Biodiesel is susceptible to oxidation, which can degrade fuel quality and performance. This study investigates the effect of natural plant-derived antioxidants on the thermo-oxidative behaviour of soybean ethyl and bovine tallow methyl biodiesels. Biodiesels were synthesised, and additives were prepared from the leaves and extracts of the selected plants. Pure and additive biodiesels were stored under two conditions (ambient and 60 °C) and monitored over time (0, 168, 504, 1176, and 1848 h). Physicochemical characterisation, including acid value, kinematic viscosity, density, thermogravimetry (TGA), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), was performed. The addition of natural antioxidants improved the thermooxidative stability of biodiesels, with varying degrees of effectiveness. BHT (Butylated Hydroxytoluene) showed the highest antioxidant effect, followed by soursop, pitanga, mango, and acerola leaves. TGA and FTIR analyses confirmed the oxidative degradation of biodiesels over time and the protective effect of the additives. The findings demonstrate that natural antioxidants offer an environmentally friendly and effective alternative to synthetic stabilisers, thereby improving fuel durability and sustainability. These results advance the understanding of biodiesel stabilisation mechanisms and support the adoption of renewable antioxidant additives in biofuel formulations.
{"title":"Influence of natural antioxidants on the thermo-oxidative stability of soybean ethyl and bovine tallow methyl biodiesels","authors":"Anbuchezian Ashokan , Dhavamani Chinnathambi , Ravikumar Venkatachalam , Silambarasan Rajendran , Chander Prakash , Ruby Pant , Saroja Manivannan","doi":"10.1016/j.rineng.2025.108559","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rineng.2025.108559","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Biodiesel is susceptible to oxidation, which can degrade fuel quality and performance. This study investigates the effect of natural plant-derived antioxidants on the thermo-oxidative behaviour of soybean ethyl and bovine tallow methyl biodiesels. Biodiesels were synthesised, and additives were prepared from the leaves and extracts of the selected plants. Pure and additive biodiesels were stored under two conditions (ambient and 60 °C) and monitored over time (0, 168, 504, 1176, and 1848 h). Physicochemical characterisation, including acid value, kinematic viscosity, density, thermogravimetry (TGA), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), was performed. The addition of natural antioxidants improved the thermooxidative stability of biodiesels, with varying degrees of effectiveness. BHT (Butylated Hydroxytoluene) showed the highest antioxidant effect, followed by soursop, pitanga, mango, and acerola leaves. TGA and FTIR analyses confirmed the oxidative degradation of biodiesels over time and the protective effect of the additives. The findings demonstrate that natural antioxidants offer an environmentally friendly and effective alternative to synthetic stabilisers, thereby improving fuel durability and sustainability. These results advance the understanding of biodiesel stabilisation mechanisms and support the adoption of renewable antioxidant additives in biofuel formulations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36919,"journal":{"name":"Results in Engineering","volume":"29 ","pages":"Article 108559"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145683191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-02DOI: 10.1016/j.rineng.2025.108554
Fengling Ji , Jingjing Yu , Jun Shen , Xiangshen Chen , Xuedong Bai , Qingfeng Lv
This study focuses on typical debris slopes in Qambo City, Tibet. An indoor model with typical debris slope geomorphological features was established. Through shaking table tests and numerical simulations, the dynamic response characteristics and instability evolution mechanisms under seismic load were investigated. The results reveal significant surficial effects and elevation amplification in peak ground acceleration (PGA) and peak ground displacement (PGD) responses, with pronounced acceleration amplification in the convex mid-upper slope regions. The extent of the amplified acceleration zone increases with higher amplitudes of seismic load. Dynamic earth pressure responses indicate that under low-amplitude vibrations, the slope primarily undergoes compaction (positive pressure), exhibiting elastic behavior. In contrast, under high-amplitude vibrations, loosening (negative pressure) dominates, leading to increased internal shear strain, structural stiffness degradation, reduced natural frequency, and accelerated energy accumulation, ultimately triggering instability. When the seismic wave frequency approaches the slope’s natural frequency, resonance effects are induced, forming extensive plastic zones and causing damage to propagate from the mid-slope toward the crest and lateral boundaries. Slope failure primarily originates in the geometrically abrupt mid-upper regions, with slip surfaces typically developing in the convex mid-slope rather than at the toe. The experiments and simulations further demonstrate a four-stage evolution process under seismic loading: particle sliding, crack initiation, crack propagation, and overall instability. This culminates in the formation of a continuous shear slip zone, characterized by a combined tensile-shear failure mode. These findings provide a theoretical basis for understanding landslide development in seismic zones, improving seismic design methodologies, and enhancing disaster resilience for mountainous infrastructure.
