Pub Date : 1956-05-01DOI: 10.1017/S0363691700010035
M. D. Morris
The problem of the economic condition of the peasantry in societies in the early stages of an industrial revolution has long been a matter of interest to economic historians, and recently it has been taken up by economists concerned with the contemporary problem of economic development. The prototype has traditionally been the career of the peasantry in England during the period after 1750. The classical description of the fate of this peasantry is well known, a tale of ruthless enclosure, steady increase in landless day laborers, and a persistent decline in the standard of life. The ablest description of this process in the venerable vein can be found in the writings of Arnold Toynbee, Paul Mantoux, and John and Barbara Hammond. Since about 1925, however, the canonical view of the career of the English peasantry has come under serious attack by J. H. Clapham, T. S. Ashton, and J. D. Chambers. In fact, the older view so passionately explored by the Hammonds has been much modified, and a new picture of the impact of the industrial revolution on the peasantry is slowly emerging.
{"title":"The Problem of the Peasant Agriculturist in Meiji Japan, 1873-1885","authors":"M. D. Morris","doi":"10.1017/S0363691700010035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0363691700010035","url":null,"abstract":"The problem of the economic condition of the peasantry in societies in the early stages of an industrial revolution has long been a matter of interest to economic historians, and recently it has been taken up by economists concerned with the contemporary problem of economic development. The prototype has traditionally been the career of the peasantry in England during the period after 1750. The classical description of the fate of this peasantry is well known, a tale of ruthless enclosure, steady increase in landless day laborers, and a persistent decline in the standard of life. The ablest description of this process in the venerable vein can be found in the writings of Arnold Toynbee, Paul Mantoux, and John and Barbara Hammond. Since about 1925, however, the canonical view of the career of the English peasantry has come under serious attack by J. H. Clapham, T. S. Ashton, and J. D. Chambers. In fact, the older view so passionately explored by the Hammonds has been much modified, and a new picture of the impact of the industrial revolution on the peasantry is slowly emerging.","PeriodicalId":369319,"journal":{"name":"The Far Eastern Quarterly","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1956-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124543098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1956-05-01DOI: 10.1017/S0363691700010011
Stella Kramrisch
According to traditional Indian belief and practice every creature has a function (vrata) which he fulfills in the universe. What function did the artist or craftsman fulfill in society, and in that other invisible part of the universe, which he was able to convey by his work to those around him and to posterity? The distinction often made in the West between artist and craftsman did not affect India. The practitioner of one of the sixty-four recognized branches of art (kala), which provided channels for every possible kind of creative endowment to be trained and employed, fulfilled his calling in the best way possible to him, and thus carried out his universal task.
{"title":"Artist, Patron, and Public in India","authors":"Stella Kramrisch","doi":"10.1017/S0363691700010011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0363691700010011","url":null,"abstract":"According to traditional Indian belief and practice every creature has a function (vrata) which he fulfills in the universe. What function did the artist or craftsman fulfill in society, and in that other invisible part of the universe, which he was able to convey by his work to those around him and to posterity? The distinction often made in the West between artist and craftsman did not affect India. The practitioner of one of the sixty-four recognized branches of art (kala), which provided channels for every possible kind of creative endowment to be trained and employed, fulfilled his calling in the best way possible to him, and thus carried out his universal task.","PeriodicalId":369319,"journal":{"name":"The Far Eastern Quarterly","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1956-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121003253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Throughout eastern and southern Asia the village stands in a position of critical but often unacknowledged importance. It provides the residence and social focus for an overwhelming proportion of the people living in those parts of the continent lying east of Afghanistan and south of the Soviet borders—perhaps some 72 per cent of the total, or roughly 900,000,000 persons. Or, if only the regions specifically under examination in this symposium—Japan, India, Java, and the Philippine Islands—are taken into account, it will be discovered that some 62, 83, 80, and 75 per cent of their respective populations reside in villages.2 When one speaks of village government or politics in eastern or southern Asia then, a vast preponderance of the area's total population is involved.
