The first decade of the Meiji era, 1868-77, was a period of bewildering experiment in political forms for the nation-state emerging in Japan. The administrative structure of the new central government underwent a kaleidoscopic series of forms ranging from the direct copy of an eighth-century Japanese pattern to a system modelled on the American doctrine of separation of powers. First in Kyoto and later in Tokyo, during the 1870's and 1880's, government departments rapidly divested themselves of ancient nomenclature derived from China and assumed the forms of European administration as the Japanese tried increasingly to demonstrate that they knew how to run a government in western fashion.
{"title":"Administrative Transition from Han to Ken: The Example of Okayama","authors":"Ardath W. Burks","doi":"10.2307/2941875","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2941875","url":null,"abstract":"The first decade of the Meiji era, 1868-77, was a period of bewildering experiment in political forms for the nation-state emerging in Japan. The administrative structure of the new central government underwent a kaleidoscopic series of forms ranging from the direct copy of an eighth-century Japanese pattern to a system modelled on the American doctrine of separation of powers. First in Kyoto and later in Tokyo, during the 1870's and 1880's, government departments rapidly divested themselves of ancient nomenclature derived from China and assumed the forms of European administration as the Japanese tried increasingly to demonstrate that they knew how to run a government in western fashion.","PeriodicalId":369319,"journal":{"name":"The Far Eastern Quarterly","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1956-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122298664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1956-05-01DOI: 10.1017/S0363691700010291
B. Harrison
{"title":"A History of South India: From Prehistoric Times to the Fall of Vijayanagar . By K. A. Nilakanta Sastri. London: Oxford University Press, 1955. xii, 486. Index, Appendix, Maps, Illustrations. $3.15.","authors":"B. Harrison","doi":"10.1017/S0363691700010291","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0363691700010291","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":369319,"journal":{"name":"The Far Eastern Quarterly","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1956-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125098112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1956-05-01DOI: 10.1017/S0363691700010023
D. Mendel
Many Japanese rose to political greatness during the turbulent history of modern Japan from the collapse of the Tokugawa regime in 1867 to the recovery of independence in 1952. Such men as Itō, Yamagata, Ōkuma, Konoe, Tōjō, and Yoshida (to name only a few of the more important figures) have occupied in turn the center of the political stage and exerted great influence, for good or ill, on the course of recent Japanese political history. Throughout the entire period from Meiji to MacArthur Japan, however, one solitary figure stood by the proscenium arch, occasionally entering into the action of the play, but more often serving as a persistent critic of both actors and audience. This stern and durable individual was Ozaki Yukio (1858-1954), whose death at the age of ninety-five removed the oldest veteran of the Japanese Diet, and closed the career of a man who might well be called the political conscience of modern Japan.
{"title":"Ozaki Yukio: Political Conscience of Modern Japan","authors":"D. Mendel","doi":"10.1017/S0363691700010023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0363691700010023","url":null,"abstract":"Many Japanese rose to political greatness during the turbulent history of modern Japan from the collapse of the Tokugawa regime in 1867 to the recovery of independence in 1952. Such men as Itō, Yamagata, Ōkuma, Konoe, Tōjō, and Yoshida (to name only a few of the more important figures) have occupied in turn the center of the political stage and exerted great influence, for good or ill, on the course of recent Japanese political history. Throughout the entire period from Meiji to MacArthur Japan, however, one solitary figure stood by the proscenium arch, occasionally entering into the action of the play, but more often serving as a persistent critic of both actors and audience. This stern and durable individual was Ozaki Yukio (1858-1954), whose death at the age of ninety-five removed the oldest veteran of the Japanese Diet, and closed the career of a man who might well be called the political conscience of modern Japan.","PeriodicalId":369319,"journal":{"name":"The Far Eastern Quarterly","volume":"138 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1956-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132470849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1956-05-01DOI: 10.1017/S0363691700010084
J. Cohen
interchange of persons between two countries, and knowledge about the literature and arts of another people lead to peaceful relations? The author's answer is: "This case study of Japanese-American cultural relations offers little evidence, alas, to support such optimistic generalizations... . Cultural relations between Japan and America before 1941 were quite extensive and, on balance, clearly a positive contribution toward peace and cooperation" (p. 320). The conclusion is that "cultural interchange is certainly no guarantee of peace or political cooperation." It can, however, aid "in the improvement of bilateral relations, provided it contributes to the solution of basic political and economic problems, instead of seeking to evade them" (p. 327). In the final analysis, however, the value of cultural relations is less political than humanistic. We are impelled to agree that "as relations of men to men, they involve a rich range of motives and satisfactions. The desires of men to learn and to share are precious things that extend beyond national boundaries" (p. 331). In putting cultural relations in their proper perspective, the author has done a real service to the cause of better international understanding. Too often these days people assume that an era of peace may be attained by the application of some simple formula like "cultural exchange equals peace." We are all aware that appeals for funds from both government and private sources to support cultural activities are often couched in terms of political objectives. This is unfortunate, because those who give funds in answer to such appeals may find themselves being shortchanged. It would be more realistic, and certainly more honest, to take the long view and look upon cultural relations, not as a weapon to be used in the "cold war," but as an expression of the lofty human impulse to share our ideas and ideals with others.