{"title":"Stability evolution and failure mechanism of debris slope under seismic load","authors":"Fengling Ji , Jingjing Yu , Jun Shen , Xiangshen Chen , Xuedong Bai , Qingfeng Lv","doi":"10.1016/j.rineng.2025.108554","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rineng.2025.108554","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study focuses on typical debris slopes in Qambo City, Tibet. An indoor model with typical debris slope geomorphological features was established. Through shaking table tests and numerical simulations, the dynamic response characteristics and instability evolution mechanisms under seismic load were investigated. The results reveal significant surficial effects and elevation amplification in peak ground acceleration (PGA) and peak ground displacement (PGD) responses, with pronounced acceleration amplification in the convex mid-upper slope regions. The extent of the amplified acceleration zone increases with higher amplitudes of seismic load. Dynamic earth pressure responses indicate that under low-amplitude vibrations, the slope primarily undergoes compaction (positive pressure), exhibiting elastic behavior. In contrast, under high-amplitude vibrations, loosening (negative pressure) dominates, leading to increased internal shear strain, structural stiffness degradation, reduced natural frequency, and accelerated energy accumulation, ultimately triggering instability. When the seismic wave frequency approaches the slope’s natural frequency, resonance effects are induced, forming extensive plastic zones and causing damage to propagate from the mid-slope toward the crest and lateral boundaries. Slope failure primarily originates in the geometrically abrupt mid-upper regions, with slip surfaces typically developing in the convex mid-slope rather than at the toe. The experiments and simulations further demonstrate a four-stage evolution process under seismic loading: particle sliding, crack initiation, crack propagation, and overall instability. This culminates in the formation of a continuous shear slip zone, characterized by a combined tensile-shear failure mode. These findings provide a theoretical basis for understanding landslide development in seismic zones, improving seismic design methodologies, and enhancing disaster resilience for mountainous infrastructure.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36919,"journal":{"name":"Results in Engineering","volume":"29 ","pages":"Article 108554"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145683213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-02DOI: 10.1016/j.rineng.2025.108553
Jie Zhao , Yijiang Fan , Jianshan Wang , Zhirui Yu
Lateral spreading deformation induced by seismic liquefaction significantly affects the safety and stability of breakwaters. This study improves the Newmark sliding block method by determining residual strength through standard penetration test values of liquefied soil, calculating yield acceleration based on sand residual strength, and inputting seismic ground motions corresponding to site response spectra for lateral spreading analysis. Simultaneously, the finite difference program FLAC is employed with the PM4Sand constitutive model for sand plasticity, which incorporates critical state theory and stress control principles, to predict seismic-induced site liquefaction lateral spreading. Comparison of different lateral spreading calculation values shows that: the improved Newmark method for calculating liquefaction lateral spreading is influenced by yield acceleration and seismic time history curves but does not consider nonlinear behavior under dynamic loading. In contrast, the PM4Sand model, through improved sand constitutive theory, more accurately simulates strength degradation and excess pore pressure ratio development in liquefied soil during earthquakes, effectively predicting liquefaction-induced lateral spreading. Combined with FLAC software for nonlinear analysis, the PM4Sand model predicts larger lateral spreading values than the Newmark method, providing a greater safety margin and more intuitive results. Analysis of liquefaction lateral spreading factors indicates that improving soil relative density can significantly reduce lateral spreading and enhance seismic stability.