{"title":"Village Government in Eastern and Southern Asia: A Symposium","authors":"","doi":"10.2307/2941764","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2941764","url":null,"abstract":"Throughout eastern and southern Asia the village stands in a position of critical but often unacknowledged importance. It provides the residence and social focus for an overwhelming proportion of the people living in those parts of the continent lying east of Afghanistan and south of the Soviet borders—perhaps some 72 per cent of the total, or roughly 900,000,000 persons. Or, if only the regions specifically under examination in this symposium—Japan, India, Java, and the Philippine Islands—are taken into account, it will be discovered that some 62, 83, 80, and 75 per cent of their respective populations reside in villages.2 When one speaks of village government or politics in eastern or southern Asia then, a vast preponderance of the area's total population is involved.","PeriodicalId":369319,"journal":{"name":"The Far Eastern Quarterly","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1956-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128227736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
One wonders what the general reading public has made of the translations of traditional Chinese fiction which have recently appeared in bookstores, in several instances in paper-bound series usually devoted to up-to-date novels of violence and vampires. Chinese colloquial fiction before the coming of Western influences certainly contains enough of both murder and adultery to give the average reader a sense of literary familiarity; but the thoughtful reader must be puzzled by an undefinable inadequacy, by a feeling of literary promise unfulfilled, to which even the student of Chinese stories and novels must confess. Unconsciously conditioned as are we all to the premises and achievements of European fiction, we cannot fail to weigh this fiction of another culture in the same balance and find it vaguely wanting. In the following pages I intend to isolate several of the factors which contribute to our impression of disappointment upon reading those works which have long been a source of delight to the Chinese.
{"title":"Some Limitations of Chinese Fiction","authors":"J. L. Bishop","doi":"10.2307/2941769","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2941769","url":null,"abstract":"One wonders what the general reading public has made of the translations of traditional Chinese fiction which have recently appeared in bookstores, in several instances in paper-bound series usually devoted to up-to-date novels of violence and vampires. Chinese colloquial fiction before the coming of Western influences certainly contains enough of both murder and adultery to give the average reader a sense of literary familiarity; but the thoughtful reader must be puzzled by an undefinable inadequacy, by a feeling of literary promise unfulfilled, to which even the student of Chinese stories and novels must confess. Unconsciously conditioned as are we all to the premises and achievements of European fiction, we cannot fail to weigh this fiction of another culture in the same balance and find it vaguely wanting. In the following pages I intend to isolate several of the factors which contribute to our impression of disappointment upon reading those works which have long been a source of delight to the Chinese.","PeriodicalId":369319,"journal":{"name":"The Far Eastern Quarterly","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1956-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129360722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Russia's Japan Expedition of 1852–1855 . By George Alexander Lensen. Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 1955. xxvii, 208. Cloth, $5.00. Paper, $4.00.","authors":"J. A. Harrison","doi":"10.2307/2941785","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2941785","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":369319,"journal":{"name":"The Far Eastern Quarterly","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1956-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126818611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Report on the First General Elections in India 1951-52. By the ELECTION COMMISSION, INDIA. New Delhi: Government of India Press, 1955. 2 vols., 249, 889. This long-awaited Report is similar in its thoroughness to the arrangements made by the Election Commission for the conduct of India's first general elections. Volume I contains a review of the election machinery including criticisms and recommendations for change. In addition there is an informative section of the role of political parties, the press and government servants in the electoral process. Included also are several excellent maps, both of India and of the individual states, which show the distribution of seats won by the various parties. Volume II contains detailed election tables giving all candidates and votes polled by constituency for all elective offices. In addition, data is given for all bye-elections held prior to October 31,1953, a date which excludes the complete re-elections of legislative assemblies in Travancore-Cochin, Patiala and East Punjab States Union, and Andhra. This document under review is the Government of India's report detailing the manner in which 51.15% of India's vast electorate of 173,213,635 voters went to the polls. Even the conventional style of presentation cannot conceal the excitement of this experiment in democratic procedures:
