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The Hypothesis of the Misencounter 偶遇假说
Pub Date : 2023-09-04 DOI: 10.1590/1809-43412023v20d815
Luiz E. Abreu
Abstract This article develops the following hypothesis: despite their differences, or better, precisely because of them, law and politics in Brazil comprise a system whose primary feature is its incapacity to form a totalization of the social world; that is, to formulate a public rule capable of including the diverse parts of society. Much the opposite: the characteristic of this system is the purposeful rupture, the strategic estrangement between the pole formed by law and the State (which is constructed against spontaneous forms of sociability) and the pole that includes politics and society (in which exchange modelled on the gift plays a central role). There is no higher plane capable of incorporating the two into a single unity, nor do they submit to a synthesis or to an encompassing value. The article argues that the relationship between law and politics is articulated as a dialogue conducted at a distance and through estrangement, such that one is constituted as the possible worlds of the other.
本文提出以下假设:尽管存在差异,或者更好地说,正是因为存在差异,巴西的法律和政治构成了一个系统,其主要特征是无法形成社会世界的总体化;也就是说,制定一种能够包括社会各部分的公共规则。恰恰相反:这一体系的特征是有目的的决裂,是由法律和国家构成的两极(它是针对自发的社交形式而构建的)与包括政治和社会在内的两极(其中以礼物为模型的交换起着中心作用)之间的战略疏远。没有更高的层面能够将两者合并成一个单一的统一体,它们也不服从于一个综合或一个包含的价值。本文认为,法律与政治之间的关系是一种通过距离和隔阂进行的对话,这样一个就构成了另一个的可能世界。
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引用次数: 0
The Bolsonarist Bloc: ethnographic notes on political performances and a parliamentary network in Brazil’s Chamber of Deputies 博尔索纳主义阵营:关于巴西众议院政治表现和议会网络的民族志笔记
Pub Date : 2023-09-04 DOI: 10.1590/1809-43412023v20d804
Tiago de Aragão
Abstract The article presents the first ethnographic notes from a research project on the performances of a group of parliamentarians in the Chamber of Deputies in the 2019-2023 legislature. As a starting point, I highlight a group of elected deputies associated with the universe of Bolsonarism. The latter is approached as a complex set of elements containing different ideas and whose main political reference is the figure of Jair Bolsonaro, though it also encompasses diverse elements from the so-called Brazilian “new right” and conservatism. I present two episodes to help situate this empirical universe. In the first, I assemble clues and traces from a complaint submitted to the Parliamentary Ethics and Decorum Council in order to analyse the formation of the Bolsonarist Bloc. The second episode centres on the debate surrounding a law bill on the Commission on Human Rights and Minorities. Setting out from these episodes, I analyse differences between the performances of Bolsonarist deputies and the parliamentary behaviour prevailing in the National Congress. I conclude the article by pointing to some analytical paths for the future development of this investigation.
本文介绍了2019-2023年立法机关众议院一群议员的表现研究项目的第一份民族志笔记。作为起点,我强调了一群与博尔森主义有关的民选代表。后者被视为包含不同思想的复杂元素,其主要政治参考对象是雅伊尔·博尔索纳罗(Jair Bolsonaro),尽管它也包含了来自所谓的巴西“新右翼”和保守主义的各种元素。我将呈现两个片段来帮助定位这个经验世界。在第一篇文章中,我从提交给议会道德和礼仪委员会的一份投诉中收集线索和痕迹,以分析博尔索纳主义集团的形成。第二集集中在围绕关于人权和少数群体委员会的一项法律法案的辩论。从这些事件出发,我分析了博尔索纳主义代表的表现与国民大会中普遍存在的议会行为之间的差异。最后,我为这一研究的未来发展指出了一些分析路径。
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引用次数: 0
Entre la teoría y el barrio. Etnografía caminante, política gubernamental y matriz académica en un programa de urbanización integral del hábitat en el Nordeste Argentino 在理论和邻里之间。阿根廷东北部生境综合城市化计划中的行走民族志、政府政策和学术矩阵
Pub Date : 2023-09-04 DOI: 10.1590/1809-43412023v20d809
V. Ojeda
Resumen En este trabajo me interesa marcar cómo se intersectan las matrices académicas y de gestión, cuando se trata de coordinar el diseño y la implementación de una política gubernamental de urbanización integral del hábitat. A partir de una experiencia de trabajo que me comprometió en tanto gestora proveniente del ámbito académico, busco describir con la mayor densidad posible, la incidencia de categorías del campo científico en la producción y puesta en marcha de proyectos impulsados desde el programa. Estas nuevas dimensiones significaron la emergencia de tensiones en los abordajes tradicionales de la cuestión social en el Programa de Mejoramiento de Barrios (PRO.ME.BA), tanto a nivel de las y los trabajadores del programa, como de los mismos ciudadanos (antes “población destinataria”), en una provincia del nordeste argentino.