{"title":"Liquefaction and lateral spreading of breakwater foundation","authors":"Jie Zhao , Yijiang Fan , Jianshan Wang , Zhirui Yu","doi":"10.1016/j.rineng.2025.108553","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rineng.2025.108553","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Lateral spreading deformation induced by seismic liquefaction significantly affects the safety and stability of breakwaters. This study improves the Newmark sliding block method by determining residual strength through standard penetration test values of liquefied soil, calculating yield acceleration based on sand residual strength, and inputting seismic ground motions corresponding to site response spectra for lateral spreading analysis. Simultaneously, the finite difference program FLAC is employed with the PM4Sand constitutive model for sand plasticity, which incorporates critical state theory and stress control principles, to predict seismic-induced site liquefaction lateral spreading. Comparison of different lateral spreading calculation values shows that: the improved Newmark method for calculating liquefaction lateral spreading is influenced by yield acceleration and seismic time history curves but does not consider nonlinear behavior under dynamic loading. In contrast, the PM4Sand model, through improved sand constitutive theory, more accurately simulates strength degradation and excess pore pressure ratio development in liquefied soil during earthquakes, effectively predicting liquefaction-induced lateral spreading. Combined with FLAC software for nonlinear analysis, the PM4Sand model predicts larger lateral spreading values than the Newmark method, providing a greater safety margin and more intuitive results. Analysis of liquefaction lateral spreading factors indicates that improving soil relative density can significantly reduce lateral spreading and enhance seismic stability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36919,"journal":{"name":"Results in Engineering","volume":"29 ","pages":"Article 108553"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145683348","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-02DOI: 10.1016/j.rineng.2025.108504
Sailesh Adhikari , Krishna Kanta Panthi , Chhatra Bahadur Basnet
The stability of the underground structures is critical for ensuring safe and efficient operation in hydropower projects. A key challenge is understanding how fluid flow through discontinuities in the surrounding rock mass influences the performance of underground structures like tunnels and caverns. This study investigates the stability of double-chambered settling basin caverns in a Hydropower Project in Nepal, focusing on the behaviour of fluid flow under operational conditions using a hydromechanically coupled discontinuum modelling approach. A representative numerical model is developed based on site-specific rock mass and joint properties, supported by laboratory tests on intact rock samples. The analysis shows that the maximum normal displacement induced by fluid flow in the joints is 6 mm, which is insufficient to cause instability. A leakage assessment is also performed to evaluate water flow from the caverns into the surrounding rock mass under different operating conditions. The maximum leakage is found to be 1.64 lt/min/m from a 3 m wide weakness zone, slightly exceeding the recommended limit of 1.5 lt/min/m. The results highlight the importance of comprehensive evaluation of fluid-rock interaction to ensure the long-term stability and serviceability of settling basin caverns. To the best of author’s knowledge, the influence of fluid flow through joints in water-filled underground settling-basin caverns has been rarely studied.
{"title":"Fluid flow assessment of double-chambered settling basin caverns during the operational conditions","authors":"Sailesh Adhikari , Krishna Kanta Panthi , Chhatra Bahadur Basnet","doi":"10.1016/j.rineng.2025.108504","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rineng.2025.108504","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The stability of the underground structures is critical for ensuring safe and efficient operation in hydropower projects. A key challenge is understanding how fluid flow through discontinuities in the surrounding rock mass influences the performance of underground structures like tunnels and caverns. This study investigates the stability of double-chambered settling basin caverns in a Hydropower Project in Nepal, focusing on the behaviour of fluid flow under operational conditions using a hydromechanically coupled discontinuum modelling approach. A representative numerical model is developed based on site-specific rock mass and joint properties, supported by laboratory tests on intact rock samples. The analysis shows that the maximum normal displacement induced by fluid flow in the joints is 6 mm, which is insufficient to cause instability. A leakage assessment is also performed to evaluate water flow from the caverns into the surrounding rock mass under different operating conditions. The maximum leakage is found to be 1.64 lt/min/m from a 3 m wide weakness zone, slightly exceeding the recommended limit of 1.5 lt/min/m. The results highlight the importance of comprehensive evaluation of fluid-rock interaction to ensure the long-term stability and serviceability of settling basin caverns. To the best of author’s knowledge, the influence of fluid flow through joints in water-filled underground settling-basin caverns has been rarely studied.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36919,"journal":{"name":"Results in Engineering","volume":"29 ","pages":"Article 108504"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145683946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-02DOI: 10.1016/j.rineng.2025.108546
Bodem Indraja, Arijit Datta, Sreenivasulu Tupakula, Swagata Samanta
Recent advancements in the spatiotemporal engineering of electromagnetic wavefronts have redefined contemporary beam-shaping paradigms, solidifying their role as foundational elements in emergent photonic architectures and precipitating breakthroughs in nanoscale optical physics, hypersensitive metrology, computational imaging, optical sensing, and terabit-scale optical communications. Building upon this technological inflection point, the present investigation delineates a meticulously architected fiber-optic refractometric platform predicated on Airy-vortex beam excitation as distinguished by its intrinsic orbital angular momentum and transversely self-accelerating intensity profile. The principal novelty of the proposed sensing scheme resides in harnessing an Airy-vortex beam, whose unique spatial topology affords highly efficient and selective excitation of higher-order modes within a decladded multimode fiber, thereby augmenting evanescent-field confinement at the fiber-medium boundary. Furthermore, our study was supported by full-vector Beam propagation method (BPM) simulations in OptiBPM (v13.1.3), enabling detailed examination of Airy-vortex beam dynamics across the sensor geometry. The comprehensive beam propagation analysis establishes a peak sensitivity of 2808.49 dB/RIU with the refractive index resolution as fine as 3.56 × 10⁻⁶ RIU, surpassing the Gaussian-mode analogues by a conspicuous margin. Thus, this unique blend of diffraction resilience and structured phase topology inherent to the Airy-vortex beam renders this architecture a compelling platform for high-resolution, real-time refractometric sensing across various chemical, environmental, and biomedical regimes.
