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Unmasking the aromatic production Industry's VOCs: Unraveling environmental and health impacts 揭开芳烃生产行业挥发性有机化合物的面纱:揭开对环境和健康的影响
IF 4.6 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.aeaoa.2024.100238
Jutarat Keawboonchu , Sarawut Thepanondh , Vanitchaya Kultan , Nattaporn Pinthong , Wissawa Malakan , Shinya Echigo , Suchon Chatphanchan

In this study, we conducted a thorough investigation into the critical volatile organic compounds (VOCs), namely benzene, toluene, and xylenes (BTX), originating from the aromatic production industry. Our primary goal was to assess their spatial dispersion and source contribution, providing a comprehensive evaluation of their environmental and health impacts. The aromatic plant's average annual benzene concentrations were found to be compliant with Thailand's standard. However, xylenes did not meet the mandatory standards and emerged as the dominant species in the surrounding vicinity, with both maximum hourly and average annual concentrations exceeding the limits. Emission rate, meteorological characteristics, and topographical levels were identified as key factors affecting pollutant dispersion. The study utilized the maximum incremental reactivity (MIR) method to evaluate environmental risk assessment by calculating the ozone formation potential (OFP) of BTX. The total OFPs in the environment contributed by the aromatic plant ranged from 2.64 to 18.75 μg/m3. Xylenes emerged as the primary contributor to OFP concentrations at all receptor sites, accounting for 93–95% of the total OFP due to its high concentration and reactivity, followed by benzene and toluene. Storage tanks and wastewater treatment systems were identified as the main sources of ozone formation for benzene, toluene, and xylenes. Health risk assessment indicates an acceptable chronic hazard quotient (HQ) for each target organ system. For cancer risk, benzene slightly exceeds 10–6 at all receptors, necessitating consideration of pollutant concentrations, exposure duration, and other factors. The study emphasizes the importance of a comprehensive ambient monitoring network and updated emission inventory for effective air pollution management for the petrochemical enterprise, particularly in industrial areas.

在这项研究中,我们对源自芳烃生产行业的关键挥发性有机化合物(VOCs),即苯、甲苯和二甲苯(BTX)进行了深入调查。我们的主要目标是评估它们的空间扩散和来源贡献,对其环境和健康影响进行全面评估。结果发现,芳烃工厂的年均苯浓度符合泰国标准。然而,二甲苯未达到强制性标准,并成为周边地区的主要污染物,其最大小时浓度和年均浓度均超过了限值。排放率、气象特征和地形水平被认为是影响污染物扩散的关键因素。研究采用最大增量反应性(MIR)方法,通过计算 BTX 的臭氧形成潜能值(OFP)来评估环境风险。芳香植物在环境中产生的臭氧形成潜能值介于 2.64 至 18.75 μg/m3 之间。由于二甲苯的高浓度和高反应性,二甲苯成为所有受体点 OFP 浓度的主要贡献者,占 OFP 总量的 93-95%,其次是苯和甲苯。储罐和废水处理系统是苯、甲苯和二甲苯形成臭氧的主要来源。健康风险评估表明,每个目标器官系统的慢性危害商数 (HQ) 都是可以接受的。就癌症风险而言,苯在所有受体中的浓度都略高于 10-6,因此有必要考虑污染物浓度、接触时间和其他因素。这项研究强调了建立全面的环境监测网络和更新排放清单对石化企业(尤其是工业区)进行有效空气污染管理的重要性。
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引用次数: 0
Spatio-temporal assessment of aerosol and cloud properties using MODIS satellite data and a HYSPLIT model: Implications for climate and agricultural systems 利用 MODIS 卫星数据和 HYSPLIT 模型对气溶胶和云特性进行时空评估:对气候和农业系统的影响
IF 4.6 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.aeaoa.2024.100242
Muhammad Haseeb , Zainab Tahir , Syed Amer Mahmood , Saira Batool , Aqil Tariq , Linlin Lu , Walid Soufan