{"title":"Economic Growth: Brazil, India, Japan . Edited by Simon Kuznets, Wilbert E. Moore, and Joseph J. Spengler . Durham: Duke University Press, 1955. 613. $12.50.","authors":"J. Cohen","doi":"10.1017/S0363691700010084","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0363691700010084","url":null,"abstract":"interchange of persons between two countries, and knowledge about the literature and arts of another people lead to peaceful relations? The author's answer is: \"This case study of Japanese-American cultural relations offers little evidence, alas, to support such optimistic generalizations... . Cultural relations between Japan and America before 1941 were quite extensive and, on balance, clearly a positive contribution toward peace and cooperation\" (p. 320). The conclusion is that \"cultural interchange is certainly no guarantee of peace or political cooperation.\" It can, however, aid \"in the improvement of bilateral relations, provided it contributes to the solution of basic political and economic problems, instead of seeking to evade them\" (p. 327). In the final analysis, however, the value of cultural relations is less political than humanistic. We are impelled to agree that \"as relations of men to men, they involve a rich range of motives and satisfactions. The desires of men to learn and to share are precious things that extend beyond national boundaries\" (p. 331). In putting cultural relations in their proper perspective, the author has done a real service to the cause of better international understanding. Too often these days people assume that an era of peace may be attained by the application of some simple formula like \"cultural exchange equals peace.\" We are all aware that appeals for funds from both government and private sources to support cultural activities are often couched in terms of political objectives. This is unfortunate, because those who give funds in answer to such appeals may find themselves being shortchanged. It would be more realistic, and certainly more honest, to take the long view and look upon cultural relations, not as a weapon to be used in the \"cold war,\" but as an expression of the lofty human impulse to share our ideas and ideals with others.","PeriodicalId":369319,"journal":{"name":"The Far Eastern Quarterly","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1956-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133386228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
to write Indonesian history. As part of the between-war movement to reevaluate Indonesian life that emerged from the writings of C. van Vollenhoven, van Leur was well prepared to challenge the then current historical approaches: the Indiacentered view of early Indonesian history as exemplified by the writings of N. J. Krom, and the Europe-centered view of colonial historians dealing with the "modern" period (personified in F. W. Stapel). Van Leur pleads for an Indonesia-centered view of Indonesian history. This viewpoint found only Umited acceptance prior to van Leur's tragic death in 1942, but the developments in Indonesia since 1945 have lent currency to it, and it has become more widely accepted. As an elaboration of his new point of view, van Leur attempts to establish a new system of historical periodization—it being obvious to him as to many others that European historical categories ill fit the Indonesian scene. The foundations for his new periodization he finds in the economic-based categories of Max Weber, and he also finds that the sociological and historical methods of Weber may fruitfully be applied to Indonesian history. This methodological path leads van Leur, who is basically an economic historian, into an analysis of Asian and especially Indonesian commerce. He finds this commerce a weak conveyer of cultural patterns and institutions. From this stems his extremely important conclusion that Hindu influence was not carried by Indian traders as a by-product of commerce to the archipelago, but was consciously brought by Brahmans to the Indonesian courts and centers of political power. A similar analysis of early European commerce shows that the Europeans had little effect upon Asian trade and society. Not until the nineteenth century with the fuller development of modern capitalistic forms do the Europeans effect deep-seated changes in the commercial and social life of the area. These changes, van Leur feels, affect cultural and social patterns which predate the coming of Brahmanical influences. Thus the nineteenth century emerges as the crucial turning point in the new periodization arrangement, while other earlier periods of standard Indonesian history blend into one great period, in which the underlying pattern of life remains unaffected by outside influences.