{"title":"Structured-light-driven high-sensitivity optical refractive index sensing using the airy-vortex beam excitation","authors":"Bodem Indraja, Arijit Datta, Sreenivasulu Tupakula, Swagata Samanta","doi":"10.1016/j.rineng.2025.108546","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rineng.2025.108546","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Recent advancements in the spatiotemporal engineering of electromagnetic wavefronts have redefined contemporary beam-shaping paradigms, solidifying their role as foundational elements in emergent photonic architectures and precipitating breakthroughs in nanoscale optical physics, hypersensitive metrology, computational imaging, optical sensing, and terabit-scale optical communications. Building upon this technological inflection point, the present investigation delineates a meticulously architected fiber-optic refractometric platform predicated on Airy-vortex beam excitation as distinguished by its intrinsic orbital angular momentum and transversely self-accelerating intensity profile. The principal novelty of the proposed sensing scheme resides in harnessing an Airy-vortex beam, whose unique spatial topology affords highly efficient and selective excitation of higher-order modes within a decladded multimode fiber, thereby augmenting evanescent-field confinement at the fiber-medium boundary. Furthermore, our study was supported by full-vector Beam propagation method (BPM) simulations in OptiBPM (v13.1.3), enabling detailed examination of Airy-vortex beam dynamics across the sensor geometry. The comprehensive beam propagation analysis establishes a peak sensitivity of 2808.49 dB/RIU with the refractive index resolution as fine as 3.56 × 10⁻⁶ RIU, surpassing the Gaussian-mode analogues by a conspicuous margin. Thus, this unique blend of diffraction resilience and structured phase topology inherent to the Airy-vortex beam renders this architecture a compelling platform for high-resolution, real-time refractometric sensing across various chemical, environmental, and biomedical regimes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36919,"journal":{"name":"Results in Engineering","volume":"29 ","pages":"Article 108546"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145683195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-02DOI: 10.1016/j.rineng.2025.108542
Muneeb Khan , Tianfeng Zhou , Qian Yu , Weijia Guo , Yupeng He , Bin Zhao , Yongjie Zhang , Hui Deng
Precision glass molding (PGM) requires high-performance binderless tungsten carbide (WC) molds, but its extreme hardness and poor machinability hinders direct precision structuring. Introducing a Ni-P plating layer as a machinable and protective interface offers a feasible solution. This study investigates the efficacy of atmospheric pressure (AP) plasma activation for improving the uniformity, surface quality, corrosion resistance, and adhesion of electroless Ni-P plating on binderless WC substrate. Compared to traditional Pd activation method, AP plasma activation significantly increases the surface energy of the binderless WC substrate, promoting uniform Ni-P nucleation and growth. The resulting Ni-P plating exhibits improved thickness (up to 98 μm, a 145 % increase over Pd-activation), high homogeneity (with surface roughness Ra reduced to ∼20 nm post-plating, compared to ∼2.2 μm for Pd-activation), and formation of Ni2P and Ni3P strengthening phases confirmed via XRD. Scratch tests demonstrate excellent adhesion between the Ni-P plating and the plasma-treated substrate, with no delamination or cracking under a progressive 15 N load, unlike Pd-activated substrate which suffers severe failure due to hydrogen embrittlement. This study advances the understanding of electroless Ni-P plating on AP plasma activated binderless WC, which will further facilitate its integration into PGM mold production for improved molding performance and durability.
