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Complementarity or Incommensurability? Reply to Critics 互补性还是不可通约性?回应批评
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.5840/eps20236018
A. M. Dorozhkin, S. Shibarshina
The article provides a reply to critical remarks made during the discussion about creativity and scientific knowledge. The authors propose to consider their concept of creativity not as antagonistic or incommensurable with the alternative, but rather co-existing through the complementarity principle. Responding to a comment about the socio-cultural conditionality of a particular cognitive situation, the authors question whether globalization seriously influence this matter in science. They support the statement about the importance of the interaction between science and art, science and philosophy as an opportunity to consider scientific problems from the outside, in an unusual way. Regarding the comment about serendipity, the authors note that in certain cases we need exactly epistemological randomization, since we cannot consciously induce serendipity. In conclusion, thanks are expressed to all participants in the discussion.
这篇文章对在讨论创造力和科学知识时提出的批评意见作了答复。作者建议将他们的创造力概念与替代方案不对立或不可通约,而是通过互补性原则共存。在回应关于特定认知情境的社会文化条件的评论时,作者质疑全球化是否严重影响了科学中的这一问题。他们支持科学与艺术、科学与哲学之间相互作用的重要性,认为这是一个从外部以一种不同寻常的方式思考科学问题的机会。关于意外发现的评论,作者指出,在某些情况下,我们需要确切的认识论随机化,因为我们不能有意识地诱导意外发现。最后,感谢所有参与讨论的人。
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引用次数: 0
Unreliability and Point of View in Filmic Narration 电影叙事中的不可靠性与视角
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.5840/eps202259217
E. Maier
Novels like Fight Club or American Psycho are said to be instances of unreliable narration: the first person narrator presents an evidently distorted picture of the fictional world. The film adaptations of these novels are likewise said to involve unreliable narration. I resist this extension of the term ‘unreliable narration’ to film. My argument for this rests on the observation that unreliable narration requires a personal narrator while film typically involves an impersonal narrator (corresponding to the camera viewpoint). The kind of ambiguous story-telling that we find in literary fiction with unreliable narrators, where for certain descriptions it is unclear whether what we’re told is an accurate account of what’s happening in the story world or not, can instead be achieved by conventionalized filmmaking techniques for reporting the contents of mental states, like the point of view shot, but especially the more ambiguous blended perspective shot.
像《搏击俱乐部》和《美国精神病患者》这样的小说被认为是不可靠叙述的例子:第一人称叙述者呈现的是一幅明显扭曲的虚构世界的画面。这些小说改编的电影也被认为涉及不可靠的叙述。我反对将“不可靠的叙述”一词扩展到电影中。我的观点是基于这样的观察,即不可靠的叙述需要一个个人的叙述者,而电影通常需要一个非个人的叙述者(对应于镜头的观点)。我们在文学小说中发现的那种模棱两可的叙事方式,叙述者不可靠,某些描述不清楚我们被告知的是否是故事世界中发生的事情的准确描述,可以通过传统的电影制作技术来报道精神状态的内容,比如视角镜头,尤其是更模糊的混合视角镜头。
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引用次数: 2
“The Right to Your City”: A Project of the Epistemological Urban Studies “城市的权利”:认识论城市研究的一个项目
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.5840/eps202259349
I. Savchenko, Y. Kozlova
Within the framework of a new interdisciplinary scientific scientific field – epistemological urbanism – the authors develop the idea of the human right to their city and show the epistemological nature of this right, which is explained by the fact that it is conditioned by the processes of cognition and scientific communication. Three main provisions are substantiated. Firstly, the city is an intelligent system. “The right to your city” is a specific right to scientific and intellectual production and consumption. Such a right is not realized in every locality designated as a city, but only where there are conditions for intellectual dynamics – where art, education and science are developing. Secondly, the intellectual system of the city has autonomy. Each city has its own intellectual resource. Realizing the right to their city, citizens are involved in the activity of the city's scientific and intellectual autonomy. In other words, a city where there are opportunities to realize the “right to the city” generates an autonomous scientific school or a set of scientific schools. Thirdly, cities (we are talking only about those cities where the right to their own city is realizable) how research centers form a scientific network. Not a scientific consortium with common ideas and goals, but a network based on the principles of proliferation. The authors insist on the decentralization of science not for the purpose of its enclavization, but for the purpose of developing the potential, multi-vector and intellectual self-realization of urban communities themselves. It is shown that the development of science as a whole (at the global or state levels) can be ensured by the heterogeneity of science itself (in this case, due to the development of urban universities): integration and differentiation give rise to an integration scientific and communicative process.