写印尼的历史。作为C. van Vollenhoven著作中出现的重新评估印度尼西亚生活的战争之间运动的一部分，van Leur已经准备好挑战当时流行的历史方法:以印度为中心的早期印度尼西亚历史观(以N. J. Krom的著作为例)，以及以欧洲为中心的殖民历史学家处理“现代”时期的观点(以F. W. Stapel为代表)。Van Leur呼吁以印尼为中心来看待印尼的历史。这一观点在1942年范·勒尔不幸去世之前才得到联合国的接受，但1945年以来印度尼西亚的事态发展使这一观点更加流行，并得到更广泛的接受。作为对他的新观点的阐述，范·勒尔试图建立一个新的历史分期体系——对他和其他许多人来说，很明显，欧洲的历史分类不适合印尼的情况。他在马克斯·韦伯的经济分类中发现了他的新分期的基础，他还发现韦伯的社会学和历史学方法可以有效地应用于印度尼西亚历史。这一方法论路径将范勒尔引向了对亚洲，尤其是印尼商业的分析，他基本上是一位经济历史学家。他发现商业是文化模式和制度的弱载体。由此，他得出了一个极其重要的结论:印度教的影响并不是由印度商人作为商业的副产品带到群岛的，而是由婆罗门有意识地带到印度尼西亚的法院和政治权力中心的。对早期欧洲商业的类似分析表明，欧洲人对亚洲的贸易和社会几乎没有影响。直到19世纪，随着现代资本主义形式的充分发展，欧洲人才对该地区的商业和社会生活产生了深刻的影响。范·勒尔认为，这些变化影响了早于婆罗门教影响到来的文化和社会模式。因此，在新的分期安排中，19世纪成为关键的转折点，而标准印度尼西亚历史的其他早期阶段融合为一个伟大的时期，在这个时期，基本的生活模式不受外界影响。
{"title":"Indonesian Sociological Studies: Selected Writings of B. Schrieke. Part I","authors":"R. Spencer","doi":"10.2307/2941895","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2941895","url":null,"abstract":"to write Indonesian history. As part of the between-war movement to reevaluate Indonesian life that emerged from the writings of C. van Vollenhoven, van Leur was well prepared to challenge the then current historical approaches: the Indiacentered view of early Indonesian history as exemplified by the writings of N. J. Krom, and the Europe-centered view of colonial historians dealing with the \"modern\" period (personified in F. W. Stapel). Van Leur pleads for an Indonesia-centered view of Indonesian history. This viewpoint found only Umited acceptance prior to van Leur's tragic death in 1942, but the developments in Indonesia since 1945 have lent currency to it, and it has become more widely accepted. As an elaboration of his new point of view, van Leur attempts to establish a new system of historical periodization—it being obvious to him as to many others that European historical categories ill fit the Indonesian scene. The foundations for his new periodization he finds in the economic-based categories of Max Weber, and he also finds that the sociological and historical methods of Weber may fruitfully be applied to Indonesian history. This methodological path leads van Leur, who is basically an economic historian, into an analysis of Asian and especially Indonesian commerce. He finds this commerce a weak conveyer of cultural patterns and institutions. From this stems his extremely important conclusion that Hindu influence was not carried by Indian traders as a by-product of commerce to the archipelago, but was consciously brought by Brahmans to the Indonesian courts and centers of political power. A similar analysis of early European commerce shows that the Europeans had little effect upon Asian trade and society. Not until the nineteenth century with the fuller development of modern capitalistic forms do the Europeans effect deep-seated changes in the commercial and social life of the area. These changes, van Leur feels, affect cultural and social patterns which predate the coming of Brahmanical influences. Thus the nineteenth century emerges as the crucial turning point in the new periodization arrangement, while other earlier periods of standard Indonesian history blend into one great period, in which the underlying pattern of life remains unaffected by outside influences.","PeriodicalId":369319,"journal":{"name":"The Far Eastern Quarterly","volume":"108 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1956-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132592561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1956-05-01DOI: 10.1017/S036369170001014X
T. C. Smith
{"title":"Tanuma Okitsugu (1719–1788): Forerunner of Modern Japan . By John Whitney Hall. Harvard-Yenching Institute Monograph Series, Vol. XIV. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1955. xii, 208. Index. $6.50.","authors":"T. C. Smith","doi":"10.1017/S036369170001014X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S036369170001014X","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":369319,"journal":{"name":"The Far Eastern Quarterly","volume":"86 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1956-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115684248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1956-05-01DOI: 10.1017/S0363691700010138
Sherman E. Lee
{"title":"The Art and Architecture of Japan . By Robert Treat Paine and Alexander Soper. The Pelican History of Art. Baltimore: Penguin, 1955. xviii, 316. Notes, Glossary, Bibliography, Index, 173 Plates. $8.50.","authors":"Sherman E. Lee","doi":"10.1017/S0363691700010138","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0363691700010138","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":369319,"journal":{"name":"The Far Eastern Quarterly","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1956-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125907674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1956-05-01DOI: 10.1017/S036369170001000X