Understanding the spatiotemporal dynamics of aerosol optical characteristics is crucial for assessing their impact on the climate system. This study focuses on Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) at 550 nm, measured by the Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) aboard the Terra satellite, over a decade (2011–2021) in ten major cities across Pakistan. Our primary objectives were to investigate AOD variability, assess its correlation with cloud parameters, examine the source and trajectory of aerosol-laden air masses, and analyze the relationship between AOD and the Angstrom exponent. We employed the Hybrid single-particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model to trace air mass origins and paths. AOD exhibited its highest values in low-latitude urban areas, reflecting significant human activity. Conversely, high-altitude and mountainous regions displayed the lowest AOD levels. In summer (June–August), AOD peaked at 1.19, while in winter (December–February), it dropped to 0.24. The negative correlation between AOD and the Angstrom exponent, particularly in southern and western Pakistan, highlighted aerosol particle size variations. We further explored the relationships between AOD and five cloud parameters: water vapor (WV), cloud fraction (CF), cloud optical thickness (COT), cloud top temperature (CTT), and cloud top pressure (CTP). These relationships were found to be weather-dependent. This study provides valuable insights into the spatio-temporal dynamics of AOD in Pakistan, contributing to a better understanding of its impact on climate. This information is essential for climate scientists, meteorologists, and environmental departments, facilitating informed decision-making and climate modeling in the region.

了解气溶胶光学特征的时空动态对于评估其对气候系统的影响至关重要。本研究的重点是由 Terra 卫星上的中分辨率成像分光仪(MODIS)在巴基斯坦 10 个主要城市测量的 550 纳米波长的气溶胶光学深度(AOD),时间跨度长达 10 年(2011-2021 年)。我们的主要目标是研究 AOD 的变化,评估其与云参数的相关性,研究气溶胶气团的来源和轨迹,并分析 AOD 与安氏指数之间的关系。我们采用了混合单粒子拉格朗日综合轨迹(HYSPLIT)模型来追踪气团的来源和轨迹。低纬度城市地区的 AOD 值最高,反映出人类活动频繁。相反,高海拔地区和山区的 AOD 值最低。在夏季(6 月至 8 月),AOD 的最高值为 1.19,而在冬季(12 月至 2 月),则降至 0.24。AOD 与安氏指数之间的负相关关系,尤其是在巴基斯坦南部和西部,凸显了气溶胶粒径的变化。我们进一步探讨了 AOD 与五个云参数之间的关系:水汽 (WV)、云分数 (CF)、云光学厚度 (COT)、云顶温度 (CTT) 和云顶气压 (CTP)。研究发现,这些关系与天气有关。这项研究为了解巴基斯坦 AOD 的时空动态提供了宝贵的信息,有助于更好地理解 AOD 对气候的影响。这些信息对气候科学家、气象学家和环境部门至关重要,有助于该地区的知情决策和气候建模。
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引用次数: 0
Mobile monitoring reveals congestion penalty for vehicle emissions in London 移动监控揭示了伦敦车辆排放对交通拥堵的惩罚
IF 4.6 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.aeaoa.2024.100241
Shona E. Wilde , Lauren E. Padilla , Naomi J. Farren , Ramón A. Alvarez , Samuel Wilson , James D. Lee , Rebecca L. Wagner , Greg Slater , Daniel Peters , David C. Carslaw

Mobile air pollution measurements have the potential to provide a wide range of insights into emission sources and air pollution exposure. The analysis of mobile data is, however, highly challenging. In this work we develop a new regression-based framework for the analysis of mobile data with the aim of improving the potential to draw inferences from such measurements. A quantile regression approach is adopted to provide new insight into the distribution of NOx and CO emissions in Central and Outer London. We quantify the emissions intensity of NOx and CO (ΔNOx/ΔCO2 and ΔCO/ΔCO2) at different quantile levels (τ) to demonstrate how transient high-emission events can be examined in parallel to the average emission characteristics. We observed a clear difference in the emissions behaviour between both locations. On average, the median (τ = 0.5) ΔNOx/ΔCO2 in Central London was 2x higher than Outer London, despite the stringent emission standards imposed throughout the Ultra Low Emissions Zone. A comprehensive vehicle emission remote sensing data set (n ≈ 700,000) is used to put the results into context, providing evidence of vehicle behaviour which is indicative of poorly controlled emissions, equivalent to high-emitting classes of older vehicles. Our analysis suggests the coupling of a diesel-dominated fleet with persistently congested conditions, under which the operation of emissions after-treatment technology is non-optimal, leads to increased NOx emissions.