{"title":"Report on the First General Elections in India 1951–52 . By the Election Commission, India. New Delhi: Government of India Press, 1955. 2 vols., 249, 889.","authors":"I. Tinker","doi":"10.2307/2941789","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2941789","url":null,"abstract":"Report on the First General Elections in India 1951-52. By the ELECTION COMMISSION, INDIA. New Delhi: Government of India Press, 1955. 2 vols., 249, 889. This long-awaited Report is similar in its thoroughness to the arrangements made by the Election Commission for the conduct of India's first general elections. Volume I contains a review of the election machinery including criticisms and recommendations for change. In addition there is an informative section of the role of political parties, the press and government servants in the electoral process. Included also are several excellent maps, both of India and of the individual states, which show the distribution of seats won by the various parties. Volume II contains detailed election tables giving all candidates and votes polled by constituency for all elective offices. In addition, data is given for all bye-elections held prior to October 31,1953, a date which excludes the complete re-elections of legislative assemblies in Travancore-Cochin, Patiala and East Punjab States Union, and Andhra. This document under review is the Government of India's report detailing the manner in which 51.15% of India's vast electorate of 173,213,635 voters went to the polls. Even the conventional style of presentation cannot conceal the excitement of this experiment in democratic procedures:","PeriodicalId":369319,"journal":{"name":"The Far Eastern Quarterly","volume":"58 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1956-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114753044","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
noun (see Arts. 5, 11 and 18). Yet iiwatasu and iiwatashi are examples where different usages may require different equivalents. Perhaps out of consideration for the many laymen, military and otherwise, who use this translation in Japan, Blakemore's rendition is often more lucid than literal. Sometimes this reviewer feels confident the freer translation is of positive value, as for instance in Art. 19, page 17 where a tortuous Japanese double negative is avoided. Some linguists may feel that in other passages a greater fidelity to the exact wording of the text could have been achieved without inordinate sacrifice of readability (e.g., Art. 27). Whether in most of the places where the translation is rather free a word-for-word rendition would make a difference in the meaning is difficult to say without specific cases to subject the language to the strain of construction. In most places, Blakemore's translation seems to reflect the meaning adequately. Of course a literal translation would require a use of brackets where the translator has added words for clarity: e.g., Art. 11, p. 11 [punishment]; Art. 18, p. 15 [the Court]; Art. 18, p. 11 [substitute]; Art. 19, p. 17 [commission of a] and [mentioned in the preceding paragraph]; Art. 37, p. 33 [professional or]. Most of the discussion above falls within the range of translating policy or taste. The following mistakes should also be noted: In Art. 25-2, p. 22, the Japanese version omits Sec. 3, whereas the English, p. 23, gives a translation of Sec. 3 but omits Sec. 2. In Art. 34-2, "punishment of detention or minor fine" for bakkin ika should include "fines" (i.e., either "punishments of a fine," "detention or minor fine," or preferably "penalties of a fine or less"). The selection of English equivalents for Japanese legal concepts in the criminal law filed presents some knotty problems beyond the scope of this review. For example, "amnesty" is probably the best equivalent for taisha in Art. 52, p. 41, but it raises the problem of the relationship between amnesty and pardon in American law, and taisha and tokusha in Japanese law. "Attempt" for misuizai in Art. 43 and 44, p. 37 may be as close as a short equivalent can get, but cases of voluntary abandonment of the criminal intent is grounds for mitigation in the Japanese law but not in the American law. A legal concept from one legal system in its application usually covers factual situations which do not coincide precisely with the best equivalent concept from another legal system, hence a translation is at best an approximation. In general Blakemore has achieved an admirable approximation.