摘要对这份工作感兴趣如何的标记阵列学术,当涉及到管理和协调政府政策的设计和实施完整的生境的城市化。从我作为一名来自学术界的管理人员的工作经验来看,我试图尽可能密集地描述科学领域类别在该项目推动的项目的生产和实施中的发生率。这些新的方面意味着,在阿根廷东北部一个省的社区改善方案(PRO.ME.BA)中,对社会问题的传统处理方法出现了紧张局势,该方案的工作人员和公民本身(以前是“目标人口”)也出现了紧张局势。
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引用次数: 0
Disputes on abortion and sexual diversity in the Chamber of Deputies in the early years of the Bolsonaro government: the art of marking differences 博索纳罗政府早期众议院关于堕胎和性别多样性的争议:标记差异的艺术
Pub Date : 2023-09-04 DOI: 10.1590/1809-43412023v20d803
N. Luna
Abstract The present article explores the disputes in the Brazilian Chamber of Deputies about abortion and sexual diversity during the first two years of the Bolsonaro government (2019-2020). Focusing on the controversial moral themes of abortion and sexual diversity, the article examines legislative dynamics by analyzing statements made by congresspeople in the Chamber of Deputies s and the legislative proposals they submitted. This article is based on qualitative research, observing the discursive dynamic of mutual accusations and inversion of arguments. Particularly noteworthy in this context was the heavy engagement of religious actors in the defense of conservative positions.
本文探讨了博尔索纳罗(Bolsonaro)政府执政头两年(2019-2020年)巴西众议院关于堕胎和性别多样性的争议。这篇文章聚焦于堕胎和性别多样性等有争议的道德主题,通过分析国会议员在众议院发表的声明和他们提交的立法提案来审视立法动态。本文以质性研究为基础,观察了相互指责和论点倒转的话语动态。在这方面特别值得注意的是宗教角色在捍卫保守立场方面的积极参与。
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引用次数: 0
The survival of those who couldn’t “stay home”: Community-based resistance and precariousness around the “new normal” in the favelas of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 那些不能“呆在家里”的人的生存:巴西里约热内卢贫民窟“新常态”周围的社区抵抗和不稳定
Pub Date : 2023-07-17 DOI: 10.1590/1809-4341.2023v20a20604
Apoena Mano, Jonathan Willian Bazoni da Motta
Abstract The Covid-19 pandemic deepened social inequalities in Brazil’s favelas. Among certain social groups, the need to keep moving to ensure survival meant greater exposure to the risks of the disease. While kinetic elites enjoyed the privilege of remaining immobile and protected, less privileged urban groups were forced to continue in movement despite the risks created by the pandemic. In this study we qualify social analyses around the so-called “new normal” based on ethnographic research conducted in urban peripheries. Empirically based on the cases of the favelas Santa Marta and Vila Vintém, we examine conditioning factors that differentiate the effects of the pandemic among favelas in the city of Rio de Janeiro. Our intent is to demonstrate the differential effects of the Covid-19 pandemic in territories where the city’s most impoverished population lacks the socioeconomic conditions to “stay home”. We indicate two general aspects: first, the pandemic deepened and re-signified pre-existing social problems; second, the shortage of public policies and complex requalifications of precariousness stimulated the development of various community-based actions to mitigate the risks of infection in these territories.