移动空气污染测量有可能提供有关排放源和空气污染暴露的广泛见解。然而,对移动数据的分析极具挑战性。在这项工作中,我们开发了一种新的基于回归的移动数据分析框架,旨在提高从此类测量中得出推论的潜力。我们采用量化回归方法,对伦敦中心区和外围地区的氮氧化物和一氧化碳排放量分布情况进行了深入分析。我们对不同量级(τ)的氮氧化物和二氧化碳排放强度(ΔNOx/ΔCO2 和 ΔCO/ΔCO2)进行了量化,以展示如何在考察平均排放特征的同时考察瞬时高排放事件。我们观察到两个地点的排放行为存在明显差异。平均而言,尽管在整个超低排放区实施了严格的排放标准,但伦敦市中心的中位数(τ = 0.5)ΔNOx/ΔCO2 比伦敦外围地区高出 2 倍。我们利用全面的车辆排放遥感数据集(n ≈ 700,000)对结果进行了分析,提供了表明排放控制不力的车辆行为的证据,相当于高排放的老式车辆。我们的分析表明,以柴油为主的车队与持续拥堵的条件相结合,在这种条件下,排放后处理技术的运行并非最佳,从而导致氮氧化物排放量增加。
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引用次数: 0
Development of land use regression model to estimate particulate matter (PM10) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) concentrations in Peninsular Malaysia 开发土地利用回归模型以估算马来西亚半岛的颗粒物(PM10)和二氧化氮(NO2)浓度
IF 4.6 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.aeaoa.2024.100244
Wan Nurul Farah Wan Azmi , Thulasyammal Ramiah Pillai , Mohd Talib Latif , Rafiza Shaharudin , Shajan Koshy

Nowadays, exposure modelling has become the preferred method for assessing human air pollution exposure due to its capability to predict air pollution under various conditions. The land use regression model (LUR) is a widely conducted model utilized to estimate air pollutants especially in unmonitored locations. However, the application of the model is still lacking in developing countries, especially in the Southeast Asia region. Therefore, this study was conducted to develop the LUR model to estimate PM10 and NO2 concentrations in Peninsular Malaysia. Multiple linear regression with a supervised forward stepwise was used to develop the models, and the models were validated using the leave-out-one cross-validation (LOOCV) approach. Results showed that the LUR model of PM10 explained 58.5% variation, while the NO2 LUR model described 86.8% variation. The difference value of PM10 model R2 and LOOCV R2 were between 0.1% and 1.2 %, and the NO2 models were between 0.01% and 0.08% depicting the robust stability of the models. Both models indicated that increased road and industrial areas significantly influence PM10 and NO2 concentrations. Nevertheless, more studies on the LUR model should be conducted in developing countries to assess the model's applicability in the region.

如今,暴露模型已成为评估人类空气污染暴露的首选方法,因为它能够预测各种条件下的空气污染。土地利用回归模型(LUR)是一种广泛使用的模型,可用于估算空气污染物,尤其是在未监测地点。然而,该模型在发展中国家,尤其是东南亚地区仍缺乏应用。因此,本研究开发了 LUR 模型来估算马来西亚半岛的 PM10 和 NO2 浓度。研究采用了有监督的正向逐步法进行多元线性回归来建立模型,并使用留空交叉验证(LOOCV)方法对模型进行了验证。结果表明,PM10 的 LUR 模型解释了 58.5% 的变化,而 NO2 LUR 模型则描述了 86.8% 的变化。PM10 模型 R2 与 LOOCV R2 的差值介于 0.1% 与 1.2 % 之间,而 NO2 模型的差值介于 0.01% 与 0.08% 之间,说明模型具有很强的稳定性。两个模型都表明,道路和工业区的增加对 PM10 和 NO2 浓度有显著影响。不过,应在发展中国家开展更多关于 LUR 模型的研究,以评估该模型在该地区的适用性。
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引用次数: 0
Characterization of VOC source profiles, chemical reactivity, and cancer risk associated with petrochemical industry processes in Southeast China 中国东南部石化工业工艺相关挥发性有机化合物源剖面、化学反应性和致癌风险的特征描述
IF 4.6 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.aeaoa.2024.100236
Bo Zhu , Xuefen Zhong , Wenying Cai , Chengchun Shi , Xiaohan Shao , Zedu Chen , Jian Yang , Yiming Chen , Erling Ni , Song Guo , Hanyang Man