在一个新的跨学科科学领域——认识论城市主义的框架内,作者发展了城市人权的概念,并展示了这种权利的认识论本质,这是由认知过程和科学交流过程所决定的。主要有三项规定得到证实。首先,城市是一个智能系统。“城市权”是科学知识生产和消费的具体权利。这种权利并非在每一个被指定为城市的地方都能实现,而只在有条件进行智力活动的地方——艺术、教育和科学正在发展的地方。其次,城市的智力系统具有自主性。每个城市都有自己的智力资源。公民实现对城市的权利,参与城市的科学和智力自治活动。换句话说,一个有机会实现“城市权”的城市,会产生一个自治的科学学校或一组科学学校。第三,城市(我们只讨论那些可以实现自己城市权利的城市)研究中心如何形成科学网络。不是一个有共同想法和目标的科学联盟,而是一个基于扩散原则的网络。作者坚持科学的分散化不是为了它的飞地化,而是为了开发城市社区自身的潜力、多载体和智力自我实现。研究表明,科学作为一个整体(在全球或国家层面)的发展可以由科学本身的异质性(在这种情况下,由于城市大学的发展)来保证:整合和分化产生了整合的科学和交流过程。
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引用次数: 0
On the Analysis of the Reflexion in Science, in the Russian Philosophy, and the STS Strong Program 科学反思、俄国哲学反思与STS强纲领分析
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.5840/eps202259454
V. Bazhanov
This reply draws attention to the importance of taking into account the results of the study of the phenomenon of reflexivity in scientific knowledge, which have been obtained in the domestic philosophical and methodological tradition. We believe that taking this kind of results into account could enrich the analysis of the strong programme in the STS. We touch the origins of reflexive tendencies, the reflexive and non-reflexive in scientific knowledge, personal and transpersonal forms, the types and levels of reflexion in science, as well as denote the mechanisms that allows taking an external position in relation to the subject about which reflexive procedures are carried out (if we mean the interval approach implementation).
这一回答引起了人们对考虑科学知识中反身性现象研究结果的重要性的注意,这些结果是在国内哲学和方法论传统中获得的。我们认为,考虑到这类结果,可以丰富对STS强大计划的分析。我们触及了反身倾向的起源,科学知识中的反身性和非反身性,个人和超个人形式,科学中反身的类型和水平,以及表示允许采取与主体相关的外部立场的机制,其中进行了反身过程(如果我们指的是间隔方法实施)。
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引用次数: 0
Chimera of Naturalism and Free Will 自然主义和自由意志的奇美拉
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.5840/eps202360117
Anton Kuznetsov
This article is devoted to the analysis of arguments from empirical science against free will. Its main purpose is to reveal their deep anti-naturalism. This anti-naturalism lies in the use of a concept of free will that cannot be the subject of naturalistic consideration, as well as in the various explanatory and ontological paradoxes that arguments from empirical science lead in case when someone is trying to generalize the explanatory principles underlying them. At the beginning of the article, the author gives a general notion of the free will problem, a working definition of naturalism and the place of arguments from empirical science in discussions about free will. To achieve the main goal of the article, the author suggests a classification of arguments from empirical science, which includes five types: from prediction, from manipulation, from the brain, from illusion, from the substitution of concepts. In accordance with this classification, the structure of the article is defined, where each of the presented types is sequentially considered. The logic of considering each type of argument is approximately the same: explication of the essence of the argument of a particular type, its analysis, identification of basic principles and their generalization, demonstration of the negative consequences that it leads to, and answers to possible objections. In the course of the consideration, the author formulates an ontologically neutral concept of free will as a set of abilities associated with the agent’s control over his actions. At the end of the article, the main points is summed up, the idea of naturalistic compatibilism is proposed, the role of arguments from empirical science in discussions about free will is clarified, as is the problem of free will itself, the question of the sources of “chimerization” of naturalism is briefly highlighted, and the problem of completeness of the proposed reasoning is touched upon.