{"title":"Atmospheric plasma activation enhanced electroless Ni-P plating on binderless WC","authors":"Muneeb Khan , Tianfeng Zhou , Qian Yu , Weijia Guo , Yupeng He , Bin Zhao , Yongjie Zhang , Hui Deng","doi":"10.1016/j.rineng.2025.108542","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rineng.2025.108542","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Precision glass molding (PGM) requires high-performance binderless tungsten carbide (WC) molds, but its extreme hardness and poor machinability hinders direct precision structuring. Introducing a Ni-P plating layer as a machinable and protective interface offers a feasible solution. This study investigates the efficacy of atmospheric pressure (AP) plasma activation for improving the uniformity, surface quality, corrosion resistance, and adhesion of electroless Ni-P plating on binderless WC substrate. Compared to traditional Pd activation method, AP plasma activation significantly increases the surface energy of the binderless WC substrate, promoting uniform Ni-P nucleation and growth. The resulting Ni-P plating exhibits improved thickness (up to 98 μm, a 145 % increase over Pd-activation), high homogeneity (with surface roughness Ra reduced to ∼20 nm post-plating, compared to ∼2.2 μm for Pd-activation), and formation of Ni<sub>2</sub>P and Ni<sub>3</sub>P strengthening phases confirmed via XRD. Scratch tests demonstrate excellent adhesion between the Ni-P plating and the plasma-treated substrate, with no delamination or cracking under a progressive 15 N load, unlike Pd-activated substrate which suffers severe failure due to hydrogen embrittlement. This study advances the understanding of electroless Ni-P plating on AP plasma activated binderless WC, which will further facilitate its integration into PGM mold production for improved molding performance and durability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36919,"journal":{"name":"Results in Engineering","volume":"29 ","pages":"Article 108542"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145683951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Supercapacitors are crucial at both room and low temperatures (LTs) due to the demand for high-power energy and rapid charge-discharge capabilities. Herein, a new ternary electrolyte system (TES) consisting of sodium perchlorate (NaClO4), water, and a non-toxic co-solvent, propylene glycol, was designed. Additionally, date-seed-derived activated carbon (AC) was utilized for supercapacitor assembly to demonstrate that bio-derived AC can perform as effectively as commercial alternatives at LTs. High-surface-area (2423 m2 g-1), free-standing AC electrodes were incorporated into a symmetric supercapacitor employing the TES. The interconnected micro-mesoporous structure of the AC enhances charge storage and transport, ensuring reliable operation across a range of temperatures; while the 6 m TES remains liquid down to -80 °C and maintains favorable physicochemical properties, with a viscosity of 104.9 mPa·s and a conductivity of 7.18 mS cm-1 at -20 °C. The combined system exhibits excellent electrochemical performance, retaining nearly 100 % Coulombic efficiency and capacitance over 10,000 cycles at 1 A g-1 at -40 °C. At this temperature, stable charge storage is sustained with minimal IR drop, and the electrochemical stability window (ESW) extends up to 2.0 V. This widened ESW allowed us to increase the energy density of supercapacitors up to 73 W kg-1, which is essential for their performance. The combination of a bio-waste-derived electrode and a non-toxic, water-based electrolyte presents a sustainable and scalable approach to energy storage.
由于对高功率能量和快速充放电能力的需求，超级电容器在室温和低温（lt）中都至关重要。本文设计了一种由高氯酸钠（NaClO4）、水和无毒共溶剂丙二醇组成的三元电解质体系（TES）。此外，枣子衍生活性炭（AC）被用于超级电容器组装，以证明生物衍生的AC在LTs上可以像商业替代品一样有效。采用TES将高表面积（2423 m2 g-1）、独立交流电极集成到对称超级电容器中。交流电相互连接的微介孔结构增强了电荷的存储和传输，确保了在一系列温度下的可靠运行；而6 m TES在-80℃下仍保持液态，并保持良好的物理化学性能，在-20℃下粘度为104.9 mPa·s，电导率为7.18 mS cm-1。复合体系表现出优异的电化学性能，在-40°C下，在1 A g-1下保持近100%的库仑效率和超过10,000次循环的电容。在此温度下，稳定的电荷存储保持在最小的IR下降，电化学稳定窗口（ESW）扩展到2.0 V。这种扩大的ESW使我们能够将超级电容器的能量密度提高到73 W kg-1，这对它们的性能至关重要。生物废物衍生电极和无毒水基电解质的组合提出了一种可持续和可扩展的能量存储方法。
{"title":"Low-temperature supercapacitors enabled by date-seed-derived activated carbon and NaClO4-based aqueous ternary electrolyte system","authors":"Nazym Makanova , Ayaulym Belgibayeva , Gulnur Kalimuldina , Vladimir Pavlenko , Aliya Mukanova , Zhumabay Bakenov , Arailym Nurpeissova","doi":"10.1016/j.rineng.2025.108550","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rineng.2025.108550","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Supercapacitors are crucial at both room and low temperatures (LTs) due to the demand for high-power energy and rapid charge-discharge capabilities. Herein, a new ternary electrolyte system (TES) consisting of sodium perchlorate (NaClO<sub>4</sub>), water, and a non-toxic co-solvent, propylene glycol, was designed. Additionally, date-seed-derived activated carbon (AC) was utilized for supercapacitor assembly to demonstrate that bio-derived AC can perform as effectively as commercial alternatives at LTs. High-surface-area (2423 m<sup>2</sup> g<sup>-1</sup>), free-standing AC electrodes were incorporated