The petrochemical industry is one of the main sources of industrial volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emissions. In this study, typical petrochemical refining enterprises in Southeast China were selected, direct testing of VOCs in 18 petrochemical processes, and 87 samples were obtained using different on-site sampling methods, such as stack, fugitive, static and dynamic sealing point emissions sampling methods, based on the key process units, tank areas, loading and unloading areas, and plant boundaries of the petrochemical industry. Simultaneously, on-site concentration testing and laboratory analysis of 115 VOCs were conducted. Our findings reveal that, although the overall industry emission profile predominantly consists of low-carbon alkanes and alkenes, with relatively minimal halogenated hydrocarbon VOC emissions, there are substantial discrepancies in the primary species across different stages. The mass percentages of alkanes, alkenes, aromatics, halogenated hydrocarbons, and oxygenated VOCs in different process units of the petrochemical industry were 55 ± 27%, 8.5 ± 15%, 23 ± 27%, 3.9 ± 4.3%, and 10 ± 8.4%, respectively. The dominant species in the atmospheric vents of the depropanizer, light hydrocarbon recovery unit, continuous reforming unit, catalytic cracking unit, and sulfur recovery unit were n-butane (15%), n-hexane (13%), propane (21%), propylene (26%), and ethylene (28%), respectively. The dominant species in the gasoline tank top source profile was isopentane (48%), while that of the gasoline loading and unloading area was methyl tert-butyl ether (19%). High-carbon alkanes such as n-decane, n-octane, and n-heptane (>5% mass fractions) were prominent in kerosene tank tops. Furthermore, the results of the chemical reactivity assessment indicate that VOC emissions during the loading and unloading processes, as well as the ethylene production process, should be managed to mitigate ozone formation potential. According to the cancer risk assessments, benzene was the main factor that increased the risk, and its levels were far beyond the accepted cutoff point.

石化行业是工业挥发性有机物(VOCs)的主要排放源之一。本研究选取了中国东南地区典型的石化炼油企业,以石化行业的重点工艺单元、罐区、装卸区和厂界为对象,采用烟囱、逸散、静态和动态密封点排放采样法等不同的现场采样方法,对 18 种石化工艺中的挥发性有机物进行了直接检测,共获得 87 个样品。同时,还对 115 种挥发性有机化合物进行了现场浓度测试和实验室分析。我们的研究结果表明,虽然整个行业的排放物主要是低碳烷烃和烯烃,卤代烃类挥发性有机化合物的排放量相对较少,但不同阶段的主要排放物种类存在很大差异。在石化行业的不同工艺装置中,烷烃、烯烃、芳烃、卤代烃和含氧挥发性有机化合物的质量百分比分别为 55±27%、8.5±15%、23±27%、3.9±4.3% 和 10±8.4%。在脱丙烷器、轻烃回收装置、连续重整装置、催化裂化装置和硫磺回收装置的大气排放口中,最主要的物种分别是正丁烷(15%)、正己烷(13%)、丙烷(21%)、丙烯(26%)和乙烯(28%)。汽油罐顶部来源剖面的主要种类是异戊烷(48%),而汽油装卸区的主要种类是甲基叔丁基醚(19%)。高碳烷烃,如正癸烷、正辛烷和正庚烷(质量分数为 5%)在煤油罐顶中比较突出。此外,化学反应性评估结果表明,应管理装卸过程和乙烯生产过程中的挥发性有机化合物排放,以减少臭氧形成的可能性。根据癌症风险评估,苯是增加风险的主要因素,其含量远远超出了公认的临界点。
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引用次数: 0
3D numerical simulation of airflow structure and dust emissions from an open storage pile behind a dynamic solid fence-deflector 动态固体栅栏-导流板后露天堆垛的气流结构和粉尘排放的三维数值模拟
IF 4.6 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.aeaoa.2024.100245
Ouiza Bouarour , Aonghus McNabola , Battista Grosso , Brian Considine , Alessio Lai , Francesco Pinna , Valentina Dentoni