本文致力于分析来自经验科学的反对自由意志的论据。其主要目的是揭示其深层的反自然主义。这种反自然主义存在于对自由意志概念的使用上,而自由意志不能成为自然主义考虑的主题,也存在于经验科学论证中导致的各种解释性和本体论悖论中,当有人试图概括其背后的解释性原则时。在文章的开头,作者给出了自由意志问题的一般概念,自然主义的工作定义以及经验科学在自由意志讨论中的论点。为了实现本文的主要目标,作者提出了一种经验科学论证的分类,包括五种类型:预测论证、操纵论证、大脑论证、幻觉论证和概念替代论证。根据这种分类,定义了文章的结构,其中依次考虑了所呈现的每种类型。考虑每一种类型的论证的逻辑大致相同:解释某一特定类型的论证的本质,对其进行分析,确定基本原则及其概括,论证由此导致的负面后果,并回答可能的反对意见。在思考过程中,作者提出了一个本体论中立的概念,即自由意志是一组与主体对其行为的控制有关的能力。在文章的最后,总结了主要观点,提出了自然主义相容主义的概念,澄清了经验科学论证在讨论自由意志中的作用,以及自由意志本身的问题,简要强调了自然主义“嵌合”的来源问题,并触及了所提出的推理的完整性问题。
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引用次数: 0
Что значит быть лысым и лжецом? Новая опция унифицированного подхода к парадоксам 秃顶和撒谎是什么意思?统一悖论方法的新选项
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.5840/eps202360339
А. В. Нехаев
В своей статье Всеволод Ладов ставит важный вопрос – могут ли парадоксы иметь единое решение? В качестве ответа я предлагаю обратить внимание на подход, в котором утверждается, что мы должны рассматривать предикат истины как простой аналог нечеткого предиката. Защитники данного подхода (В. МакГи, Дж. Таппенден, Х. Филд, Г. Прист и Д. Хайд) открыто настаивают на том, что между соритами и парадоксами самореференции существует структурная связь и они должны иметь единое решение.
vsevolod ladov在他的文章中提出了一个重要的问题:悖论能有一个解决方案吗?作为回应,我建议我们注意一种方法,它说我们应该把真理的序言看作是模糊序言的简单类比。这种方法的倡导者(w mcgee, j。塔彭登、h·菲尔德、p·p·皮斯特和d·海德公开坚持认为,同理心和自嘲悖论之间存在结构性联系,必须有一个解决方案。
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引用次数: 0
Cosmos: A Big Challenge and a Global Project 宇宙:一个巨大的挑战和一个全球性的项目
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.5840/eps20225911
I. Kasavin
Space is a cross-cutting philosophical theme: an unattainable dream coming from the depths of centuries, and at the same time a source of religious faith and high science. Therefore, space is not limited to specific space projects and the conquest of celestial space. In contrast to this, space is a starting point for a global problematization of politics, economics and culture. It demonstrates its archetypal significance for the history of all human culture. At the same time, space as a project and a subject matter of imagination needs today a new humanistic definition, in which the role of philosophy cannot be underestimated. It is necessary to find and theoretically justify a balance between the task of economic efficiency of space research and the results of space exploration, on the one hand, and their use for creative human development, designing a safe and fair society and forming a scientific picture of the world.
太空是一个跨领域的哲学主题:一个来自几个世纪深处的无法实现的梦想,同时也是宗教信仰和高级科学的源泉。因此,太空并不局限于具体的太空工程和对天体空间的征服。与此相反,空间是全球政治、经济和文化问题化的起点。它展示了它在整个人类文化史上的原型意义。与此同时,空间作为一个工程和想象的主题,今天需要一个新的人文定义,其中哲学的作用不可低估。有必要在空间研究的经济效率任务和空间探索的结果与利用它们进行创造性的人类发展、设计一个安全和公平的社会和形成一个科学的世界图景之间找到并在理论上证明一种平衡。
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引用次数: 0
Types of Identity and Coordinates of Person 身份类型和人的坐标
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.5840/eps202360228
R. L. Kochnev
Modern analytical metaphysics contains many theories and approaches regarding the problem of personal identity. This diversity inevitably leads to the emergence of various classifications, the authors of which are trying to develop a compact way of typologizing existing views. Most of the classifications involve a significant simplification of the theories and approaches under consideration, and some of them are not taken into account at all. As such global classifications, one can single out an approach based on the identity criterion used in the theory (psychological, biological, narrative views). However, numerous local classifications allow one to point out potential differences in theories, even if formally they use a common criterion of identity. Other possible classifications are the division into endurantism and perdurantism, as well as simple (non-reductionist) and complex (reductionist) theories of identity. Special attention is paid to M. Shechtman‘s approach, which offers a local classification of narrative theories. Its main classification is the presentation of the views of researchers in the form of a possible spectrum. The place of a particular philosopher on this spectrum characterizes his views in relation to other supporters of the narrative approach. The purpose of this article is, based on the classification of narrative theories proposed by Shechtman, to propose a classification option for all theories and approaches to the problem of personal identity, which would be sensitive to conceptual details and differences that are important to them.