{"title":"Kannami Kiyotsugu . By Toyoichirō Nogami. Tokyo, 1949. 8 + 155.","authors":"Richard N. McKinnon","doi":"10.2307/2941787","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2941787","url":null,"abstract":"noun (see Arts. 5, 11 and 18). Yet iiwatasu and iiwatashi are examples where different usages may require different equivalents. Perhaps out of consideration for the many laymen, military and otherwise, who use this translation in Japan, Blakemore's rendition is often more lucid than literal. Sometimes this reviewer feels confident the freer translation is of positive value, as for instance in Art. 19, page 17 where a tortuous Japanese double negative is avoided. Some linguists may feel that in other passages a greater fidelity to the exact wording of the text could have been achieved without inordinate sacrifice of readability (e.g., Art. 27). Whether in most of the places where the translation is rather free a word-for-word rendition would make a difference in the meaning is difficult to say without specific cases to subject the language to the strain of construction. In most places, Blakemore's translation seems to reflect the meaning adequately. Of course a literal translation would require a use of brackets where the translator has added words for clarity: e.g., Art. 11, p. 11 [punishment]; Art. 18, p. 15 [the Court]; Art. 18, p. 11 [substitute]; Art. 19, p. 17 [commission of a] and [mentioned in the preceding paragraph]; Art. 37, p. 33 [professional or]. Most of the discussion above falls within the range of translating policy or taste. The following mistakes should also be noted: In Art. 25-2, p. 22, the Japanese version omits Sec. 3, whereas the English, p. 23, gives a translation of Sec. 3 but omits Sec. 2. In Art. 34-2, \"punishment of detention or minor fine\" for bakkin ika should include \"fines\" (i.e., either \"punishments of a fine,\" \"detention or minor fine,\" or preferably \"penalties of a fine or less\"). The selection of English equivalents for Japanese legal concepts in the criminal law filed presents some knotty problems beyond the scope of this review. For example, \"amnesty\" is probably the best equivalent for taisha in Art. 52, p. 41, but it raises the problem of the relationship between amnesty and pardon in American law, and taisha and tokusha in Japanese law. \"Attempt\" for misuizai in Art. 43 and 44, p. 37 may be as close as a short equivalent can get, but cases of voluntary abandonment of the criminal intent is grounds for mitigation in the Japanese law but not in the American law. A legal concept from one legal system in its application usually covers factual situations which do not coincide precisely with the best equivalent concept from another legal system, hence a translation is at best an approximation. In general Blakemore has achieved an admirable approximation.","PeriodicalId":369319,"journal":{"name":"The Far Eastern Quarterly","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1956-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117087882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The notion that democracy, as the West understands democracy, is meeting a crucial test in the conflict of ideas that agitate the minds and emotions of Indians, is everywhere receiving greater attention. It is a notion as commonly understood by the Indian intellectual as it is popularly appreciated by those who would observe the process from the West. That the Indian view of China plays a significant role in this process is readily apparent.
{"title":"Review Article: The Impact of Communist China on Visitors from India","authors":"M. W. Fisher, J. V. Bondurant","doi":"10.2307/2941770","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2941770","url":null,"abstract":"The notion that democracy, as the West understands democracy, is meeting a crucial test in the conflict of ideas that agitate the minds and emotions of Indians, is everywhere receiving greater attention. It is a notion as commonly understood by the Indian intellectual as it is popularly appreciated by those who would observe the process from the West. That the Indian view of China plays a significant role in this process is readily apparent.","PeriodicalId":369319,"journal":{"name":"The Far Eastern Quarterly","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1956-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121693306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Aspects du Bouddhisme. Tome II: Amida . By Henri de Lubac, S. J. Paris: Editions du Seuil, 1955. 356. Fr. 960.","authors":"E. D. Saunders","doi":"10.2307/2941772","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2941772","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":369319,"journal":{"name":"The Far Eastern Quarterly","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1956-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115779141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
and total number of strokes, for the variant readings of a single character in Japanese Buddhist terminology can be quite puzzling. One also feels the need for a more precise system of source reference than mere chiian numbers, particularly since the overwhehning majority of texts referred to are included in the Taisho Canon. On the other hand this work is happily free of the lengthy and unexplained quotations that have served its predecessors as substitutes for explanations. To give this dictionary its due, it should be observed that it is not intended for the trained specialist, but for the beginner who one day means to be a specialist. And, although the layman's dictionary of Buddhism has yet to be written, this work is a welcome addition to the secondary literature on Buddhism, and the appearance of its companion volume is something worth waiting for.
{"title":"China Under Communism: The First Five Years . By Richard L. Walker. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1955. xv, 403. $4.50.","authors":"M. Wright","doi":"10.2307/2941774","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2941774","url":null,"abstract":"and total number of strokes, for the variant readings of a single character in Japanese Buddhist terminology can be quite puzzling. One also feels the need for a more precise system of source reference than mere chiian numbers, particularly since the overwhehning majority of texts referred to are included in the Taisho Canon. On the other hand this work is happily free of the lengthy and unexplained quotations that have served its predecessors as substitutes for explanations. To give this dictionary its due, it should be observed that it is not intended for the trained specialist, but for the beginner who one day means to be a specialist. And, although the layman's dictionary of Buddhism has yet to be written, this work is a welcome addition to the secondary literature on Buddhism, and the appearance of its companion volume is something worth waiting for.","PeriodicalId":369319,"journal":{"name":"The Far Eastern Quarterly","volume":"56 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1956-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125912672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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