Open storage yards at industrial sites represent a significant fugitive dust emission source. Granular material subjected to wind erosion may emit significant dust into the atmosphere. Several windbreaks and fences with different shapes have been proposed to control and reduce those emissions. Solid fences are commonly erected around the open yard (i.e., open bays) to prevent and reduce those emissions, even though they have some limitations. The present study aims to enhance the effectiveness of solid fences by coupling them with dynamic wind deflectors. Computational fluid dynamics was employed to simulate the flow and shear stresses on storage pile surfaces using the numerical Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations and the k-ω SST turbulence model. At the same time, dust emission was estimated using an Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) method, which estimates the emission potential of a material based on the wind friction velocity and the material's threshold friction velocity. The numerical model was validated against experimental data from an EPA study. In addition, this study investigated the efficiency of various dynamic wind deflectors with different heights and inclination angles. The results showed that most of the investigated dynamic fence-deflector models reduced the velocity magnitude, vortices, and turbulence intensity, lessening the impact of shear stresses compared to single solid fences and consequently reducing the emission of dust from the exposed surfaces (i.e., a primary measure of impact reduction). More specifically, the deflector of width (Ydef) 2 m with an inclination of (∅def) 65° was the most effective, where the shear stress on the pile surface and the emission factor were reduced by 29.16% and 21.79%, respectively, compared to the single fence of the same height. Finally, adding dynamic wind deflectors enhances the performance of solid fences, and it is a more effective and less expensive solution than replacing single fences with other windbreak models.

工业场地的露天堆场是一个重要的散逸性粉尘排放源。受风力侵蚀的颗粒材料可能会向大气排放大量粉尘。为了控制和减少这些排放,人们提出了几种不同形状的挡风墙和围栏。通常在露天堆场(即露天堆场)周围设置固体围栏,以防止和减少这些排放,尽管它们有一些局限性。本研究旨在通过将固体围栏与动态导风板相结合来提高固体围栏的有效性。研究采用计算流体动力学方法,利用数值雷诺平均纳维-斯托克斯方程和 k-ω SST 湍流模型模拟储油堆表面的流动和剪应力。同时,使用环境保护局(EPA)的方法估算了粉尘排放量,该方法根据风摩擦速度和材料的阈值摩擦速度估算材料的排放潜力。数值模型与 EPA 研究的实验数据进行了验证。此外,本研究还调查了不同高度和倾角的各种动态风向导流板的效率。结果表明,与单个固体栅栏相比,大多数研究的动态栅栏-导流板模型都能降低速度大小、涡流和湍流强度,减少剪应力的影响,从而减少暴露表面的粉尘排放(即减少影响的主要措施)。更具体地说,宽度 (Ydef) 2 米、倾角 (∅def) 65° 的导流板最为有效,与相同高度的单一围栏相比,桩表面的剪应力和排放系数分别降低了 29.16% 和 21.79%。最后,增加动态风向导流板可提高实体围栏的性能,与用其他防风模式取代单一围栏相比,动态风向导流板是一种更有效、成本更低的解决方案。
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引用次数: 0
Source profile of PM2.5 emissions from different primary sources in the coal capital city Dhanbad, India 印度煤都丹巴德不同主要来源的 PM2.5 排放源概况
IF 4.6 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.aeaoa.2024.100235
Kumar Gaurav Mishra , Prakashmani , Tarun Gupta , Saifi Izhar

