Mounting studies have reported that children with SSD, with and without language impairment have differences in phonological processing, literacy skills, and speech production patterns. Children with both speech sound and language disorders are likely to have more severe literacy problems than those with isolated speech sound disorders. In addition, this paper focuses on the comorbidity between psychiatric disorders specially attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms and SSD.\u0000","PeriodicalId":36711,"journal":{"name":"Current Psychiatry Research and Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45406871","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-22DOI: 10.2174/2666082219666230822140902
M. Alam, Aditya Sharma, Awaneet Kaur, Shaweta Sharma, Shikha Yadav
General practitioners observe a high prevalence of anxiety and depression symptoms. Depressed or anxious patients frequently develop both conditions. The symptoms of both diseases may be present at the same time. There has been numerous studies on higher levels of depression, bipolar disorder II, and mixed depression. So, we ended up reviewing different drug delivery targets. Even at low dosages, antidepressants were better absorbed and were more effective when given by the nose. In this review, we focused on cutting-edge methods for intranasal antidepressant delivery vehicles. Consequently, it seems that drugs that are sufficiently effective, have fewer side effects, and are less expensive. The researchers in this meta-analysis set out to determine whether or not they have been used successfully in traditional medicine to treat depression in human or animal studies.
{"title":"Psychopharmacological treatment of depression and anxiety and their different drug delivery targets","authors":"M. Alam, Aditya Sharma, Awaneet Kaur, Shaweta Sharma, Shikha Yadav","doi":"10.2174/2666082219666230822140902","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/2666082219666230822140902","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000General practitioners observe a high prevalence of anxiety and depression symptoms. Depressed or anxious patients frequently develop both conditions. The symptoms of both diseases may be present at the same time. There has been numerous studies on higher levels of depression, bipolar disorder II, and mixed depression. So, we ended up reviewing different drug delivery targets. Even at low dosages, antidepressants were better absorbed and were more effective when given by the nose. In this review, we focused on cutting-edge methods for intranasal antidepressant delivery vehicles. Consequently, it seems that drugs that are sufficiently effective, have fewer side effects, and are less expensive. The researchers in this meta-analysis set out to determine whether or not they have been used successfully in traditional medicine to treat depression in human or animal studies.\u0000","PeriodicalId":36711,"journal":{"name":"Current Psychiatry Research and Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41931958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：