into a symmetric supercapacitor employing the TES. The interconnected micro-mesoporous structure of the AC enhances charge storage and transport, ensuring reliable operation across a range of temperatures; while the 6 m TES remains liquid down to -80 °C and maintains favorable physicochemical properties, with a viscosity of 104.9 mPa·s and a conductivity of 7.18 mS cm<sup>-1</sup> at -20 °C. The combined system exhibits excellent electrochemical performance, retaining nearly 100 % Coulombic efficiency and capacitance over 10,000 cycles at 1 A g<sup>-1</sup> at -40 °C. At this temperature, stable charge storage is sustained with minimal IR drop, and the electrochemical stability window (ESW) extends up to 2.0 V. This widened ESW allowed us to increase the energy density of supercapacitors up to 73 W kg<sup>-1</sup>, which is essential for their performance. The combination of a bio-waste-derived electrode and a non-toxic, water-based electrolyte presents a sustainable and scalable approach to energy storage.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36919,"journal":{"name":"Results in Engineering","volume":"29 ","pages":"Article 108550"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145683152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01DOI: 10.1016/j.rineng.2025.108380
Mostafa Mohamed Ahmed Mohamed, Husna Bt Takaijudin, Shamsul Rahman B M Kutty, Najib Mohammed Yahya Al-Mahbashi, Baker Nasser Saleh Al-dhawi, Hussam Mohammed Ali Al-Akwaa
The inadequate remediation of domestic wastewater poses a significant environmental threat, impacting both water quality and human health. Currently, non-conventional treatment methods are being employed to complement conventional counterparts, which are often expensive and energy-intensive. This review highlights nature-based solutions (NbS), such as floating wetlands, as promising alternatives for wastewater treatment. It emphasises the role of various types of biomass, such as aquatic plants, agricultural byproducts, and waste materials, in enhancing nutrient removal within these systems. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights into research trends in this domain through bibliometric analysis. A total of 600 documents, published between 2004 and 2024, were extracted from the Scopus database. The analysis shows a positive growth trend in both annual publications and the diversity of document types, indicating a growing interest and increasing adoption of NbS for sustainable wastewater management. According to co-country analysis, China, India, and the United States emerged as the leading contributors, with 5610, 1783, and 4401 citations, respectively, reflecting their strong research engagement in the field. The bibliometric analysis in this review identified knowledge gaps, emerging trends, and research impact, while mapping the intellectual structure of the field. It serves as a foundation for future collaboration and innovation in floating wetlands, biomass pretreatment, and technological integration for improved and sustainable wastewater treatment.
{"title":"Harnessing the potential of biomass to enhance domestic wastewater treatment through integrated floating wetlands: A review complemented by bibliometric insights","authors":"Mostafa Mohamed Ahmed Mohamed, Husna Bt Takaijudin, Shamsul Rahman B M Kutty, Najib Mohammed Yahya Al-Mahbashi, Baker Nasser Saleh Al-dhawi, Hussam Mohammed Ali Al-Akwaa","doi":"10.1016/j.rineng.2025.108380","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rineng.2025.108380","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The inadequate remediation of domestic wastewater poses a significant environmental threat, impacting both water quality and human health. Currently, non-conventional treatment methods are being employed to complement conventional counterparts, which are often expensive and energy-intensive. This review highlights nature-based solutions (NbS), such as floating wetlands, as promising alternatives for wastewater treatment. It emphasises the role of various types of biomass, such as aquatic plants, agricultural byproducts, and waste materials, in enhancing nutrient removal within these systems. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights into research trends in this domain through bibliometric analysis. A total of 600 documents, published between 2004 and 2024, were extracted from the Scopus database. The analysis shows a positive growth trend in both annual publications and the diversity of document types, indicating a growing interest and increasing adoption of NbS for sustainable wastewater management. According to co-country analysis, China, India, and the United States emerged as the leading contributors, with 5610, 1783, and 4401 citations, respectively, reflecting their strong research engagement in the field. The bibliometric analysis in this review identified knowledge gaps, emerging trends, and research impact, while mapping the intellectual structure of the field. It serves as a foundation for future collaboration and innovation in floating wetlands, biomass pretreatment, and technological integration for improved and sustainable wastewater treatment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36919,"journal":{"name":"Results in Engineering","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article 108380"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145623832","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01DOI: 10.1016/j.rineng.2025.108525