The rise of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) levels in urban areas, driven by traffic, construction, and combustion emissions, has prompted urgent air quality concerns. Understanding source-specific PM2.5 chemical characteristics and developing associated source markers is essential for knowing their accurate contribution to atmospheric PM2.5. This study focuses on developing PM2.5 chemical source profiles from nine different emissions, primarily categorized under traffic and combustion sources. The chemical characterization included the carbonaceous thermal fractions, inorganic ions, and elemental composition. Heterogeneity in chemical composition across emission sources was examined using the coefficient of divergence and diagnostic ratio, and finally, source-specific chemical fingerprints were developed using the ratio normalization approach. The finding revealed significant inter and intra-variation in the chemical composition among traffic and combustion emission sources. Organic matter is observed significantly higher in combustion sources (84%–92%) than in traffic sources (22%–45%). Both OC/EC and char-EC/soot-EC values showed much higher values for combustion sources than traffic emissions, with cow dung cake burning emissions displaying the largest values. Also, char-EC/soot-EC values showed a similar trend with OC/EC values and thus can be used as an additional marker for deciphering emission sources. The ion-balance ratio revealed particle emissions from coal, cow dung, and garbage burning to be highly acidic, while traffic and construction sources were alkaline. Source marker results provide new insights into differences in the chemical fingerprint of specific emission sources. A new set of source markers was seen for garbage burning while coal-burning emissions showed varying chemical fingerprints and were found to be dependent on coal processing. Among elements, bromine and chlorine are found to be the unique markers for cow dung cake-burning emissions. Receptor models can use the database developed from the current work to demarcate the emission sources accurately and benefit the regulatory bodies in developing efficient control measures.

在交通、建筑和燃烧排放的推动下,城市地区细颗粒物(PM2.5)水平的上升引发了人们对空气质量的迫切关注。了解特定来源的 PM2.5 化学特征并开发相关的来源标记,对于准确了解它们对大气 PM2.5 的贡献至关重要。本研究的重点是从九种不同的排放物(主要分为交通源和燃烧源)中提取 PM2.5 化学源特征。化学特征包括碳质热组分、无机离子和元素组成。利用发散系数和诊断比对不同排放源的化学成分异质性进行了研究,最后利用比值归一化方法建立了特定排放源的化学指纹。研究结果表明,交通和燃烧排放源之间的化学成分存在明显的内部和外部差异。在燃烧源中观察到的有机物(84%-92%)明显高于交通源(22%-45%)。燃烧排放源的有机物浓度/有机碳浓度和炭质浓度/烟尘浓度值均远高于交通排放源,其中牛粪饼燃烧排放源的数值最大。此外,木炭-EC/烟尘-EC 值的变化趋势与 OC/EC 值相似,因此可作为解读排放源的额外标记。离子平衡比显示,煤炭、牛粪和垃圾焚烧产生的颗粒物排放呈强酸性,而交通和建筑源则呈碱性。源标记结果为了解特定排放源的化学指纹差异提供了新的视角。垃圾焚烧产生了一组新的源标记,而燃煤排放则显示出不同的化学指纹,并被发现与煤炭加工有关。在各种元素中,溴和氯被发现是牛粪饼燃烧排放的独特标记。受体模型可以利用目前工作中开发的数据库来准确划分排放源,并有利于监管机构制定有效的控制措施。
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引用次数: 0
Emergent methane mitigation and removal approaches: A review 新出现的甲烷缓解和清除方法:综述
IF 4.6 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.aeaoa.2023.100223
Ishita Mundra , Andrew Lockley

Early control of atmospheric methane is essential to achieving a 1.5 °C warming pathway. This paper considers a range of academic and gray literature reviews of methane control techniques, as a starting point for a more comprehensive, integrative review. Novel approaches are considered across anthropogenic and natural sources; where these are lacking, existing approaches are discussed. Four principal sectors meriting action and research are identified: mining and oil & gas emissions, agriculture (including near-term minor interventions and future synthetic food production), effective waste management, and interventions in natural methane sources (e.g., permafrost, methane clathrates, and wetlands). Where abatement is impractical, this review discusses speculative geoengineering technologies (e.g., enhancing the •OH and •Cl sinks, photocatalysis, and adsorbent air capture). Atmospheric methane removal proposals merit research, but may remain impractical due to methane concentrations and lifetime.