{"title":"JAS volume 15 issue 3 Cover and Front matter","authors":"","doi":"10.1017/S036369170001000X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S036369170001000X","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":369319,"journal":{"name":"The Far Eastern Quarterly","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1956-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121016910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1956-05-01DOI: 10.1017/S0363691700010424
{"title":"Corrigenda To Volume XV, Numbers 1 and 2","authors":"","doi":"10.1017/S0363691700010424","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0363691700010424","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":369319,"journal":{"name":"The Far Eastern Quarterly","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1956-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131961758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1956-05-01DOI: 10.1017/S0363691700010199
M. C. Rogers
as an organized religion is weak, sect Shinto is absent, and direct Chinese— especially Confucian—influences have survived much longer. I t is not meaningful therefore to make comparisons between the Okinawans and the Japanese; it would be more apt to compare Okinawan culture with that of a Japanese rural province, for Okinawan rural life is but little disturbed by the growth of cities" (p. 299). This reviewer would add only the caution that there is such great variation among the rural provinces of Japan that the above characterization of Okinawa might apply as well to many parts of rural Japan. A number of errors and inconsistencies of romanization of Japanese words appear, among them: for momit-suriki read momi-tsuriki (p. 144); for rokujugo read rokujugo (p. 146); for chisi read chishi (p. 152); for kamobuko read kamaboko (p. 203); for uino read yuinfi (p. 215); for ireizumi read irezumi (p. 238). Those familiar with the festivals of rural Japan will be surprised to find that tandbata is a preliminary to o-bon on Okinawa, where the former is "occasionally... referred to as a 'star festival'" (p. 315). This reviewer found the book interesting and informative throughout, particularly because it offers for the first time detailed field data on a variant of Japanese culture about which there has heretofore been much speculation and little sound information. The author has skillfully combined his cultural and geographical materials into a book highly recommended to all students of Japan and its culture.
{"title":"Korean in a Hurry: A Quick Approach to Spoken Korean . By Samuel E. Martin. Tokyo: Tuttle, 1954. xi, 137. - Practical Korean Grammar . By Chang Hei Lee. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1955. xi, 225. $4.50.","authors":"M. C. Rogers","doi":"10.1017/S0363691700010199","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0363691700010199","url":null,"abstract":"as an organized religion is weak, sect Shinto is absent, and direct Chinese— especially Confucian—influences have survived much longer. I t is not meaningful therefore to make comparisons between the Okinawans and the Japanese; it would be more apt to compare Okinawan culture with that of a Japanese rural province, for Okinawan rural life is but little disturbed by the growth of cities\" (p. 299). This reviewer would add only the caution that there is such great variation among the rural provinces of Japan that the above characterization of Okinawa might apply as well to many parts of rural Japan. A number of errors and inconsistencies of romanization of Japanese words appear, among them: for momit-suriki read momi-tsuriki (p. 144); for rokujugo read rokujugo (p. 146); for chisi read chishi (p. 152); for kamobuko read kamaboko (p. 203); for uino read yuinfi (p. 215); for ireizumi read irezumi (p. 238). Those familiar with the festivals of rural Japan will be surprised to find that tandbata is a preliminary to o-bon on Okinawa, where the former is \"occasionally... referred to as a 'star festival'\" (p. 315). This reviewer found the book interesting and informative throughout, particularly because it offers for the first time detailed field data on a variant of Japanese culture about which there has heretofore been much speculation and little sound information. The author has skillfully combined his cultural and geographical materials into a book highly recommended to all students of Japan and its culture.","PeriodicalId":369319,"journal":{"name":"The Far Eastern Quarterly","volume":"95 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1956-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126728676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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