This paper presents a comprehensive review of limestone-calcined clay cement (LC3), integrating environmental, mechanical, and microstructural perspectives to provide a unified understanding of its performance and sustainability benefits. LC3 achieves a 30–40 % reduction in CO₂ emissions relative to ordinary Portland cement (OPC) by partially substituting clinker with calcined clay and limestone, both of which are abundant and regionally available. The systematic review examines critical aspects of LC3, including raw material variability, calcination parameters, hydration mechanisms, and the formation of carboaluminate phases that underpin performance. Mechanical properties are discussed with emphasis on compressive, tensile, and flexural strengths, while durability is assessed in relation to chloride ingress, sulfate attack, carbonation, and freeze–thaw resistance. Microstructural insights derived from SEM, XRD, and TGA analyses are synthesized to explain the links between hydration processes and performance outcomes. Emerging applications, such as eco-friendly aggregates, engineered cementitious composites, and geopolymer systems are also highlighted. In comparison, conventional supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) such as fly ash and slag typically offer only 20–25 % CO₂ reduction and face growing supply limitations, underscoring LC3’s strategic advantage. The paper concludes with future perspectives on raw material optimization, admixture compatibility, and durability modeling to predict long-term performance and ensure sustainability.
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