新冠肺炎疫情加剧了巴西贫民窟的社会不平等。在某些社会群体中,需要不断移动以确保生存意味着更大的疾病风险。活跃的精英享有保持不动和受保护的特权,而不那么特权的城市群体则被迫继续流动,尽管大流行带来了风险。在这项研究中,我们根据在城市边缘进行的人种学研究,对所谓的“新常态”进行社会分析。根据圣玛尔塔和文森姆村贫民窟的经验案例,我们研究了在里约热内卢市各贫民窟中区分流行病影响的条件因素。我们的目的是展示Covid-19大流行对城市最贫困人口缺乏“呆在家里”的社会经济条件的地区的不同影响。我们指出了两个总体方面:第一,疫情加深并重新凸显了先前存在的社会问题;其次,缺乏公共政策和对不稳定性的复杂重新认定,刺激了各种社区行动的发展,以减轻这些领土的感染风险。
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引用次数: 0
A Terreiro That’s “Too Young, Too gay”: Technologies of Persistence and growth in the W/world 一个“太年轻,太同性恋”的特雷罗:W/世界中的持续和成长技术
Pub Date : 2023-06-30 DOI: 10.1590/1809-4341.2023v20a20603
José Miguel Nieto Olivar
Abstract In this manuscript I present how in the city of Tabatinga (AM) -- on the triple border between Brazil, Peru, and Colombia -- the Father Jairo and His Children Network are engaged in a process of persistence, care, and growth in order to traverse a World that presents itself as a threat to their lives and their worlds. This process involves the consolidation of a technology of housing in the World, empowered by the grammar of Umbanda/Macumba, connected with youth, gender, and (homo)sexuality. Its material “ground” is the process of construction of the group’s terreiro. Based on 10 years of ethnography and in dialogue with theoretical discussions regarding cosmopolitics, materialities, and W/world(s) in de/anti/contracolonial perspectives, I argue that through this process, the network has built a world-for-them/us (wƒ#) that enables it to cross the World-as-Threat (WƒT) and to recall the World-as-struggle (W/s): WƒT>>wƒ#<
在这份手稿中,我展示了在塔巴廷加市(AM)——位于巴西、秘鲁和哥伦比亚三国边界上——贾罗神父和他的孩子们网络如何参与一个坚持、关怀和成长的过程,以穿越一个对他们的生活和世界构成威胁的世界。这一过程涉及巩固世界住房技术,由umanda /Macumba语法授权,与青年、性别和(同性恋)性行为联系在一起。它的材料“地面”是集团的terreiro的建设过程。基于10年的民族志研究,以及在反/反/殖民主义视角下关于世界政治、物质化和W/world(s)的理论讨论的对话,我认为,通过这一过程,网络已经建立了一个为他们/我们的世界(w#),使其能够跨越世界作为威胁(WƒT)并回忆世界作为斗争(W/s): WƒT>> w# <
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引用次数: 0
From public problems to social experiences: the alcohol ban in South Africa during the COVID-19 pandemic 从公共问题到社会经验:COVID-19大流行期间南非的禁酒令
Pub Date : 2023-06-30 DOI: 10.1590/1809-4341.2023v20a20601
Elizabete R. Albernaz, Daniel M. Lage da Cruz, J. B. Dias
Abstract In 2020, the South African government adopted a controversial measure in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, a nationwide ban on the sale and transport of alcoholic drinks. In this article, we explore the process that led to the construction of alcohol consumption as a “public problem” in the country, highlighting connections between alcohol drinking, politics, the economy, public health, public safety, and social inequality. We observe how the 2020 alcohol ban was decided upon, justified and enforced, following a long history of government attempts to control alcohol consumption among poor non-White South Africans. Based on ethnographic data, we present some patterns and meanings of alcohol consumption in popular settings and provide a glimpse into the drinking practices of more affluent South Africans during the alcohol ban. In doing so, we intend to offer a broader portrait of the phenomenon, one that helps grasp this intricate issue.
2020年,为应对COVID-19大流行,南非政府采取了一项有争议的措施,在全国范围内禁止销售和运输酒精饮料。在这篇文章中,我们探讨了导致该国将酒精消费构建为“公共问题”的过程,强调了饮酒与政治、经济、公共卫生、公共安全以及社会不平等之间的联系。我们观察2020年禁酒令是如何决定、证明和执行的,此前政府长期试图控制贫穷的非白人南非人的酒精消费。根据人种学数据,我们提出了一些流行环境中酒精消费的模式和意义,并提供了一窥禁酒令期间较富裕的南非人的饮酒习惯。在这样做的过程中,我们打算对这一现象提供一个更广泛的描述,一个有助于掌握这一复杂问题的描述。
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引用次数: 0
Mass Death and Disappearance in Contemporary Necropolitical Democracies: Brazilian and Mexican cases 当代坏死政治民主国家的大规模死亡和失踪:巴西和墨西哥的案例
Pub Date : 2023-06-30 DOI: 10.1590/1809-4341.2023v20a20600
P. Díaz, Jussara Freire
Abstract Based on ethnographic research in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and Sonora, Mexico, we analyze mass deaths and disappearances under (formally) democratic regimes. A comparison by contrast reveals the similarities and differences between these two places. We establish a dialogue with the structural perspective of necropolitics and studies of victims’ experiences in different national contexts. We seek to link the notion of the necropolitical environment with analysis of practices of valorization of human life. To do so, we start by analyzing the experiences of people whose lives, as well as those of their families, are socially devalued (valuation studies). The concept of maternal body emerges from this analysis, enabling us to understand the dynamics of friction between the necropolitical environment and the emergence of possible forms of life, defined on the basis of inter-corporeal links between the families and their dead or disappeared loved ones.