尽早控制大气中的甲烷对实现 1.5 °C 的升温途径至关重要。本文考虑了一系列有关甲烷控制技术的学术和灰色文献综述,作为更全面、综合综述的起点。本文考虑了各种人为和自然来源的新方法;在缺乏这些方法的地方,还讨论了现有的方法。确定了值得采取行动和开展研究的四个主要领域:采矿和石油&;天然气排放、农业(包括近期的小规模干预和未来的合成食品生产)、有效的废物管理以及对天然甲烷源(如永久冻土、甲烷凝胶体和湿地)的干预。在减排不切实际的情况下,本综述讨论了推测的地球工程技术(例如,增强 -OH 和 -Cl 汇、光催化和吸附剂空气捕获)。大气甲烷清除建议值得研究,但由于甲烷浓度和寿命的原因,这些建议可能仍然不切实际。
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引用次数: 0
Source apportionment of black carbon and the impact of COVID-19 lockdown over a semi-urban location in India 印度半城市地区黑碳的来源分配和 COVID-19 锁定的影响
IF 4.6 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.aeaoa.2024.100243
M. Chandrakala , Renju Nandan , M. Venkat Ratnam , S. Vijaya Bhaskara Rao

To reduce emissions and thereby decrease the effect of black carbon (BC) on human health and the climate, the knowledge of BC concentrations and quantification of its contributions from different sources are necessary for establishing strategies for policymakers. The lockdown due to the COVID-19 pandemic has provided a unique scenario to analyze the impact of anthropogenic activities on BC concentration and their sources. In this study, the variation in BC mass concentration (eBC), its source apportionment, absorption angstrom exponent and their inter-annual variations, and the impact of COVID-19 lockdown on BC are analyzed using a six-year observation of eBC (from the year 2016–2021) over a semi-urban location (Vijayawada (16.44°N, 80.62°E), 30m a.m.s.l) in India. BC mass concentration peaks during the morning (around 06:00–08:00 LT) and evening (after 18:00 LT) hours and is low during the daytime. High eBC is observed during the winter season whereas low eBC during the monsoon season. The source apportionment of BC is carried out using the aethalometer model and it shows that the major source of BC over the site is fossil fuel combustion (>60%) along with a non-negligible contribution from biomass burning (<40%). This result is supported by the absorption angstrom exponent values of less than 1.6 during all seasons. A significant decrease (30%) in the total eBC over the site is observed during the COVID-19 lockdown days. It clearly shows the impact of the reduction in the contribution from anthropogenic activities mainly vehicular and industrial emissions (fossil fuel combustion) on the BC concentration. Interestingly, even after significant reduction of fossil fuel source emission during the lockdown, 53% of BC over the observational site is still contributed by fossil fuel combustion. This obviously shows the dominance of long-range transported BC due to fossil fuel combustion over the observational site.

为了减少排放,从而降低黑碳(BC)对人类健康和气候的影响,有必要了解黑碳浓度并量化不同来源的黑碳贡献,以便为决策者制定战略。COVID-19 大流行导致的封锁为分析人为活动对 BC 浓度及其来源的影响提供了一个独特的场景。在本研究中,利用对印度一个半城市地区(维贾亚瓦达(16.44°N,80.62°E),海拔 30 米)的六年 eBC 观测数据(2016-2021 年),分析了 BC 质量浓度(eBC)的变化、其来源分配、吸收角指数及其年际变化,以及 COVID-19 封锁对 BC 的影响。BC 质量浓度在早晨(6:00-08:00 时左右)和傍晚(18:00 时以后)达到峰值,白天较低。在冬季,eBC 浓度较高,而在季风季节,eBC 浓度较低。使用乙热计模型对 BC 的来源进行了分配,结果表明,该地区 BC 的主要来源是化石燃料燃烧(60%)以及不可忽略的生物质燃烧(40%)。所有季节的吸收角指数值均小于 1.6,也证明了这一结果。在 COVID-19 关闭期间,观测站上空的总 eBC 显著下降(30%)。这清楚地表明了人为活动(主要是车辆和工业排放(化石燃料燃烧))的减少对 BC 浓度的影响。有趣的是,即使在封锁期间化石燃料源排放大幅减少,观测点上空仍有 53% 的 BC 来自化石燃料燃烧。这显然表明,化石燃料燃烧导致的长程飘移在观测点上空的 BC 中占主导地位。
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引用次数: 0
Surface ozone over Doon valley of the Indian Himalaya: Characteristics, impact assessment, and model results 印度喜马拉雅山杜恩山谷上空的地表臭氧:特征、影响评估和模型结果
IF 4.6 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.aeaoa.2024.100247
S. Harithasree , Kiran Sharma , Imran A. Girach , Lokesh K. Sahu , Prabha R. Nair , Narendra Singh , Johannes Flemming , S. Suresh Babu , N. Ojha