Beemkumar Nagappan , K Narsimha Reddy , Parin Patel , Santhosh MB , Santosh Singh , Sanghamitra Pradhan , Ritesh Pratap Singh , Kamakshi Priya K
Remote communities in India predominantly depend on diesel and conventional biomass, resulting in high costs and significant emissions. Batteries are effective only for short-duration applications, while pumped-hydro storage faces geographical constraints, making hydrogen a promising alternative for seasonal and transportable energy storage. With a specific energy of 33.6 kWh kg⁻¹, hydrogen is particularly suited to decentralized microgrid configurations. This review integrates diverse hydrogen storage technologies, compressed, liquid, and solid-state, with renewable production pathways such as solar and wind electrolysis and biomass gasification, specifically targeting rural Indian contexts. A systematic search, conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) protocols and using predefined Boolean operators, yielded 120 relevant studies. This work critically examines optimization strategies, including linear and mixed-integer linear programming, stochastic and dynamic models, and multi-objective evolutionary algorithms, combined with recent advances in artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) for improved forecasting and operational control. Comparative case studies highlight transitions such as photovoltaic-to-hydrogen in Ladakh, wind-to-hydrogen in Gujarat, and biomass-to-hydrogen combined heat and power in Northeast India, revealing performance metrics and implementation bottlenecks. Key barriers include high capital costs, energy losses during compression and liquefaction, and limited policy support in rural areas. Opportunities exist in modular energy hubs, indigenous manufacturing, and targeted incentives. A synthesized conceptual framework is proposed to align techno-economic, environmental, and social dimensions, identifying strategic priorities to accelerate hydrogen adoption and support India’s net-zero emissions target by 2070.
印度的偏远社区主要依赖柴油和传统的生物质能，这导致了高昂的成本和大量的排放。电池仅在短时间内有效，而抽水蓄能面临地理限制，这使得氢成为季节性和可运输能源储存的有希望的替代方案。氢的比能量为33.6 kWh kg - 1，特别适合分散的微电网配置。这篇综述整合了多种储氢技术，包括压缩、液体和固态，以及可再生生产途径，如太阳能、风能电解和生物质气化，特别针对印度农村地区。根据系统评价和荟萃分析（PRISMA）协议的首选报告项并使用预定义的布尔运算符进行系统搜索，产生了120项相关研究。这项工作严格检查优化策略，包括线性和混合整数线性规划，随机和动态模型，以及多目标进化算法，并结合人工智能（AI）和机器学习（ML）的最新进展，以改进预测和操作控制。主要障碍包括高昂的资本成本、压缩和液化过程中的能源损失以及农村地区的政策支持有限。机会存在于模块化能源中心、本土制造和有针对性的激励措施中。提出了一个综合的概念框架，以协调技术、经济、环境和社会方面的关系，确定加快氢采用的战略重点，并支持印度到2070年实现净零排放目标。
{"title":"Renewable Hydrogen storage pathways for decentralized energy systems in remote Indian communities: A review of technologies, optimization strategies, and policy perspectives","authors":"Beemkumar Nagappan , K Narsimha Reddy , Parin Patel , Santhosh MB , Santosh Singh , Sanghamitra Pradhan , Ritesh Pratap Singh , Kamakshi Priya K","doi":"10.1016/j.rineng.2025.108525","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rineng.2025.108525","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Remote communities in India predominantly depend on diesel and conventional biomass, resulting in high costs and significant emissions. Batteries are effective only for short-duration applications, while pumped-hydro storage faces geographical constraints, making hydrogen a promising alternative for seasonal and transportable energy storage. With a specific energy of 33.6 kWh kg⁻¹, hydrogen is particularly suited to decentralized microgrid configurations. This review integrates diverse hydrogen storage technologies, compressed, liquid, and solid-state, with renewable production pathways such as solar and wind electrolysis and biomass gasification, specifically targeting rural Indian contexts. A systematic search, conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) protocols and using predefined Boolean operators, yielded 120 relevant studies. This work critically examines optimization strategies, including linear and mixed-integer linear programming, stochastic and dynamic models, and multi-objective evolutionary algorithms, combined with recent advances in artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) for improved forecasting and operational control. Comparative case studies highlight transitions such as photovoltaic-to-hydrogen in Ladakh, wind-to-hydrogen in Gujarat, and biomass-to-hydrogen combined heat and power in Northeast India, revealing performance metrics and implementation bottlenecks. Key barriers include high capital costs, energy losses during compression and liquefaction, and limited policy support in rural areas. Opportunities exist in modular energy hubs, indigenous manufacturing, and targeted incentives. A synthesized conceptual framework is proposed to align techno-economic, environmental, and social dimensions, identifying strategic priorities to accelerate hydrogen adoption and support India’s net-zero emissions target by 2070.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36919,"journal":{"name":"Results in Engineering","volume":"29 ","pages":"Article 108525"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145683154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01DOI: 10.1016/j.rineng.2025.108266