基于对巴西里约热内卢州和墨西哥索诺拉州的民族志研究,我们分析了(正式的)民主政权下的大规模死亡和失踪。通过对比可以看出这两个地方的相同点和不同点。我们建立了一个对话与死亡政治的结构观点和研究受害者的经验在不同的国家背景。我们试图将死亡政治环境的概念与对人类生命价值增值实践的分析联系起来。要做到这一点,我们首先分析那些生活被社会贬低的人及其家庭的经历(价值评估研究)。从这种分析中产生了母体的概念,使我们能够理解死亡政治环境与可能的生命形式之间的摩擦的动态,这种形式是根据家庭与他们死去或失踪的亲人之间的肉体联系来定义的。
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引用次数: 0
Intimate Relations: multispecie stories of manioc social life 亲密关系:人类社会生活的多元故事
Pub Date : 2023-06-30 DOI: 10.1590/1809-4341.2023v20a20602
Thiago Mota Cardoso, Marilena Altenfelder de Arruda Campos
Abstract Manioc (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is a way of life that gives us the opportunity to rethink agricultural production and thus provides a divergent understanding of the human domestication of plants. In the traditional literature about manioc, its evolution has been recognized as a process of domestication, the control of a biological species by humans or through “the paradigm of human exceptionalism.” In this paper we seek possible ways to tell another story about manioc and its human and non-human companions: a partial and modest testimony among many possibilities found between the biological and anthropological worlds. We argue that the domestication model is only a particular Western mode of telling the story and forming relations with maniocs. To contrast this we see the possibility of opening our minds to another story, to describe the human-manioc relation as an intimate relationship in which all elements are agents, and simultaneously objects of action. Maniocs are bodies-in-movement, growing and developing in the formation of multi-species landscapes. We understand this intimate relationship, as Donna Haraway explains, as a sympoietic story, a process of “becoming-with” that occurs in the flow of life.
木薯(Manihot esculenta Crantz)是一种生活方式,它让我们有机会重新思考农业生产,从而为人类驯化植物提供了不同的理解。在关于木薯的传统文献中,木薯的进化被认为是一个驯化的过程,是人类或通过“人类例外论范式”控制生物物种的过程。在本文中,我们寻求可能的方法来讲述关于木薯及其人类和非人类同伴的另一个故事:在生物学和人类学世界之间发现的许多可能性中,部分和适度的见证。我们认为,驯化模式只是西方讲述故事和与疯子建立关系的一种特殊模式。与此形成对比的是,我们看到了向另一个故事敞开心扉的可能性,将人类与人类的关系描述为一种亲密关系,在这种关系中,所有元素都是行动者,同时也是行动的对象。Maniocs是运动中的身体,在多物种景观的形成中生长和发展。正如唐娜·哈拉威(Donna Haraway)所解释的那样,我们把这种亲密关系理解为一个同情的故事,一个发生在生命之流中的“成为”的过程。
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引用次数: 0
Police Places: Ethnographic Notes About Other Police Territorialities in the Suburbs of Rio de Janeiro 警察驻地:里约热内卢郊区其他警察辖区的民族志注释
Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1590/1809-43412023v20d812
Eduardo de Oliveira Rodrigues
Abstract One of the biggest challenges in researching the practices of any police institution is finding a place from which it is possible to ethnographically observe and thus describe them, taking into account the methodological restrictions one encounters in accessing certain dimensions of police work. Faced with this problem, the present article aims to debate what I call “police places”: an analytical category used to describe other dimensions of police territoriality in the suburbs of Rio de Janeiro. Based on a description of a walk I took with a young man interested in joining the military police, I argue that the informal presence of agents in his neighborhood implies another type of spatial control. The article shows that, from the perspective of the population of these places, the police are understood to be an important “center of power” that attracts a series of young people involved in precarious contexts to the police career.
在研究任何警察机构的实践时,最大的挑战之一是找到一个可以从民族志上观察并因此描述它们的地方,同时考虑到人们在访问警察工作的某些方面遇到的方法限制。面对这个问题,本文旨在讨论我所谓的“警察场所”:一个用于描述里约热内卢郊区警察领土的其他维度的分析范畴。根据我和一个有意加入军事警察的年轻人散步的描述,我认为特工在他附近的非正式存在意味着另一种类型的空间控制。文章表明,从这些地方人口的角度来看,警察被理解为一个重要的“权力中心”,吸引了一系列处于不稳定环境中的年轻人进入警察职业生涯。
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引用次数: 0
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Vibrant Virtual Brazilian Anthropology
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