The air quality and climate of the Himalaya is found to be impacted profoundly by strong anthropogenic emissions and photochemical processes in the valley region. Considering rapid urbanization and population growth, we performed surface ozone (O3) measurements over Doon valley of the Indian Himalaya during April 2018–June 2023, in conjunction with the analysis of satellite observations and modeling. Noontime O3 levels are observed to be the highest during pre-monsoon (63.8 ± 15.3 ppbv in May) and lower (22.1–56.7 ppbv) during winter and monsoon seasons. Notably, the daily maximum 8-h average (MDA8) O3 exceeds the 50 ppbv threshold for ∼60% of the days during April–June, which suggests substantial health impacts in the region. Impact of O3 exposure on vegetation is also significant during this period of year, as reflected from high Accumulated Ozone above Threshold 40 ppbv (AOT40) and Mean of daytime 7 hours (M7) indices. The Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS) reanalysis successfully reproduced the observed variability in the noontime O3 (r2 = 0.79–0.91). Analysis of a tracer in the CAMS model shows that the mean stratospheric contributions to surface O3 were typically smaller (up to 8%). This suggests that O3 pollution is governed primarily by the photochemical production favored by regional emissions and meteorological conditions. Analysis combining in-situ O3 measurements with satellite retrievals (HCHO and NO2) revealed that the photochemical O3 production is in the transition or VOC-limited regime, and therefore emission of both NOx and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are to be reduced to mitigate O3 pollution. Finally, a statistical model considering the non-linearities was successfully applied to simulate observed O3 variability from available satellite observations and meteorological reanalysis data (r2 = 0.75, RMSE = 7 ppbv). Our study highlights the need to mitigate O3 pollution in the Doon valley of the Indian Himalaya and also provides invaluable inputs for designing science-informed policies.

喜马拉雅山的空气质量和气候受到山谷地区强烈人为排放和光化学过程的严重影响。考虑到快速的城市化和人口增长,我们在 2018 年 4 月至 2023 年 6 月期间对印度喜马拉雅山杜恩山谷进行了地表臭氧(O3)测量,并结合卫星观测和建模分析。据观测,季风前期中午的臭氧水平最高(5 月份为 63.8 ± 15.3 ppbv),冬季和季风季节较低(22.1-56.7 ppbv)。值得注意的是,在四月至六月期间,每天最大 8 小时平均值(MDA8)的臭氧浓度超过 50 ppbv 临界值的天数占 60%,这表明该地区的臭氧浓度对健康有很大影响。在这一时期,臭氧暴露对植被的影响也很大,这可以从高于阈值 40 ppbv 的臭氧累积指数(AOT40)和日间 7 小时平均指数(M7)中反映出来。哥白尼大气监测服务(CAMS)再分析成功地再现了观测到的中午臭氧浓度变化(r2 = 0.79-0.91)。对 CAMS 模式中一种示踪剂的分析表明,平流层对地表 O3 的平均贡献通常较小(最多为 8%)。这表明,O3 污染主要受区域排放和气象条件所支持的光化学生成影响。结合原地 O3 测量和卫星检索(HCHO 和 NO2)进行的分析表明,光化学 O3 生成处于过渡或挥发性有机化合物受限状态,因此应减少 NOx 和挥发性有机化合物 (VOC) 的排放,以减轻 O3 污染。最后,考虑到非线性因素的统计模型被成功应用于模拟从现有卫星观测数据和气象再分析数据中观测到的臭氧变化(r2 = 0.75,RMSE = 7 ppbv)。我们的研究强调了减轻印度喜马拉雅山杜恩山谷臭氧污染的必要性,同时也为制定科学的政策提供了宝贵的信息。
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引用次数: 0
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Atmospheric Environment: X
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