现代分析形而上学包含了许多关于人格同一性问题的理论和方法。这种多样性不可避免地导致了各种分类的出现,这些分类的作者正试图发展一种紧凑的方式来类型学现有的观点。大多数分类涉及对所考虑的理论和方法的显著简化,其中一些根本没有考虑到。作为这样的全球分类,人们可以根据理论中使用的身份标准(心理,生物,叙事观点)挑选出一种方法。然而,大量的局部分类允许人们指出理论中潜在的差异,即使它们在形式上使用共同的身份标准。其他可能的分类是持久论和持久论,以及简单(非还原论)和复杂(还原论)的同一性理论。本书特别关注谢赫特曼的方法,他对叙事理论进行了局部分类。它的主要分类是以可能谱的形式呈现研究人员的观点。一个特定的哲学家在这个范围内的位置,表征了他的观点与其他叙事方法的支持者的关系。本文的目的是在谢赫特曼提出的叙事理论分类的基础上,为所有研究人格同一性问题的理论和方法提出一种分类选择,这种选择对概念细节和对它们来说很重要的差异很敏感。
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引用次数: 0
Could Galileo Discover the Law of Universal Gravitation in 1611, Was There Newton’s Apple and What Is “Modern Physics”?. 伽利略能在1611年发现万有引力定律吗?有牛顿的苹果吗?什么是“现代物理学”?
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.5840/eps202360115
Gennady E. Gorelik
The central problem of the article is the paradox in the history of Newton’s mechanics: prominent researchers of the genesis of the Principia did not believe Newton’s words about the origin of the idea of universal gravity. They did not believe that he could have come up with this idea as early as 1666, considering circular orbits, and believed that Newton invented the story of the falling apple. The article proposes a “subjunctive” scenario leading to the law of universal gravity and feasible at the level of Galileo’s knowledge and skills in 1611. The basis for such a scenario is the description of a thought experiment in Newton’s manuscript “The System of the World”, preceding the creation of Principia. The proposed reconstruction helps to consider and clarify the concept of “modern physics”, the birth of which was the main event of the Scientific Revolution of the XVI–XVII centuries. The traditional understanding reduces the essence of modern physics to a reliance on experience and on the language of mathematics. Such a definition, however, is not sufficient. The geometry of Euclid and the physics of Archimedes were mathematically perfect, and their axioms were based on objective experience. Despite the importance of the tools of mathematics and experiment, the key innovation of modern physics has become the belief in the hidden fundamental laws of the Universe and in the right of the researcher to invent invisible, “illogical”, “absurd” concepts and postulates, experimentally verifiable only together with the theory based on them. This postulate of fundamental cognitive optimism combines bold ingenuity with a humble need for empirical verification.
这篇文章的中心问题是牛顿力学史上的悖论:研究《原理》起源的著名学者不相信牛顿关于万有引力概念起源的话。他们不相信牛顿早在1666年就想到了圆形轨道,并认为是牛顿发明了苹果落地的故事。这篇文章提出了一个“虚拟的”场景,导致万有引力定律,在1611年伽利略的知识和技能水平上是可行的。这种情况的基础是牛顿手稿《世界体系》中对一个思想实验的描述,这是在《原理》创立之前。提出的重建有助于考虑和澄清“现代物理学”的概念,它的诞生是十六至十七世纪科学革命的主要事件。传统的理解将现代物理学的本质归结为对经验和数学语言的依赖。然而,这样的定义是不够的。欧几里得的几何学和阿基米德的物理学在数学上是完美的,他们的公理是基于客观经验的。尽管数学和实验的工具很重要,但现代物理学的关键创新已经成为相信宇宙隐藏的基本规律,相信研究者有权发明看不见的、“不符合逻辑的”、“荒谬的”概念和假设,这些概念和假设只有与基于它们的理论一起才能被实验验证。这种基本认知乐观主义的假设结合了大胆的独创性和对经验验证的谦逊需求。
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引用次数: 0
Philosophy and Science and Technology Studies: The Problem of Relationships 哲学与科学技术研究:关系问题
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.5840/eps202259455
S. Pirozhkova
The response to the article by O.E. Stolyarova the author shows why the proposed justification for the place of philosophy in the structure of science and technology studies does not work well in relation to the tasks of interdisciplinary communication. It is argued that it is more effective to refer to historical examples and analyze them than to use a purely theoretical explanation of why these examples arise. It is pointed out that, despite the results of postpositivist research of science, the scientific community continues to rely on corporate “common sense”, in which science is seen as positive knowledge and on this basis is opposed to philosophy as a speculative discipline. The necessity of avoiding these ideas in the context of science policy tasks, primarily among scientific managers from among the scientists themselves, is substantiated.
对作者O.E. Stolyarova文章的回应表明,为什么提出的在科学和技术研究结构中哲学地位的理由在跨学科交流的任务中不起作用。有人认为,参考历史实例并分析它们比使用纯理论解释这些例子为什么出现更有效。文章指出,尽管后实证主义的科学研究取得了成果,但科学界继续依赖集体的“常识”,在这种常识中,科学被视为积极的知识,并在此基础上与作为思辨学科的哲学相对立。在科学政策任务的背景下,避免这些想法的必要性,主要是在科学管理者和科学家自己之间,得到了证实。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Epistemology & Philosophy of Science
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