Rupali P. Shete , Anupkumar M. Bongale , Laxmikantha K , Shivamurthy Hiremath , Deepak Dharrao
Smart aquaculture that integrates Secure Internet of Things (IoT) and Machine Learning (ML) is vital for sustainable food production but remains fragmented and insufficiently structured. There is a lack of bibliometric analysis limiting a clear understanding of current research trends and technical challenges. The proposed research presents a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of the field from 2000 to 2025, based on a triangulated dataset of 2228 publications retrieved from Scopus, Web of Science(WoS), and Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers(IEEE)Xplore. Records were systematically collected, deduplicated, and analyzed using Bibliometrix and VOSviewer, with sensitivity checks confirming database robustness. Results reveal exponential growth of research output after 2020, with China and India emerging as leading contributors, followed by the United States and several European nations. The analysis highlights English language publications are dominant. Additionally, top contributing institutions, and strong international collaborations, alongside thematic hotspots such as Deep Learning (DL) for disease prediction, real time water quality forecasting, blockchain enabled traceability, and secure IoT frameworks are discussed. Novel dimensions are also captured, including equity in geographic and species research, limited attention to data governance and privacy, and early signals of sustainability concerns such as energy efficiency and lifecycle assessment. These findings provide strategic insights for researchers, industry, and policy makers, while underscoring that future progress in smart aquaculture will depend as much on governance and sustainability as on technological innovation.
集成了安全物联网（IoT）和机器学习（ML）的智能水产养殖对可持续粮食生产至关重要，但仍然是碎片化和结构化不足的。文献计量分析的缺乏限制了对当前研究趋势和技术挑战的清晰理解。该研究提出了一个全面的文献计量学分析，从2000年到2025年，基于从Scopus， Web of Science（WoS）和Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers(IEEE)Xplore检索的2228篇出版物的三角数据集。系统地收集记录，使用Bibliometrix和VOSviewer进行重复数据删除和分析，并进行敏感性检查以确认数据库的稳健性。结果显示，2020年之后，研究产出将呈指数级增长，中国和印度将成为主要贡献者，其次是美国和几个欧洲国家。分析强调，英语出版物占主导地位。此外，还讨论了顶级贡献机构和强大的国际合作，以及用于疾病预测的深度学习（DL）、实时水质预测、区块链支持的可追溯性和安全物联网框架等主题热点。新的维度也被捕捉到，包括地理和物种研究的公平性，对数据治理和隐私的有限关注，以及能源效率和生命周期评估等可持续性问题的早期信号。这些发现为研究人员、行业和政策制定者提供了战略见解，同时强调，智能水产养殖的未来进展将既取决于技术创新，也取决于治理和可持续性。
{"title":"Comprehensive analysis of aquaculture research trends focusing on Internet of Things, machine learning, water quality monitoring, and cybersecurity over two decades using bibliometric data","authors":"Rupali P. Shete , Anupkumar M. Bongale , Laxmikantha K , Shivamurthy Hiremath , Deepak Dharrao","doi":"10.1016/j.rineng.2025.108266","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rineng.2025.108266","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Smart aquaculture that integrates Secure Internet of Things (IoT) and Machine Learning (ML) is vital for sustainable food production but remains fragmented and insufficiently structured. There is a lack of bibliometric analysis limiting a clear understanding of current research trends and technical challenges. The proposed research presents a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of the field from 2000 to 2025, based on a triangulated dataset of 2228 publications retrieved from Scopus, Web of Science(WoS), and Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers(IEEE)Xplore. Records were systematically collected, deduplicated, and analyzed using Bibliometrix and VOSviewer, with sensitivity checks confirming database robustness. Results reveal exponential growth of research output after 2020, with China and India emerging as leading contributors, followed by the United States and several European nations. The analysis highlights English language publications are dominant. Additionally, top contributing institutions, and strong international collaborations, alongside thematic hotspots such as Deep Learning (DL) for disease prediction, real time water quality forecasting, blockchain enabled traceability, and secure IoT frameworks are discussed. Novel dimensions are also captured, including equity in geographic and species research, limited attention to data governance and privacy, and early signals of sustainability concerns such as energy efficiency and lifecycle assessment. These findings provide strategic insights for researchers, industry, and policy makers, while underscoring that future progress in smart aquaculture will depend as much on governance and sustainability as on technological innovation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36919,"journal":{"name":"Results in Engineering","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article 108266"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145623833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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